INVENTORY is a way of checking and documenting the presence, condition and assessment of the organization’s property and obligations in order to ensure Rvalidity of accounting data and accounting informationTparity.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Accounting” all organizations are obliged hold an eventArization. Inventory subject All the property of the enterprise, regardless of its location and All types of financial obligations, and property that does not belong to the enterprise, but is listed in accounting on off-balance sheet accounts, for example, leased fixed assets, property under safekeeping.

During the inventory, the following are decided: tasks:

− identification of the actual availability of property;

− comparison of the actual availability of property with accounting data;

− checking the completeness of recording of liabilities;

− registration of such operations and phenomena that cannot be documented at the time of their occurrence (natural loss, shortages, surpluses, theft, losses).

The number of inventories per year, the procedure and timing of their implementation is established by supervisor organization, unless it is mandatory, namely:

− before preparing annual financial statements (usually as of October 1);

− when changing financially responsible persons;

− if abuses are revealed, as well as facts of theft or damage to property;

− during reorganization or liquidation of an enterprise;

− in case of a natural disaster, fire and other emergencies caused by extreme conditions.

To carry out inventory at the enterprise by order of the head is created standingnbut the current inventory commission, including representatives of the administration, accounting workers, and other specialists. The inventory is carried out as follows ok:

1. Inspection property inventory commission. Inspection is carried out by counting, measuring, weighing with the obligatory presence of a financially responsible person (MRP). It is not allowed to make entries about the presence of inventory balances from the words of the MOL. During the inspection, inventory lists are compiled, which are signed by all members of the inventory commission and the MOL.
2. Reconciliation of results inventory with accounting data. Any discrepancies found are entered into comparison sheet. In case of discrepancies, the commission requires clarification from the MOL in writing. After this is compiled Act and the procedure for regulating identified deviations is determined.
3. Reflection of results inventory in accounting.

The results of the inventory can be:

a) full compliance of the actual availability of property with accounting data;

b) surplus;

c) shortages.

Surplus occur if detected excess the actual presence of property above the registration data. This may be possible if previously unaccounted for property is identified. Identified surplus inventory items are valued at market prices And account for on the balance sheet of the enterprise with attribution to financial results (included in other income). The following entries are made in accounting:

D 10 – surplus materials identified during inventory were capitalized

Shortages take place if the actual quantity of inventory items less than reflected in the accounting records. The reasons for shortages may be:

− natural decline;

− errors when accepting and issuing valuables;

− abuse of MOL;

− emergency situation (for example, accident, natural disaster).

The order in which shortages are reflected in accounting depends on the reason for which they are caused.

Reflection in accounting of shortages within the limits of natural loss norms.

The Law on Accounting No. 129-FZ and the Regulations on Accounting and Financial Reporting provide write-off of property shortages within the limits of natural normsnloss to the costs of production or distribution, and in excess of the norm - to the guilty person. The application of the norms of natural loss is assigned only in the case if such standards are approved regulations of relevant ministries and departments. In the absence of established standards, shortages identified during storage of goods and materials or during inventory are considered as loss in excess of the norms of natural loss and must be attributed to the guilty parties in full. Based on the matching statement, the accountant will make the following entries:

D 94 – a shortage of goods and materials was identified (estimated at actual cost)

D 20 (23, 44, . . .) – the shortage is reflected within the limits of natural loss norms

D 73-2 – the shortage in excess of the norms of natural loss is attributed to the guilty person

Compensation for the shortfall by the guilty party is made in accordance with the established procedure. If the guilty person is not identified or the court refuses to recover damages from them, the shortfalls are written off to the financial results:

D 91 – the amount of the shortage is taken into account as part of other expenses

According to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the amount of damage in case of loss or damage property must correspond to actual losses based on market prices, operating in the area on the day the damage occurred, but cannot be lower than the value of the lost property.

The cost of what was lost due to emergency circumstances property is debited to account 91 “Other income and expenses”:

D 91 – the value of property lost due to an emergency is written off

Offset of shortages with surpluses.

When conducting an inventory, there may be cases simultaneous identification surpluses and shortages from the same financially responsible person. In this case provided for mutualmnet offset of surpluses and shortages as a result of regrading. Such offset is possible only as an exception. for the same audited period, from the same MOL, in relation to valuablesOitems of the same name and identical toOpersonalities.

The decision to offset shortages with surpluses is made by supervisor organization on the basis of proposals presented to him by the chairman of the inventory commission, and explanations of the financially responsible person about the reasons for the misgrading.

There are 2 possible cases here:

1) when counting the missing values, there will be more than the values ​​found in surplus. In this case, the difference not covered by the excess is attributed to the guilty person;

2) there will be more valuables in surplus than there are missing ones. In this case, the remaining surplus (after offset) assets are accounted for at market value and are included in other income.

Inventory of inventories at the Enkom LLC enterprise

The purpose of conducting an inventory of inventories at Enkom LLC is to ensure the reliability of accounting data. The procedure and timing of the inventory are determined by the head of Encom LLC, with the exception of cases when the inventory is mandatory (before drawing up annual financial statements, when changing materially responsible persons, when facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are revealed, during reorganization or liquidation, etc.). d.)

All property of Enkom LLC is subject to inventory, regardless of its location, including those in custody or leased.

To carry out the inventory, a permanent inventory commission is created. The inventory commission includes representatives of the administration of Enkom LLC - an accountant, the head of the supply department, and a storekeeper.

Before checking the actual availability of inventories, the commission receives the latest entries from the warehouse accounting book at the time of inventory; this serves as the basis for determining the balance of goods at the beginning of the inventory based on accounting data.

