The economic side is related to the functioning of land as a means of production; it consists of taking into account the operation of economic laws. To develop correct land management decisions, extensive information is collected about the state of land as a means of production (rating, economic valuation of land, land productivity), production development (availability of fixed assets of labor, capital). The design solution is assessed from the point of view of cost recovery for its implementation.

The economic essence of land management lies in the most complete compliance of the forms and elements of territory organization (area, location, configuration, structure of land plots, their boundaries) with the needs and forms of organizing and increasing the efficiency of social production, technology for performing production processes on land and the tasks of its rational use.

Land management in the broad sense of the word is an integral part of the social mode of production, manifested as a socio-economic process of organizing the territory and means of production inextricably linked with the land. Consequently, it is always associated with a certain level of production forces and production relations and depends on objectively existing economic laws (the law of value, proportional development of time savings, etc.). The laws of social development are perceived by society not directly, but through interests. Therefore, land management, being of a state nature and under the control of executive and legislative authorities, is always carried out in the interests of certain social groups. In the system of interests of these groups (political, industrial, social) economic ones always prevail. Therefore, the task of land management is to redistribute land in such a way as to, on the one hand, ensure the unity of the economic interests of society, individual groups and citizens, and on the other hand, maintain the priority of public interests. Since land is constantly the object of conflicting interests, land management as a mechanism for its distribution and organization of use has always been at the center of political struggle.

During land management, plots are distributed between landowners and land users, and through them between sectors of the public economy (industry, transport, agriculture, etc.) Then the internal structure of land ownership and land use is carried out, production facilities, settlements, roads, lands (arable land, hayfields, pastures), crop rotations, forest plantations, gardens, etc. At the same time, the land can perform various functions.

In agriculture, the production process is directly related to soil fertility, the quality of land and the nature of its use. In order to increase fertility, people influence the land in various ways, carry out reclamation and technical work on crops, apply fertilizers, and cultivate soils.

During land management, on the one hand, conditions are created for the better use of natural and economic soil fertility due to the differentiated placement of crop rotation lands, sowing agricultural crops on the most suitable lands, etc., on the other hand, the productive properties of the land are improved thanks to a set of works to increase fertility soils, land protection from erosion, nature conservation. This increases the yield of crop products, including feed, and increases the economic role of land as the main means of production in agriculture, which also indicates the significant economic role of land management.

The main goal of land management is to establish order on the land, which is achieved through the rational organization of the territory, the best placement of social production and individual industries, and rational proportions of building and running the economy. The organizational and production structure is consistent with the quality and territorial properties of land masses (their distance from economic centers, area, configuration, dismemberment, disunity).

During land management, an information basis is created for the introduction of an economic mechanism for regulating land relations. Land allocation and withdrawal are carried out, new ones are formed and existing land tenures and land use boundaries are reorganized, the quality of land is assessed, documents certifying ownership and lease of land plots are issued, special land funds for land redistribution are created. Each land plot must have a price or value (regulatory, cadastral, market), and each land owner and land user must receive information about the amount of land tax, land rent, compensation in case of seizure of land from him for state and public needs, economic incentive measures rational land use.

The state nature of land management suggests that it is located in the general system of land management at various levels (federal, subject of the Federation, municipal), which includes:

• - information support in the form of the state land cadastre and land monitoring;
• -forecasting and planning the use of land protection;
• -organization of rational use and protection of lands; control over the use and protection of land.
• -Land management work covers all stages of land management, starting from topographic-geodetic, aerial photo-geodetic, soil and other surveys and surveys. Their results are needed for accounting, registration and assessment of land, drawing up schemes for the use and protection of land resources, land management schemes, and for developing land management projects.

Since land management is part of the overall system of government planning and financing, each land management enterprise, action or work must be based on the principles of self-sufficiency, commercial benefit and efficiency.

NIZHNY NOVGOROD STATE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY

BY SUBJECT:

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

ON THE TOPIC:

ECONOMY OF INTERFARM LAND MANAGEMENT

completed by: 5th year student

Faculty of Agronomy

group No. ZUZ-7

Feoktistova M.N.

code No. 05020

checked by the teacher:

Altukhov I.A.

Nizhny Novgorod

1. Content and socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management

2. Optimal sizes of land holdings (land uses) of agricultural enterprises

3. Economic justification for providing land for non-agricultural purposes

4. Justification of the amount of payment for easements to agricultural enterprises from users of utility networks and communications

5. Land management when allocating land shares to their owners

6. References

Inter-farm land management is the main mechanism for redistributing land, forming rational land tenure and land use, providing and withdrawing land for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes, allocating it to enterprises and citizens, and transferring it for rent.