The financially responsible person of Enkom LLC, the storekeeper, gives a receipt stating that by the beginning of the inventory, all valuables received under his responsibility were capitalized, and those disposed of were written off as expenses. Information about the actual availability of Encom LLC materials is recorded in the inventory records in at least two copies.

The actual availability of property during inventory is determined by counting, weighing, and measuring. The head of Enkom LLC creates conditions that ensure a complete and accurate check of the availability of property within the established time frame (provides labor for re-hanging, moving cargo, technically serviceable weighing equipment, and measuring containers).

During the inventory, their presence, condition and assessment are checked and documented. Checking the actual availability of goods is carried out with the mandatory participation of financially responsible persons.

Inventory assets received during the inventory are accepted by the financially responsible person in the presence of members of the inventory commission. For each item number of materials, the storekeeper fills out a material label and attaches it to the place where the materials are stored. The label indicates the name of the materials, item number, unit of measurement, price and limit of availability of materials.

Based on the results of inventories and inspections, appropriate decisions are made to eliminate deficiencies in the storage and accounting of inventories and compensation for material damage.

The surpluses identified during the inventory are accounted for at market prices and at the same time their value is included in the financial results:

- Debit 10"Materials" Credit 91/1“Other income and expenses” - surplus materials are capitalized.

Shortages and damage to inventories are written off from accounting accounts at their actual cost, which includes the accounting price of the inventory and the share of transportation and procurement costs related to this inventory:

- Debit 94“Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” Credit 10“Materials - shortage of materials written off;

- Debit 20"Primary production" Credit 94“Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” - the shortage is written off as a natural decline;

- Debit 73/2“Settlements with personnel for other operations” Credit 94“Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” - the shortage is written off to the financially responsible person.

The accounting department keeps automated records of the movement and balances of materials in material accounting cards. A separate card is opened for each item number, so accounting is called varietal accounting and is carried out only in kind. A materials accounting card is a basic analytical accounting document that stores a complete set of information on a specific type of material assets. It reflects data on suppliers, the number of documents recorded and indications of the correspondence of invoices. The accountant makes entries in the cards on the basis of primary documents on the day of the transaction. After each entry, displays the remainder of the materials. In this regard, the accounting department has operational information on the state of materials inventories at Enkom LLC.

The procedure (number of inventories in the reporting year, dates of their conduct, list of inventories checked during each of them, etc.) of the inventory is determined by the head of the organization, except for cases when the inventory is mandatory.

Carrying out an inventory is mandatory:

when transferring property for rent, redemption, sale;

before preparing annual financial statements;

when changing materially responsible persons;

when facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are revealed;

in the event of a natural disaster, fire or other emergency situations caused by extreme conditions;

during reorganization and liquidation of the organization;

in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The general requirements for the procedure and timing of the inventory are determined by Article 12 of the Accounting Law and paragraphs 26-28 of the Accounting Regulations. The requirements are detailed in the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 1995 No. 49 (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines). In accordance with the listed documents, the purpose of inventory is to ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements of the organization. During the inventory of property and liabilities, their presence, condition and assessment are checked and documented. It is easy to see that the inventory goals formulated in the Methodological Instructions are somewhat different, although in essence they are almost identical.

It is not necessary to indicate in the organization’s accounting policy the obligation to carry out inventories in the cases listed above (except for conducting an inventory before preparing annual reports).

Inventories are the working capital of an organization, the characteristic feature of which is that they completely transfer their value to the product of labor in one production cycle.

In accordance with PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” (Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 No. 44N), the following assets belong to the inventory:

• used as raw materials, materials, in the production of products, works, provision of services;
• intended for sale;
• used for the management needs of the organization.

The accounting unit of inventories is chosen by the organization independently, depending on the nature of inventories, the procedure for their acquisition and use. An inventory unit can be a product number, a batch, or a homogeneous group. Inventory and equipment are accepted for accounting at actual cost. The actual cost of inventories is determined differently, depending on the source of receipt of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of actual acquisition costs excluding VAT. The actual costs of purchasing inventories include:

• amounts paid in accordance with the contract to suppliers;
• amounts paid for information, consulting and intermediary services;
• customs duties;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the purchase of materials;
• costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs, and accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers, if they are involved in the acquisition of these inventories;
• costs of bringing materials and equipment to a state in which they are suitable for use.

In accordance with the Guidelines for accounting for inventories, costs directly related to the procurement process and delivery of materials to the organization form the so-called transportation and procurement costs. Transportation and procurement costs include:

• expenses for loading materials into vehicles and their transportation, payable by the buyer under the contract in excess of the price of these materials;
• expenses for the maintenance of the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization, including the cost of remuneration of the organization’s employees directly involved in the procurement, acceptance, storage and release of purchased materials, employees of special procurement offices, warehouses and agencies organized in places of procurement (purchase) of materials, employees directly those engaged in the preparation (purchase) of materials and their delivery (accompaniment) to the organization, deductions for the social needs of these employees;
• expenses for the maintenance of special procurement points, warehouses and agencies organized in procurement areas (except for labor costs with deductions for social needs);
• markups (surcharges), commissions (cost of services) paid to supply, foreign trade and other intermediary organizations;
• fees for storage of materials at places of purchase, at railway stations, piers, and ports;
• interest payments for granted loans and borrowings related to the acquisition of materials before they are accepted for accounting;
• travel expenses for direct procurement of materials;
• the cost of losses on delivered materials in transit (shortages, damage) within the limits of the amounts stipulated by the supply agreement;
• other expenses.