Since the emergence of land management, its main task has been the division and delimitation of land, that is, the establishment and change of areas and boundaries of land ownership with the issuance of documents certifying the right of land ownership and land use. These actions were called land surveying, and until now they essentially represent the main task of inter-farm land management.

The boundaries and areas of land ownership, as is known, determine the territory within which the landowner's rights to his land apply; their establishment and consolidation are mainly technical and legal actions.

At the same time, during inter-farm land management, the formation (organization) of new or streamlining of existing land tenures and land use of enterprises, organizations, citizens occurs, which creates appropriate organizational and territorial conditions that affect the construction and management of the economy, its economy. Therefore, interfarm land management has a very definite economic content.

The socio-economic nature of this type of land management is due to a number of reasons.

The main goal of inter-farm land management is the creation of rational land tenure and land use, that is, one that provides, in terms of its parameters (location, area, configuration, internal structure, land composition, boundaries), the greatest efficiency of territorial organization, location of production and its industries, use and protection of land , expresses the economic interests of the population.

The formation of new or streamlining of existing land tenures and land use during inter-farm land management is not considered in isolation, but in the overall system of existing land use, since the creation of even one new enterprise can affect an entire group of farms and a large territory. This is typical, in particular, for the creation of large hydraulic structures and reservoirs, the formation of land use by industrial, transport and other non-agricultural enterprises, when the seizure of land significantly affects the economy of all nearby farms.

Inter-farm land management eliminates the shortcomings of land ownership and land use (interstriations, wedges, interspersed areas, distant lands, broken boundaries, irrational sizes), which significantly increases the efficiency of land use.

Using the methods of inter-farm land management, the boundaries of administrative-territorial formations, territories with a special legal regime of land in places of residence and economic activity of small peoples and ethnic groups, territories with special environmental, recreational and protected regimes, as well as the boundaries of cities, towns and rural settlements are established on the ground. , which affects the conditions and regime of land ownership and land use and has a significant impact on the socio-economic situation in society.

The formation of land funds for various purposes (land redistribution, resettlement, etc.) affects the economic interests of many landowners and land users, and in many cases determines the size and efficiency of production.

There are two types of interfarm land management

Related to the organization of land tenure (land use) for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. In any case it includes:

Drawing up projects for the formation of new and streamlining existing land management facilities with the elimination of inconveniences in the location of land and the allocation of land plots in kind;

Land surveying of land management objects.

Taking into account the socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management, in projects for the formation and regulation of land ownership and land use of agricultural enterprises and citizens, the following issues are resolved:

Establish the size and boundaries of land ownership and land use, appropriate specialization of farms, possible volumes of agricultural production, conditions of water, heat, energy supply and communications;

Determine the location of industrial and social infrastructure facilities;

Outline the regime and special conditions for the use of land;

prepare source materials for determining land tax and land rent.

The streamlining of existing land holdings and land use for agricultural purposes is carried out during the reorganization of agricultural enterprises, the transfer of part of their lands to the jurisdiction of the local administration, the allocation of lands for the organization of peasant (farm) enterprises, partnerships, agricultural cooperatives, as well as in order to eliminate:

Irrational structure of land;

Interstriations, inclusions, distant lands, broken boundaries;

Ecologically incorrect location of territory boundaries.

Development of measures to eliminate the negative consequences of land acquisition for production, resettlement, territory organization, protection of land and the natural environment;

Calculation and justification of the amount of losses compensated to landowners and land users, losses of agricultural and forestry production, determination of methods for their compensation;

Establishment of technical conditions and requirements for the reclamation of disturbed lands, as well as the removal, preservation and use of the fertile layer from the withdrawn site;

Establishment of security zones for newly created enterprises;

Development of proposals for the regime and special conditions for land use;

Preparation of initial data for establishing the amount of land tax;

Determining the order of implementation of the activities outlined by the project, the order of transition to the use of the provided plots of land.

When significant areas are withdrawn for non-agricultural purposes, proposals are developed as part of the project for the reorganization of existing land holdings and land use.

One of the main indicators to be justified in inter-farm land management projects is the size of land ownership.

2. OPTIMAL SIZES OF LAND OWNERSHIP (LAND USE) OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

When forming new or reorganizing existing agricultural enterprises, it is important that land is allocated to them in optimal sizes.

Practice shows that the calculation of the optimal area is based on the requirements of rational construction and management of the economy, without taking into account which it is impossible to properly organize production and territory. Let us list the most important of them.

1. The basic conditions and factors of production - land, material resources, labor - must be in certain proportions and be balanced. For example, with an increase in the number of animals on a farm, the need for feed will correspondingly increase, the area under fodder crops will increase, the size of fixed production assets and the number of livestock workers will increase, which may lead to an increase in the size of the farm or a change in its specialization, methods of keeping and types of feeding livestock, composition and structure of land.