Costs of bringing materials to a state in which they are suitable for use for the purposes envisaged by the organization, include the organization’s costs for processing, processing, refining and improving the technical characteristics of purchased materials that are not related to the production process. The specified work can be performed both by the purchasing organization’s own resources and by third-party organizations. When such work is performed by third parties, the delivery costs include the cost of the work performed and the costs of transportation to the place of work and back, loading and unloading, performed by third parties.

The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Attention should be paid to the fact that the actual cost of materials includes accrued interest on commercial loans and borrowed funds. Moreover, only those accrued before the materials were accepted for accounting can be included in the actual cost. Interest accrued after the materials are accepted for accounting, according to clause 11 of PBU 10/99 “Expenses of the organization,” are included in the other expenses of the organization.

The assessment of materials, the cost of which is expressed in foreign currency upon acquisition, is carried out in Russian rubles by recalculation at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation valid on the date of acceptance of the values ​​for accounting.

The actual cost of inventories contributed to the contribution to the authorized capital is determined based on their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders.

The actual cost of materials manufactured by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with their production.

The actual cost of inventories received under a gift agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

The actual cost of inventories received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred.

In current accounting (in a warehouse), material assets are accounted for at a conditional accounting price, which is the purchase price or the standard (planned) cost of acquisition.

Material assets used by the enterprise are classified into the following types: raw materials, basic materials, auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, packaging materials, fuel, spare parts and other assets.

To account for materials, account 10 “Materials” is used, an active, balance sheet account, to which the following sub-accounts are opened:

1. "Raw materials and supplies."
2. “Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts.”
3. "Fuel".
4. "Containers and packaging materials."
5. "Spare parts".
6. "Other materials".
7. “Materials transferred for processing to third parties.”
8. "Construction Materials".
9. "Inventory and household supplies."
10. "Special equipment and clothing in the warehouse."
11. “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation.”

Raw materials and basic materials form the material basis of manufactured products, works and services.

Raw materials are typically products from agriculture and extractive industries.

Auxiliary materials help bring manufactured products to finished products in accordance with established specifications and standards.

Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts are raw materials and materials that have undergone certain stages of processing, but are not classified as finished products.

Containers and packaging materials are a type of inventory intended for packaging, transportation and storage of products.

Fuel and spare parts are valuables used in generating heat, repairing fixed assets, and consumed by own vehicles.

Building materials are used directly in the process of construction and installation work, manufacturing of building parts and structures.

Special equipment and clothing. In accordance with the Guidelines for accounting of special tools, special devices, special equipment and special clothing (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated December 26, 2002 No. 135N), special equipment includes:

• special tools and devices - technical means that have individual properties and are designed to provide conditions for the production of specific types of products and services;
• special equipment - means of labor repeatedly used in production, which provide conditions for performing specific (non-standard) technological operations;
• workwear - personal protective equipment for workers.

The composition of special tools and special devices includes: tools, dies, molds, molds, rolling rolls, pattern equipment, chill molds, flasks, etc.

Special equipment includes:

• special technological equipment (metalworking, forging, thermal, welding, etc.);
• control and testing apparatus and equipment (stands, consoles, mock-ups of finished products, testing facilities) intended for adjustments, tests of specific products and their delivery to the customer;
• reactor equipment;
• decontamination equipment, etc.

The special clothing includes:

Special clothing, special shoes and safety equipment (overalls, suits, jackets, dressing gowns, short fur coats, various shoes, mittens, goggles, helmets, gas masks, etc.).

According to the accounting policy of the organization, the following materials can be taken into account: inventory, tools, household supplies and other means of labor.

Analytical accounting of material assets is organized by storage locations (warehouses, storerooms) in the context of item numbers, which are assigned to materials according to the nomenclature developed at the enterprise.

Analytical accounting is carried out on materials accounting cards (form No. 17).

11.2. Documentation of the movement of MPZ

Operations for the movement of inventories are documented with a variety of primary documents, the main ones of which are approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a.

The receipt of materials at the enterprise's warehouse is formalized by a receipt order (form M-4), which reflects the name of the material, the quantity received, the conditional price, and the purchase price. It is drawn up by the financially responsible person on the day the valuables are received at the warehouse in one copy, and then transferred to the accounting department along with shipping documents.

If there are discrepancies between the actual quantity and the data specified in the supplier's invoice, a Materials Acceptance Certificate (form M-7) is drawn up. The act is a legal basis for filing claims against the supplier or sender. The act is drawn up in two copies by members of the selection committee with the obligatory participation of the financially responsible person and the supplier’s representative.

In cases of delivery of materials by own vehicles, the basis for their receipt is the consignment note.

The return of material assets from production to the warehouse as unused is issued with an Internal Movement Invoice (forms M-13 and M-14).

The release of material assets for the production of products, works, and services is carried out on the basis of limit cards (Form M-8) and invoice requirements (Form M-11).

Limit cards (form M-8) indicate:

• name of materials subject to release;
• vacation limit;
• actual vacation against the established limit;
• vacation date;
• the balance of the unused limit.

Limit and intake cards are issued in two copies: the first - to the department using the material, the second - to the warehouse. When releasing materials from the warehouse, the department representative signs a copy of the warehouse limit card, and the storekeeper signs a copy of the department limit card.

The sale of material assets is formalized by an invoice for the release of materials to the third party (form M-15). At the end of the month, documents documenting the movement of materials are submitted to the accounting department for accounting verification and processing.

In cases where standard documents are not available, the enterprise is given the right to independently develop receipt and expenditure documents while maintaining the required details in them.

11.3. Organization of materials accounting in warehouses

Accounting for materials in warehouses is carried out by the warehouse manager (storekeeper), with whom an agreement has been concluded on financial responsibility for the valuables entrusted to him.

A storekeeper is hired in agreement with the chief accountant and is released from his position only after a complete inventory of inventory items and their transfer according to an act approved by the head of the organization.

In warehouses (storerooms), quantitative (varietal) accounting of materials is carried out in the context of types of materials and item numbers. Accounting is carried out on materials accounting cards (form M-17), the main details of which are:

• name of the material;
• its item number;
• location (rack, shelf);
• unit of measurement;
• price (registration price).

On cards, records are kept in natural units of measurement. A feature of maintaining warehouse accounting cards is compliance with the following rule - determining a new balance of material after each operation of their movement.

In warehouses, materials are accounted for using the operational balance method. Its essence is that every 5-10 days an accounting employee checks the entries on the materials accounting cards, confirming the results of the check with his signature. On the 1st day of each month, the storekeeper draws up a balance book and submits it to the accounting department for verification and taxation. In accounting, the balance book data is verified with the material flow statement compiled in the accounting department. If discrepancies are identified, records are double-checked until an inventory is taken.

11.4. Accounting for materials in accounting

Depending on the provisions adopted in the Accounting Policy, accounting of materials in the accounting department can be organized according to one of the following options.

In the first accounting option, account 10 “Materials” generates the actual cost of purchased materials excluding VAT.

Settlements with suppliers for delivered values ​​are recorded in account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.

Based on primary documents (receipt orders, supplier invoices, invoices, advance reports on travel expenses of persons involved in the direct acquisition of material assets, bank account statements), the following accounting entry is drawn up for the cost of materials received:

Dt sch. 10 "Materials"

Dt sch. 19 "VAT"

K-t sch. 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”

K-t sch. 51 "Current account".

Based on the fact that in current accounting materials are taken into account at book prices (standard or planned cost), the accounting department reflects on account 10 “Materials” the cost of materials at book prices and deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at book prices. This necessitates the distribution of deviations of the actual cost from the accounting price between the balances of materials in warehouses and those spent on the production of products, works and services.

The distribution is made according to the average percentage of deviations, the size of which is determined as follows:

Where By- percentage of deviations;

Onm- deviation of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices at the beginning of the month, thousand rubles;

Ohm- deviation of the actual cost of materials purchased per month from their cost at discount prices, thousand rubles;

Mnm- cost of materials at the beginning of the month at accounting prices, thousand rubles;

Mm- cost of materials at accounting prices received per month, thousand rubles.

The amount of deviations related to the balance of materials in warehouses is determined as the product of the percentage of deviations by the balance of materials at the end of the month at a conditional price, i.e.

Where Co- the amount of deviations for the balance of materials, thousand rubles;

Mkm- cost of materials at the end of the month at accounting prices, thousand rubles.

The amount of deviations related to the amount of materials spent during the reporting month Ср is determined as the product of the percentage of deviations Po by the cost of materials spent during the reporting month at the accounting price, i.e.

Where Wed- the amount of deviations for materials spent per month, thousand rubles;

Mr- materials consumed per month at the accounting price, thousand rubles.

The calculation of the distribution of deviations is carried out in the statement in the context of types and groups of values. The order of distribution of deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices is shown in table. 11.1.

Table 11.1

Calculation of deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices

No.	Indicators	At the discount price, thousand rubles.	Deviation from the book price , thousand rubles	Actual cost , thousand rubles
	Remaining materials at the beginning of the month
	Received during the reporting month
	Total with remainder
	Average percentage of deviations
	Used in a month
	Balance of materials at the end of the month (item 3 - item 4)

The following accounting entry is made for the cost of materials spent on production:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

The assessment of materials spent on the production of products, works and services is carried out in one of the following ways:

• at the cost of each unit;
• at average cost;
• at the cost of the first in time acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);
• at the cost of the most recent acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).

In the second accounting option, all actual costs for the procurement of materials are taken into account on account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials”. The debit of this account reflects the actual costs associated with the purchase of materials, excluding VAT, from the credit of different accounts: 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, 51 “Current account”. The credit of account 15 reflects the standard (planned) cost of purchased and capitalized materials, written off to the debit of account 10 “Materials”. Deviations in the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices are written off to the debit of account 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials.”

The deviations in the cost of materials taken into account on account 16 at the end of the month are subject to distribution between the balances of materials in warehouses and the cost of materials spent on the production of products, works and services in the current month.

The distribution of deviations is carried out similarly to the procedure set out when organizing the accounting of materials according to the first option.

In this case, the following entries are made in the accounts:

1. For the amount of actual costs for the acquisition (procurement) of materials:

Dt sch. 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials”

Dt sch. 19 "VAT"

K-t sch. 60, 71, 50, 51.

2. For the cost of materials capitalized in the assessment at standard (planned) cost according to primary documents:

Dt sch. 10 “Materials” - standard (planned) cost of materials

Dt sch. 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials” - for the amount of deviations in the actual cost

K-t sch. 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials” - for the amount of actual costs for the acquisition of materials.

3. For the cost of materials assessed at standard (planned) cost, spent on the production of products, works and services according to primary documents:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

4. For the amount of deviations related to the cost of materials consumed according to accounting calculations:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials.”

5. For the cost of paid supplier invoices according to the bank statement:

Dt sch. 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”

K-t sch. 51 "Current account".

In cases where special tools, special devices, special equipment (special equipment) and special clothing are taken into account as part of material resources, their accounting is organized as follows.