2. The production direction of the farm, its specialization and structure must necessarily be established taking into account soil fertility, the degree of cultivation of the land, the possibility of subsequent transformation and improvement of the land. Thus, in the northern regions of the Non-Chernozem Zone, grain-cattle breeding farms with a large share of perennial and annual grasses in the structure of sown areas will be more stable and efficient. In the Central Black Earth Zone and the North Caucasus, intensive farms specializing in the production of row crops (sugar beets, sunflowers, corn) have an advantage.

3. Sustainable development of any economy is possible only on the basis of expanded reproduction. In an agricultural enterprise, conditions must be created for a constant increase in soil fertility, since otherwise it is impossible to achieve an increase in crop yields and land productivity, the effective use of fertilizers, plant protection products, and agricultural machinery. It is also necessary to ensure a constant circulation of capital and certain savings that ensure the further development of the economy and the growth of consumption funds.

4. To reduce various types of costs, the farm should, if possible, be located on the same land mass, have the correct shape, rational configuration with an environmentally sound placement of boundaries and the location of the economic center (main village) closer to the middle of the site.

5. In terms of the size of the land area and the organizational and production structure, the economy must be manageable while simultaneously providing all industries with the necessary areas of land of the appropriate composition.

6. When establishing the size of a farm by land area, it is important to take into account the set of requirements for any agricultural production (seasonality, technological interdependence of crop and livestock sectors, agronomic, zootechnical, biological, environmental, construction and planning, sanitary and hygienic conditions and restrictions).

The size of land ownership (land use) of an agricultural enterprise depends on many conditions and factors. The main ones are:

Production direction (specialization) of the economy, composition and combination of its industries;

Natural conditions characterizing soil fertility, reclamation and cultural-technical condition of lands, their contour, dissection, distance from economic centers, main roads, etc.;

The provision of the economy with labor resources, the composition and level of qualifications of administrative and managerial personnel, the availability of machine operators and other workers, the possibility of attracting labor from outside, especially during busy periods of work;

Availability of fixed and circulating production assets, primarily for agricultural purposes, monetary and material resources; the possibility of attracting bank loans;

Other conditions (presence and condition of the road network, vehicles, communications, settlement conditions, etc.).

The specialization of a farm directly affects its size and composition of land. For example, vegetable farms, due to the high labor intensity of production, all other things being equal, will be significantly smaller in area than grain farms. If in farms specializing in field cultivation, the composition of farmland will be dominated by arable land, then in livestock farms - pastures and hayfields, in horticultural and viticultural farms - perennial plantings.

The size of agricultural enterprises, land composition and specialization are also influenced by their location in relation to sales markets. Suburban farms will primarily specialize in the production of potatoes, vegetables, fruits, berries, milk and meat, that is, products that are poorly transportable and are in high demand among the population. Therefore, they will not be so large in land area; greenhouse and greenhouse farming will be developed in them for the production of early vegetables, berries, herbs, flowers, and mushrooms. In the raw material zones of industrial enterprises processing agricultural products (sugar, alcohol, essential oil and other factories), farms producing the corresponding raw materials, etc. will prevail.

Favorable natural conditions, high soil fertility, and good cultivation of land contribute to obtaining more products per unit area. Therefore, farms of equal production volumes with the best lands will have a smaller area than those located in difficult natural conditions. In addition, enterprises with more fertile lands tend to be intensive and highly productive, since the best quality lands provide greater returns when cultivating highly profitable, labor-intensive crops.

The provision of a farm with labor resources determines the employment of workers and the ability to cope with the required volume of work on its own. Of course, with an increase in the number of able-bodied people, it becomes possible to increase the size of the farm in terms of land area or increase the intensity of production.

The presence of fixed production assets in an agricultural enterprise, their condition, the level of power supply of labor and the development of the material and technical base make it possible to better adapt to changes in the economic situation, especially in a market economy, to vary resources and rebuild production. All other things being equal, farms equipped with more productive agricultural machinery and vehicles, with a developed road network, modern means of communication, can have larger sizes than those forced due to lack of funds to rent or purchase less productive machines and mechanisms, and in some cases make do with manual labor.

Thus, the optimal (rational) area should be considered such an area of ​​land ownership (land use) that, for a given production direction of the economy, will ensure its maximum economic efficiency, rational use and protection of land resources.

To determine the estimated (initial) optimal size of land holdings, various methods are used.

The main ones:

Method of analogues;

Economic-statistical;

Calculation and design;

Analytical;

Economics and mathematics.