These funds can be acquired by the organization from other persons, including through purchase, donation, receipt as a contribution to the authorized capital, or produced by the organization itself.

Special equipment and protective clothing that are owned by an organization, as well as under economic control or operational management, can be accepted for accounting at actual cost, i.e. in the amount of actual costs of acquisition or procurement without VAT.

The receipt of these funds is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 10/10 “Special equipment and workwear in the warehouse”

Dt sch. 19 "VAT"

K-t sch. 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”

K-t sch. 75 “Settlements with founders”

K-t sch. 98 “Deferred income”.

The transfer of special equipment into operation is carried out on the basis of requirements and is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 10/11 “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation”

K-t sch. 10/10 “Special equipment and workwear in the warehouse.”

If the useful life of special equipment exceeds 12 months, then its cost is repaid in one of the following ways:

• in a linear way;
• proportional to the volume of products produced.

An entry is made for the cost of written-off special equipment:

Dt sch. 25, 26

The cost of workwear is repaid according to industry standards approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated December 18, 1998 No. 51. The following entry is made:

Dt sch. 26 “General business expenses”

K-t sch. 10/11 “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation.”

The under-depreciated cost of special equipment is written off to other expenses of the organization by writing:

K-t sch. 10/11 “Special equipment and protective clothing in operation.”

Expenses for the repair of special equipment and clothing are included in the costs of ordinary activities.

Special equipment and protective clothing that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal, are accounted for on off-balance sheet accounts in the valuation provided for in the contract, or in the valuation agreed with their owner.

Accounting for disposal of materials. Disposal of materials occurs in the following cases:

• when released for the production of products, works and services;
• when sold externally;
• when contributing to the authorized capital;
• when transferred under a gift agreement;
• when transferred under a barter agreement.

Let us consider the procedure for recording each case of disposal of materials in the accounts.

Primary documents on the consumption of materials for the production of products, works and services in the accounting department are subject to accounting verification and processing. Based on these primary documents, a development table for the use of materials by cost areas is compiled. This records the following:

Dt sch. 20, 23, 25, 26

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

As mentioned earlier, the assessment of materials used for production is made based on the cost reflected in the accounting policy of the organization.

Sales of materials to third parties are formalized by an order, invoice and invoice. In this case, based on the primary documents, the following entries are made:

1. For the actual cost of materials sold:

Dt sch. 91/2 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

2. For the amount of the invoice presented to the buyer:

Dt sch. 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”

K-t sch. 91/1 “Other income and expenses”

3. For the amount of VAT due to the budget:

By comparing credit and debit entries in account 91 “Other income and expenses”, the financial result of the sale of materials is determined, which is reflected by the entry:

D-t.91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses”

The gratuitous transfer of materials is documented in an act. Materials are written off at actual cost. The following entries are made:

For the actual cost of materials donated:

Dt. 91/2 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

Free transfer of material is subject to value added tax in accordance with clause 1 of Art. 146 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, since in this case there is a transfer of ownership of goods, work performed and services provided.

An entry is made for the amount of VAT due to the budget:

Dt. 91/2 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees.”

The result of the free transfer of materials is written off to the financial result of the organization:

Dt. 99 “Profits and losses”

K-t sch. 91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses.”

Contributions to the authorized capital of another organization are assessed at the value agreed upon by the founders, unless a different assessment procedure is provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Contributions to the authorized capital are considered as financial investments.

The following entries are made:

Dt sch. 58 “Financial investments”

K-t sch. 91 “Other income and expenses”

The disposal of materials in connection with the contribution to the authorized capital is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 91 “Other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 10 "Materials".

The financial result from investments made is reflected by the entry:

Dt sch. 91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses”

K-t sch. 99 "Profits and losses."

11.5. Inventory of inventories and reflection of its results on accounting accounts

In order to ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data, enterprises conduct an inventory of material assets at least once a year and no earlier than the first of October.

The inventory is carried out by a commission appointed by order of the head of the organization, in the presence of the financially responsible person, from whom a receipt has been received stating that all valuables have been capitalized and the documents have been submitted to the accounting department. Warehouses are sealed before inventory.

Material assets received at the warehouse and issued from the warehouse during the inventory period are subject to registration in a special statement under the heading “Received (issued) from the warehouse during the inventory period.”

Inventory is carried out by weighing, measuring, measuring material assets for each storage location. Identified values ​​are entered into an inventory list, according to which matching statements are compiled.

As a result of the inventory, the following can be identified:

1. Surplus valuables that are subject to capitalization and assessed at market value. This records the following:

Dt sch. 10 "Materials"

2. Shortage of material assets, which is written off to account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to assets.” The shortage of materials within the limits of natural loss norms is written off as expenses by writing:

Dt sch. 25.26

K-t sch. 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.”

Shortages due to the fault of a financially responsible person are written off from account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” to the debit of account 73/2 “Calculations for compensation of material damage.”

Compensation for the shortage by the financially responsible person is carried out at market prices. In this case, the difference between the cost of materials at market prices and their actual cost until reimbursement is taken into account in account 9 8/4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables.”

For the amount of the difference to be reimbursed by the financially responsible person, account 73/2 “Calculations for compensation of material damage” is debited and account 9 8/4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables” is credited.

When compensating for the shortfall, the guilty party makes the following entries:

1. Dt sch. 50 "Cashier"

K-t sch. 73/2 “Calculations for compensation for material damage.”

2. Dt sch. 9 8/4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables”

K-t sch. 91/1 “Other income and expenses.”

Typical accounting entries for materials accounting are presented in table. 11.2.

Table 11.2

Typical accounting entries for accounting for materials in organizations

conclusions

Valuable inventories refer to the organization's working capital, a characteristic feature of which is that they completely transfer their value to the product of labor in one production cycle.

Synthetic inventory accounting is carried out on account 10 “Materials” at actual cost, and analytical accounting is organized on warehouse accounting cards for each type, type, grade of material in natural units of measurement on warehouse accounting cards. An organization can account for materials using accounts 15, 16 and 10 or using only account 10 “Materials”. The accounting policy of the organization determines the assessment of inventories spent on production (FIFO, LIFO, weighted average price method). VAT paid to the supplier is not included in the actual cost of materials, but is fully presented to the budget for reimbursement, subject to the following conditions:

• material assets received (capitalized);
• VAT is highlighted in payment documents;
• there is an invoice.

In order to ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data, an inventory of inventories is carried out. Identified surpluses are attributed to the financial results of the organization, and shortages are taken into account in account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.” Shortages are written off taking into account the reasons for their occurrence.

Self-test questions

1. Define the organization's inventory.
2. What values ​​relate to the organization's RPM?
3. What values ​​relate to the organization's special equipment?
4. In what assessment are inventories reflected in the balance sheet and in current accounting?
5. What costs are included in the actual cost of inventory?
6. What methods of assessing inventories are used when determining the cost of materials consumed for the production of products, works and services?
7. How are the deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at the book price distributed?
8. What is the procedure for conducting an inventory of inventories?
9. How are the inventory results of inventories reflected in the accounts?
10. At what cost is the materially responsible person compensated for the shortage of materials?

Bibliography

1. Federal Law “On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ.
2. Regulations on maintaining accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 24, 2000 No. 31n.
3. Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU1/98): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 30, 1999 No. 107n.
4. Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Inventories” (PBU5/01): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n.
5. Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” (PBU9/99): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 No. 27n.
6. Accounting Regulations “Organization Expenses” (PBU10/99): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 No. 27n.
7. Accounting Regulations “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency” (PBU3/2006) dated November 27, 2006 No. 154n.
8. Guidelines for accounting of inventories: Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n, taking into account changes and additions dated April 23, 2002 No. 33n.
9. Erofeeva V.A., Klushantseva G.V., Kemter V.B. Accounting with elements of taxation. St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2004.
10. Kondrakov N. P. Accounting. M.: INFRA-M, 2005.

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Topic: 2.4. “Inventory and revaluation of inventories.”

Plan

1. Rules for conducting inventory of inventories.

Revaluation of inventories.

The procedure for reflecting the results of inventory of inventories in accounting.

1.Rules for conducting inventory of inventories.

The main direction for increasing the efficiency of using inventories is the presence of technically equipped warehouses with modern weighing instruments and devices that allow mechanization and automation of warehouse operations and inventory accounting.

Inventory is an important method of monitoring the safety of inventories. It allows you to control the correctness of accounting, its reliability and safety of inventories.

An inventory of inventories must be carried out at least once a year and no earlier than October 1. The timing of the inventory is determined directly by the head of the organization.

The Federal Law “On Accounting” obliges to carry out an inventory of raw materials when preparing annual financial statements, and in all other cases - during the period of lowest balances of valuables on accounts.

In accordance with the Regulations on maintaining accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, inventories of inventories are required:

§ before preparing annual financial statements;

§ when transferring the organization’s property for rent, redemption, sale;

§ when changing the financially responsible person;

§ when facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are revealed;

§ in case of emergency;

§ during reorganization or liquidation of an organization;

§ in case of brigade financial liability when there is a change of foreman, the departure of more than 50% of its members from the brigade, as well as at the request of one or more brigade members.

The inventory is carried out by a commission appointed by order of the head of the organization, in the presence of a financially responsible person, from whom a receipt has been received stating that by the beginning of the inventory, all valuables have been capitalized by him, all expenditure and receipt documents have been submitted to the accounting department or transferred to the inventory commission.

When taking inventory of inventories, the availability of products and materials is checked on a certain date by recalculating, weighing, determining their volume and comparing actual data with accounting data. An inventory of material reserves should be carried out, as a rule, in the order in which the assets are located in a given room.

During the inventory process, all primary accounting documents are thoroughly checked, as well as the correctness of the decisions made regarding the re-grading of material assets, shortages and surpluses. Also, when auditing the use and safety of inventories in an organization, you should check:

§ state of warehouse facilities;

§ safety of inventories, compliance with the procedure for accounting for materials;

§ work on rationing the costs of inventories;

§ timeliness and correctness of stock inventories, the validity of writing off losses according to the norms of natural loss;

§ compliance and correctness of establishing the norm for the free issuance of special clothing, special footwear and special food.

The values ​​identified during the inventory are entered into the inventory list, based on the data of which a matching statement is then compiled. Inventory assets are entered in the inventory for each individual item, indicating the type, group, quantity and other necessary data (article, grade, etc.).

Inventories are compiled separately for inventory items that are in transit, shipped, not paid on time by buyers, and located in the warehouses of other organizations.

As a result of the inventory, the following can be identified:

· compliance of the actual availability of inventories with accounting data;

· surplus values ​​that are subject to capitalization and inclusion in the organization’s income;

· shortage of inventories;

· re-grading

To reflect the data obtained during the inventory on the actual presence of inventory items in storage areas and at all stages of their movement in the organization, an Inventory inventory of inventory assets is used in form No. INV-3, approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated August 18, 1998 No. 88. material assets reflected in accounting are also subject to inclusion in the specified Inventory List.