When applying the analogue method, the experience of advanced agricultural enterprises operating in similar natural and economic conditions and having the same specialization as the farm for which the optimal size is being established is studied.

To obtain a more reasonable result, this method is complemented by economic and statistical methods. For this purpose, a selection of data is made on the results of economic activity of all (or most) farms of a certain production type located in the zone (region) under consideration. Using statistical groupings, the influence of land holding area (land use) on relative indicators of farm efficiency (profitability, gross and marketable output, gross income and profit per 100 hectares of farmland, capital productivity, etc.) is analyzed. The land holdings of enterprises in which the indicated indicators are higher are recognized as optimal.

3. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR PROVIDING LAND FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES

The withdrawal and allotment of land for non-agricultural enterprises, organizations and institutions, and the regulation of their land use are carried out on the basis of an inter-farm land management project. When preparing materials for the acquisition of land for the construction of large objects, before the start of their design, a feasibility study for the feasibility of land acquisition is developed, taking into account economic and environmental factors, the choice of location of objects and the size of the allotment.

The project for the acquisition and provision of land for non-agricultural purposes includes:

Justification for the location, size and boundaries of the land plot provided;

Determination of the composition and value of the seized lands;

Selection of measures to eliminate the negative consequences of land acquisition on the development of production, resettlement, organization of the territory, protection of land and the natural environment;

Calculation and justification of the amount of losses compensated to landowners and land users, losses of agricultural and forestry production, indication of methods for their compensation;

Technical conditions for the reclamation of lands subject to disturbance, as well as the removal, preservation and use of fertile soil from the withdrawn site;

Establishment of security zones for newly created enterprises;

Proposals for the regime and conditions of land use;

Initial data for establishing the amount of land tax;

The order of implementation of the activities planned by the project, the order of transition to the use of the provided plots.

When significant areas are withdrawn for non-agricultural purposes, proposals are developed for the reorganization of existing land holdings and land use as part of the project.

The approved project is transferred to nature. On its basis, documents confirming the right to use the land are prepared and issued.

In accordance with the Land Code of the Russian Federation (2001), losses caused by:

Withdrawal of land plots for state or municipal needs;

Deterioration of land quality as a result of the activities of other persons;

Temporary occupation of land plots;

Limitation of the rights of land owners, land users and land tenants.

Losses are compensated:

Land users, landowners and tenants of land plots in the cases provided for in paragraph 1 of Art. 57 Land Code;

Owners of land plots in the cases provided for in subparagraphs 2, 3 and 4 of paragraph 1 of Art. 57 Land Code.

Compensation for losses is carried out at the expense of the relevant budgets or by persons in whose favor land plots are seized or rights to them are limited, as well as by persons whose activities caused the need to establish security, sanitary protection zones and entails restriction of the rights of land owners, land users, landowners and tenants of land plots or deterioration in the quality of land.

When calculating the amount of compensation, losses of owners of land plots, land users, landowners and tenants of land plots are determined taking into account the value of their property on the day preceding the decision to withdraw land plots, to temporarily occupy land plots or to limit the rights of land owners, land users, landowners and land tenants.

The procedure for compensation of losses to owners of land plots, land users, land owners and tenants of land plots caused by the seizure or temporary occupation of land plots, restriction of the rights of land owners, land users, land owners and tenants of land plots or deterioration in the quality of land as a result of the activities of other persons is established by the Government of the Russian Federation .

Currently, the assessment of residential buildings, cultural and community facilities, industrial and other buildings and structures located on a seized or temporarily occupied land plot, as well as those located outside this plot, if their further use turns out to be impossible, is carried out according to the estimated cost of constructing new buildings, objects and structures equal to those existing in usable area, capacity, capacity and level of mechanization (according to standard projects).

Enterprises, institutions and organizations to which the confiscated land plots are allocated, in agreement with interested land users, instead of reimbursing the cost of buildings, objects and structures located on these plots, can carry out with their own forces and means (as well as the forces of attracted organizations) their transfer to a new location or construction new buildings and structures.

If the construction of new buildings, facilities and structures involves their modernization or expansion, additional costs are paid by the user of the land for whom the construction is being carried out.

The cost of reclamation facilities built at the expense of budgetary funds before January 1, 1992 and not transferred to the ownership of the legal entities on whose lands they are located, in the event of withdrawal or temporary occupation of land plots, is reimbursed by new users of the land to the local government bodies on whose territory these facilities are located , according to the prices for reclamation construction in force at the time of land seizure. The cost of these facilities, built after January 1, 1992 at the expense of budgetary funds, is reimbursed to the relevant self-government bodies at whose expense they were built.

If land users, during the operation of reclamation facilities, incurred costs for their reconstruction or expansion, in the event of withdrawal or temporary occupation of sites, these costs are subject to compensation to the users who suffered losses.