To account for property that turns out to be in surplus as a result of inventory, the Chart of Accounts for accounting the financial and economic activities of organizations and the Instructions for its use are intended for account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 91-1 “Other income”.

2. Revaluation of inventories

Revaluation of inventories is carried out by decision of the management of the enterprise in order to bring the valuation to the real value in today's market conditions, i.e. to fair value. Revaluation upward is carried out mainly as a result of inflationary processes in the economy.

The markdown is made due to the loss of part of the value due to aging of inventories,

changes in market conditions due to loss of consumer properties due to emergency circumstances and industrial accidents.

The revaluation is carried out by order of the head of the enterprise, and a commission is created to carry out this process.

An obligatory step is inventory. It is carried out according to standard rules, but only the values ​​reflected in the director’s order are recalculated. The inventory ends with the drawing up of an act.

After the accounting data is brought into line with the actual availability of values, the revaluation act calculates the new value and the amount of depreciation or revaluation.

Attached to the revaluation act is a revaluation sheet, where all positions are entered, broken down by item numbers of the revalued inventories. The director's order must indicate the source of funding for the revaluation.

The revaluation, carried out by decision of the management of the enterprise, is financed from the enterprise’s own funds:

– financial results of the current period;

– financial results of previous periods;

– targeted financing funds;

– balances of economic stimulus funds.

Markdown at those enterprises where the revaluation was carried out by decision

administration is recognized as expenses of the enterprise, and additional valuation is recognized

enterprise income.

Income and expenses arising from revaluation are recognized as follows:

period that corresponds to the date of the act.

Inventory is a necessary element of the activities of any organization.

To generate complete and reliable information about their activities, as well as their property status, organizations must conduct an inventory. When conducting it and recording the results, it is necessary to be guided by the provisions of the following regulations:

• - Federal Law No. 129-FZ of November 21, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as Law No. 129-FZ);
• - Regulations on maintaining accounting records and financial statements in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations);
• - Guidelines for inventory of property and financial obligations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13, 1995 N 49 (hereinafter referred to as Guidelines for inventory).

All property of the organization is subject to inventory, regardless of its location. In addition, the availability and condition of inventory and other types of property that do not belong to the organization, but are listed in its accounting records (those in custody, rented, received for processing), as well as property not accounted for for any reason, are subject to verification. An inventory of property is carried out according to its location and financially responsible persons.

Inventory of inventories is carried out only in the presence of financially responsible persons. The actual presence of material assets is determined by counting, weighing or measuring them.

Inventory of fixed assets is carried out by inspecting objects and entering in the inventory their full name, purpose, inventory number and main technical or operational indicators (clause 3.2 of the Inventory Guidelines).

Fixed assets with a value within the limit established in the organization’s accounting policies, but not more than 20,000 rubles. per unit can be reflected in accounting and financial statements as part of inventories. In order to ensure the safety of these objects in production or during operation, the organization must organize proper control over their movement.

Before the inventory, the head of the organization issues an order (instruction) with an approved time frame for its implementation. It lists the property that is being inspected and indicates the composition of the inventory commission. The order is drawn up in form N INV-22<1>and registered in the journal (Form N INV-23<1>), which monitors the implementation of inventory orders.

The absence of at least one member of the commission during the inventory serves as grounds for declaring its results invalid.

In order to determine the balance of property according to accounting data at the beginning of the inventory, the commission must have the latest receipts and expenditure documents or reports on the movement of material assets at the time of the inspection. Financially responsible persons give receipts stating that by the beginning of the inventory, all expenditure and receipt documents for property were submitted to the accounting department or transferred to the commission and all valuables received under their responsibility were capitalized, and those disposed of were written off as expenses. Similar receipts are also given by persons who have accountable amounts for the acquisition or powers of attorney to receive property.

It is not allowed to enter data on the balances of valuables into inventory records from the words of financially responsible persons or according to accounting data without checking their actual availability.

If these documents are not available, then they must be obtained or completed. If discrepancies and inaccuracies are detected in accounting registers or technical documentation, appropriate corrections and clarifications must be made.

Information about the actual availability of property is recorded in inventory records or inventory reports in at least two copies. Information about inventories and fixed assets obtained during the inventory can be reflected in documents such as:

• - inventory list of fixed assets (form N INV-1);
• - inventory list of goods and materials (form N INV-3);
• - inventory report of shipped goods and materials (Form N INV-4);
• - inventory list of goods and materials accepted for safekeeping (form N INV-5).

Inventories are compiled separately for inventories that are in transit, shipped, not paid on time by buyers and located in the warehouses of other organizations.

For property, during the inventory of which deviations from accounting data were revealed (discrepancies between indicators according to accounting data and data from inventory records), matching statements should be drawn up. Moreover, the amounts of surpluses and shortages of inventory items in these statements should be indicated in accordance with their assessment in accounting.

According to clause 4.1 of the Methodological Instructions for Inventory, separate matching statements are compiled for values ​​that do not belong to the organization, but are registered (those in custody, rented, received for processing).

Inventory results.

The inventory results are reviewed and analyzed at a meeting of the inventory commission. It must establish the reasons for the identified shortages and surpluses of property, as well as propose ways to eliminate the detected discrepancies in the actual availability of values ​​and accounting data.

The results of the inventory are reflected in the accounting and reporting of the month in which the inventory was completed, and for the annual inventory - in the annual accounting report (clause 5.5 of the Inventory Guidelines).

Data on the results of inventories carried out in the reporting year are summarized in a special statement in form N INV-26.

Unified form N INV-26 “Record of results identified by inventory” was approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated March 27, 2000 N 26.

Accounting for surplus inventories.

According to paragraph 20 of Art. 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation in tax accounting, income in the form of the value of surplus inventories and other property that are identified as a result of inventory is recognized as non-operating income. The amount of this income is calculated based on the market value of the identified surpluses without taking into account VAT and excise taxes.

In accounting, surplus property is accounted for at market value (excluding VAT) on the date of inventory and the corresponding amount is reflected in other income. Base - p.p. "a" clause 29 of the Guidelines for accounting of inventories, clause 9 of PBU 5/01 and clauses 3 and 7 PBU 9/99. Depreciation of unaccounted for fixed assets identified by the inventory is determined by the actual technical condition of the objects, indicating information about the assessment and depreciation in the relevant acts (clause 3.3 of the Inventory Guidelines). The cost of surplus inventories identified as a result of the inventory is reflected in the debit of accounts 10 “Materials”, 41 “Goods”, 43 “Finished Products” in correspondence with the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Accounting for shortages of inventories within the limits of natural loss norms.

In tax accounting, losses from shortages and (or) damage during storage and transportation of goods within the limits of natural loss norms approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation are material expenses (clause 2, clause 7, Article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). If the norms of natural loss have not been approved and there are no norms adopted earlier (before Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation came into force), then losses from shortages and (or) damage during storage and transportation of inventories cannot be taken into account in expenses that reduce taxable profit.

In the absence of standards, any amount of shortage of inventories is considered as above the norm (clause 5.1 of the Methodological Instructions for Inventory).

In accounting, also, in the absence of approved norms of natural loss, losses from shortages and (or) damage during storage and transportation of inventories cannot be taken into account in production costs (sales costs).

Amounts of shortages and losses from damage to inventories are written off from the accounts of material assets at their actual cost. In accounting, this operation is reflected in the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” and the credit of the inventory accounts. In the future, the shortage of property and its damage within the limits of natural loss norms are charged to production costs (selling expenses). Base - p.p. "b" clause 28 of the Regulations. In accounting, you need to make an entry for the debit of accounts 20, 23, 26, 44 and the credit of account 94.

Accounting for shortages of inventories above the norms.

When identifying a shortage of inventories in excess of the standards of the inventory commission, the presence of those responsible should be established.

Loss rates can only be applied when actual shortages are identified. The loss of valuables within the established norms is determined after offsetting the shortages of valuables with surpluses based on re-grading. If after such an offset there is still a shortage of valuables, then the norms of natural loss should be applied only for the name of the valuables for which the shortage was established (clause 5.1 of the Methodological Instructions for Inventory).

In tax accounting, the amount of damage reimbursed by an employee from a shortage of inventories and fixed assets (in full or within the limits of average monthly earnings) is non-operating income. According to paragraphs. 4 p. 4 art. 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, under the accrual method, the moment the organization receives income in the form of amounts of compensation for damage by the employee is the date:

• - recognition by the debtor of the amount of damage, that is, the date of the agreement between the employee and the employer on voluntary compensation by the employee for its amount;
• - the entry into force of a court decision on compensation for damage;
• - orders from the employer to recover the amount of damage from the employee.

When an organization reflects the specified non-operating income, it can recognize the amount of damage caused by the employee in non-operating expenses in full (that is, regardless of whether the employee compensates for the damage in full or within the average monthly earnings). This follows from paragraphs. 20 clause 1 art. 265 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. In this case, the expense is recognized on the same date as the income (clause 8, clause 7, article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). If the employer decides to completely or partially refuse to recover damages from the guilty employee, then he does not have the right to reduce taxable profit by the costs of compensation. After all, such costs are not economically justified.

In accounting, the shortage of property and its damage in excess of the norms are written off at the expense of the guilty persons (clause “b”, clause 28 of the Regulations). In this case, the organization has neither income nor expenses. Moreover, the write-off of the actual cost of missing inventories is reflected in the debit of account 94 in correspondence with accounts 10, 41, 43.

Example. Kolorit LLC carried out an inventory of property in the fourth quarter of 2008. As a result, excess inventories were identified, the market price of which is 200,000 rubles. The organization sold these assets in the first quarter of 2009 for 283,200 rubles, including VAT - 43,200 rubles.

The accountant of Kolorit LLC reflected the cost of materials sold in the amount of 200,000 rubles in accounting, and 40,000 rubles in tax accounting. (RUB 200,000 x 20%).

In accordance with Federal Law dated November 26, 2008 N 224-FZ, since 2009 the income tax rate has been reduced to 20%.

Consequently, a permanent difference in the amount of 160,000 rubles appears in accounting. (200,000 rubles - 40,000 rubles), therefore, the occurrence of a permanent tax liability in the amount of 32,000 rubles should be reflected. (RUB 160,000 x 20%).

The accountant of Kolorit LLC needs to make the following entries:

in the fourth quarter of 2008

Debit 10 Credit 91-1.

200,000 rub. - reflects the amount of surplus inventories identified during the inventory;

in the first quarter of 2009

Debit 62 Credit 91-1

RUB 283,200 - revenue from the sale of surplus inventories is reflected;

Debit 91-2 Credit 68, subaccount "Calculations with the budget for VAT",

RUB 43,200 - VAT has been calculated;

Debit 91-2 Credit 10.

200,000 rub. - the cost of sold surplus inventories is written off;

Debit 99 Credit 68, subaccount "Calculations with the budget for income tax",

32,000 rub. - a permanent tax liability is reflected.

Based on the above, we can conclude that the inventory of inventories is an integral part of accounting; it must be carried out as planned at least once a year, in exceptional cases due to production needs.