When land is taken or temporarily occupied, as a result of which the operation of irrigation, drainage, anti-erosion and anti-mudflow facilities and structures is partially or completely disrupted, losses are determined based on the estimated cost of work for the construction of new or reconstruction of existing facilities and structures, including the cost of design and survey work works, according to the standards, rates and prices in force at the time of seizure.

The assessment of water sources (wells, ponds, boreholes, etc.) is carried out according to the estimated cost of work for the construction of new water sources of equal flow rate and water quality, including the cost of design and survey work.

The assessment of fruit-bearing fruit and berry plantings, as well as protective and other perennial plantings, is made based on the cost of seedlings and the cost of planting and cultivation before the start of fruiting or closure of the crowns (in prices at the time of land acquisition).

Unfinished construction and non-fruit-bearing fruit and berry plantings are assessed based on the work actually performed by the user of the land and the costs incurred in prices at the time of land acquisition.

Losses (costs) caused by inconveniences in the use of land (formation of islands when filling reservoirs, disruption of transport connections, separation of the territory by communications, etc.) are determined by the amount of one-time costs for the construction of dams, bridges, roads, entrances, and other structures, as well as for the purchase of boats, boats, ferries and other vehicles.

Losses associated with the deterioration of land quality include the costs of conducting soil, agrochemical and other special surveys and surveys, as well as measures to ensure the restoration of land quality, and are determined according to project documentation.

Losses (costs) associated with the restriction of the rights of land users include the costs of construction, reclamation and other work, the acquisition of materials and equipment necessary to restore the decreased volume of production.

Lost profits are part of the losses of land users caused by the seizure or temporary occupation of land plots. It is associated with the cessation of annual income received by users from the seized areas for the period necessary to restore the disrupted production. Compensation for lost profits is made by enterprises, institutions and organizations to which the confiscated areas are allocated, in the amount of a lump sum payment equal to the income lost during the period of restoration of disrupted production.

Annual income is calculated based on actual production volumes in physical terms on average over 5 years at prices in effect at the time of land seizure. The amount of annual income is calculated using data from tax inspectorates and, if necessary, adjusted for the coming period in accordance with the prevailing inflation rates.

Lost profits are currently calculated by multiplying the amount of annual income by a coefficient corresponding to the period of restoration of disrupted production.

6 - 7 years 4.6

8 - 10 years 5.6

11 - 15 years 7.0

16 - 20 years 8.2

21-25 years old 8.9

26 - 30 years 9.3

31 years and over 10.0

The periods for restoration of disrupted production are established during land management design for each type of disrupted and restored production.

The above procedure for calculating lost profits is also used to calculate it in cases of restrictions on the rights of land users or deterioration in the quality of their lands, if these restrictions (deterioration in quality) lead to a decrease in annual income for the period after which the rights of users and the quality of the lands are restored.

In cases where lands occupied by fruit-bearing fruit and berry plantings are withdrawn, lost profits are compensated for the entire period, including the year of land withdrawal and the year of obtaining a harvest of fruit and berry plantings on new lands equal to that achieved on the withdrawn lands.

Lost profits caused by inconveniences in the use of land (the formation of islands when filling reservoirs, disruption of transport connections, separation of the territory by communications, etc.) are calculated as a tenfold difference in the annual costs of operating vehicles after the seizure of land (with the formation of inconveniences) and before their seizure.

Losses of agricultural production are losses caused by the seizure of agricultural land for purposes not related to agriculture, as well as the restriction of their use as a result of the activities of enterprises, organizations and institutions. They are expressed in the withdrawal of productive lands from circulation or a decrease in their productivity and are compensated in order to preserve the agricultural potential of individual territories, regions, and the country as a whole.

Losses of agricultural production are subject to compensation within three months after a decision is made on:

Confiscation of agricultural land, reindeer pastures, which are in state or municipal ownership, for their use for purposes not related to agriculture;

Changing the intended purpose of agricultural land, reindeer pastures owned by citizens or legal entities.

Losses in agricultural production are compensated:

Persons who are provided with agricultural land and reindeer pastures for use for purposes not related to agriculture;

Persons for whom security and sanitary protection zones are established.

Losses of agricultural production are compensated in cases where land plots are provided for permanent (indefinite) use or transferred into ownership free of charge. In cases of sale of land plots or transfer of them for lease, losses of agricultural production are included in the cost of land plots or taken into account when setting rent.

When calculating losses in agricultural production, standards for the cost of developing new lands to replace confiscated agricultural land are used, as well as, depending on the quality of agricultural land, other methods established by the Government of the Russian Federation. They are developed in relation to various zones of the country, taking into account the types and subtypes of soils in the withdrawn areas (a total of 13 such zones have been identified).

The Federal Land Cadastre Service has been given the right to clarify, as necessary, the approved standards using data from the state quarterly indexation of prices for equipment, materials and construction and installation work used in the development of new lands.

In addition, the executive authorities of territories, regions, autonomous entities, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg are given the right, on the proposal of the committees on land resources and land management, to establish increasing coefficients (but not more than 3 times) to the cost standards for the development of new lands to replace the withdrawn agricultural lands land for non-agricultural needs in the event of withdrawal, temporary occupation or deterioration of the quality of land in cities that are the centers of territories, regions, autonomous entities, as well as cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people, their suburban areas and special territories (districts) with unique soil and climatic conditions conditions for the production of certain types of agricultural products.

The boundaries of zones and territories to which the specified coefficients apply are approved in the manner established for suburban green zones and territories with a special legal regime.

Local executive authorities are also given the right to establish increasing or decreasing coefficients to the standards depending on the quality of the land of a particular site, its size, location and significance for the production of certain types of agricultural products, but on average the standard established for a given region must be maintained.

Losses caused by limited use or deterioration in the quality of agricultural land under the influence of the activities of enterprises, institutions, organizations are determined as a percentage of the standard cost of developing new lands in proportion to the decrease in the quality of agricultural land (according to the cadastral valuation of land).

To determine the amount of losses, planning and cartographic materials, data from soil surveys, land cadastre and land monitoring are used.

Losses of agricultural production are not compensated in the following cases:

Providing land plots for the construction of reclamation systems on agricultural lands;

Providing natural feeding grounds for the construction of fish ponds, fish hatcheries, spawning farms and fish hatcheries;

Allocation of land for individual housing construction within the boundaries of populated areas;

Confiscation of lands when classifying them in the prescribed manner as lands of environmental, nature reserve, health, recreational and historical and cultural purposes;

Conservation of degraded agricultural lands and lands contaminated with toxic industrial waste and radioactive substances.

Funds received by the budget in order to compensate for losses in agricultural production can be used to carry out the following types of work:

Development of new lands for agricultural purposes;

Filling and leveling of ravines, development of steep slopes;

Construction of roads to developed land plots;

Radical improvement of agricultural land, restoration of soil fertility of degraded and contaminated agricultural land;

Construction and reconstruction of irrigation and drainage systems;

Creation of protective forest plantations;

Preparation and use of peat for fertilizer;

Carrying out topographic-geodetic, soil, geobotanical and other work related to the study of land resources, the development of new lands and increasing their fertility, and improving used agricultural land.

Identifying the negative consequences of the construction and operation of a non-agricultural facility for agricultural production is one of the most difficult issues in inter-farm land management.

First of all, this is due to the variety of types of bends. Land for permanent or temporary use can be allocated for the placement of a wide variety of facilities and technological areas - industrial sites, wells for various purposes, linear structures (power grids, pipelines, roads, railways, etc.), water transport facilities, airfields and runways. landing strips, mining industry facilities (dumps, quarries, embankments, mines), slag dumps and ash dumps, landfills and burial sites, nuclear and thermal power plants, reservoirs, etc. These facilities can be located in various regions and zones with specific natural conditions and orientation agricultural production.

In addition, any allotment of land for non-agricultural needs should be considered as a process of impact on the agricultural landscape, constantly changing in space and time, bearing in mind that the scale of man-made disturbances can be tens of times greater than the area of ​​allotment, and the process itself stretches over many years and proceeds with varying degrees of intensity. Thus, the allocation of land for a reservoir actually ends with its filling to the normal retaining level, and the processes of bank processing, flooding and salinization of land from this moment only begin and gradually intensify.

Pollution of soil cover by industrial emissions into the atmosphere begins with the commissioning of a non-agricultural facility, and then can continue with varying degrees of intensity throughout the entire service life of the facility or stop after the introduction of waste-free technologies.

Thus, the negative consequences of providing land for non-agricultural needs should be understood as all the consequences that result in unfavorable quantitative and qualitative changes in the conditions of agricultural use of land, starting from survey work and ending with the period of operation of the facility. Currently, such comprehensive accounting is practically not carried out, although this problem has long been ripe.

Russian legislation provides for the organization of land monitoring. Such monitoring should represent a clearly functioning system of observations, identification and assessment of changes in the state of the land fund under the influence of anthropogenic influences. Based on these data, appropriate forecasts and practical recommendations for the placement of non-agricultural facilities will be developed.

The organization of monitoring should be preceded by the development of a so-called “consequence tree” of the impact of each type of allotment on the agricultural landscape in relation to specific natural and agricultural zones.

4. JUSTIFICATION OF THE AMOUNT OF FEE FOR EASEMENTS TO AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES FROM USERS OF ENGINEERING NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS

An easement is an economic relationship between the owner of the land and other entities regarding the simultaneous use of various properties of the land owned by him, including as a means of production, a spatial basis, a recreational resource, etc.

Since the land owner is burdened with various costs associated with preserving soil fertility, exercising his land ownership rights, incurs costs in the form of land tax, insurance and environmental payments, etc., part of these costs must be transferred to the easement user. In our country, in accordance with Art. 274 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the owner of a land plot encumbered with an easement also has the right, unless otherwise provided by law, to demand from the persons in whose interests the easement is established a proportionate payment for the use of this plot.

However, at present, fees for easements are practically not collected, which causes great damage to landowners - primarily to agricultural enterprises, whose lands are burdened with various restrictions.

These include, in particular, restrictions on the use of land in protective zones along high-voltage power lines, communication lines, protective zones of main pipelines, sanitary protection and other zones along highways, in territories adjacent to industrial enterprises, in coastal strips and water protection zones. river zones that are located on the lands of rural producers.

The dissection of the lands of agricultural enterprises by linear objects, which, in addition, have security zones, leads to an increase in the cost of production, additional inconvenience and costs for idle transfers of agricultural machinery from site to site, turns and drives of units when performing field mechanized work, and an increase in transport costs due to disunity and dismemberment of massifs, a decrease in the volume of agricultural production on lands that have various types of restrictions.

According to the surveys we conducted, the share of lands of agricultural enterprises that have encumbrances and restrictions on use ranges from 15 to 60% of their area or more.

In 2000, the Goskomzem and the Federal Land Cadastral Center “Land” published a manual “Restrictions (encumbrances) of rights to use land plots” (M.: Goskomzem, 2000). In 1995, land management organizations in administrative districts began to develop “Duty maps of restrictions and encumbrances in the use of land.” In total in 1995-1996. 338 such cards were developed.

Since 1996, “Duty land cadastral maps and plans” began to be developed in the regions. They display the boundaries of land plots, their cadastral numbers, real estate objects, boundaries of easements, encumbrances and restrictions. These materials can be used when introducing annual payments by enterprises of industry, transport, communications, energy, water management and other industries, whose facilities are located on agricultural lands and determine restrictions, burdens and inconveniences in the use of land, in favor of agricultural enterprises, that is, when introduction of fees for easements.

Losses (damages) and lost profits of landowners through whose territories various pipelines, roads, networks and other linear objects pass are enormous, since their length is very large. In the Russian Federation, only the length of main pipelines through which oil and gas complex products are transported is 215 thousand km, including gas pipelines, including gas pipelines - 151 thousand km, oil pipelines - 48.5 thousand, oil product pipelines - 15 .5 thousand km.

100% of produced gas, about 99% of produced oil, and more than 50% of produced oil products are transported using main pipeline transport. In the total volume of products transported through main transport pipelines, the share of gas is 55.4%, oil - 40.3%, and petroleum products - 43%.

Rent (servitude) payment in favor of the enterprise - the owner of the land;

Compensation payments by the easement user for losses and damages to agricultural production from the functioning of utility networks and communications.

The need to collect an easement fee is due to the fact that

The owner of the land, in fact, bears the general costs of preserving the land plot and pays land tax. The owner of the utility networks uses this land plot, but does not incur any costs.

In a certain sense, the easement user is a lessee of certain consumer properties of the land, and therefore is obliged to pay rent to its owner. The amount of this fee is negotiable, but ultimately should be based on ground rent rates.

Compensation payments have a different meaning - they must cover damage caused to an agricultural enterprise during the operation of utility networks and communications. In all cases, their size must be linked to the amount of damage caused to landowners and land users,

and losses in agricultural and forestry production (including lost profits) during land acquisitions. This is necessary to avoid double counting of the same losses.

Let's look at specific examples.

1. In the 32-meter protective zone of the high-pressure gas pipeline, arable lands are excluded from crop rotation. Their area is 3.2 hectares per 1 km of gas pipeline (32 * 1000/10000).

In accordance with the methodology for calculating land rent, the standard price of agricultural land and rental payment rates, developed by the Department of Economics of Agro-Industrial Complex of the Voronezh State Agrarian University, rent payments from 1 hectare of farmland in the suburban area are equal to 803 rubles; from 1 km of gas pipeline - accordingly, 803 * 3.2 = 2569.6 rubles. (see: Nazarenko N. T., Gorlanov S. A., Popov Yu. Yu. Methodology for calculating land rent, standard price of agricultural land and rental payment rates. - Voronezh: VSAU, 1998. - P. 14).

2. Due to difficult obstacles caused by the laying of pipelines, we will assume that the increase in the average distance of cargo transportation in an agricultural enterprise is equal to 0.5 km. For the calculations, we took an enterprise with a total area of ​​5000 hectares, the length of the gas pipeline is 5000 m. We will take the load capacity of the territory equal to 20 tons per 1 hectare, the tariff for cargo transportation is 0.90 rubles. for 1 tkm. Then the increase in on-farm transport costs will be 3.2 * 0.90 * 20 * 5000 * 0.5 = 144 thousand rubles. or 28.8 thousand rubles. for 1 km.

3. As a result of the construction of the gas pipeline, the configuration of the fields deteriorated, the length of the run of agricultural machinery decreased, and additional roads and areas of under-ploughing and under-seeding appeared along the protective zone of the pipeline.

Let us take the width of the road along the protective zone of the gas pipeline to be 4 m. Then 0.8 hectares of arable land per 1 km of its length will be excluded from circulation (2 * 4 * 1000/10000 = 0.8).

In a 5-meter zone adjacent to the road (1 hectare per 1 km), approximately 20% of the crop yield will be lost due to damage to crops in the headland. If the grain yield is 30 centners per hectare, the purchase price is 224 rubles. for 1 c, then the total yield loss will be 0.8 * 30 * 224 + 1.0 * 0.2 * 30 * 224 = 6.7 thousand rubles. per 1 km of gas pipeline.

Let’s assume that for 100 m of the headland the total loss of working time for machine operators due to a decrease in the length of the headland will be 1.8 hours, and the cost of 1 tractor/hour is 45 rubles, then for 1 km of gas pipeline the additional costs for idle turns and runs of tractor units will be equal 1.8 * 10 * 45 = 810 rub.

Thus, only taking into account the three above factors will lead to the establishment of compensation payments for the use of the gas pipeline in the amount of 39 thousand rubles. (2.7 + 28.8 + 7.5) per 1 km of gas pipeline or 196 thousand rubles. for its entire length of 5 km, passing through the territory of the farm.

If we assume that the cadastral price of 1 hectare of unencumbered arable land is 30 thousand rubles, and according to N. N. Bolkunova, the reduction in this price in the security zones of linear engineering objects is at least 20%, then the final cadastral price of the encumbered plot will be equal to 0 .8 * 30 = 24 thousand rubles.

Having accepted the rental (easement) payment in the amount of 2% of the cadastral price of the plot, we will establish its annual size. In this case, it will be 480 rubles. per 1 ha (0.02 * 24000 = 480).

5. LAND DEVELOPMENT WHEN ALLOCATING LAND SHARE TO THEIR OWNERS

As of January 1, 2000, the lands of agricultural enterprises included 11.9 million land shares with a total area of ​​117.6 million hectares; Thus, the average land share in the Russian Federation was 9.9 hectares.

10.9 million owners (91.8%) received title documents (certificates of ownership), 0.6 million people (4.7%) did not receive certificates, and 0.4 million (3.5%) did not apply for them. %).

Analysis of operational information carried out in 1999 by the State Committee for Land Resources of the Russian Federation on the implementation of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 96 of February 1, 1995 “On the procedure for exercising the rights of owners of land shares and property shares” and clause 3 of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 337 of March 7, 1996 . “On the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens to land” showed that a specific decision on the disposal of land shares was made by 7668.7 thousand people, or 64.5% of their owners. Most of these shares (91.9%) were transferred to agricultural enterprises on various conditions.

As is known, owners of land shares are given wide opportunities.

They have the right:

Dispose of the land share by obtaining a certificate of ownership;

Transfer a land share by inheritance;

Use it (with the allocation of a plot of land in kind) for running a peasant (farm) and personal subsidiary plot;

Sell ​​a land share or donate it;

Exchange a land share for a property share or a land share in another farm;

Transfer it (with the allocation of a plot of land in kind) for rent to peasant (farmer) households, agricultural organizations, citizens for running personal subsidiary plots;

Transfer the land share on the terms of a rent agreement and lifelong maintenance;

Contribute a land share or the right to use this share to the authorized capital or mutual fund of an agricultural organization.

In different regions of Russia, owners disposed of their land shares differently.

A study of the role of the institution of land shares in the transformation of land relations in Russia shows that, in addition to the political, these forms of land ownership are becoming increasingly economically important over time. By 2000, approximately 300 thousand people received land plots in kind as part of their land share for the expansion of personal subsidiary plots and the organization of peasant (farm) farming on an area of ​​3.6 million hectares. More than 55 million hectares (5.4 million land shares) have been leased, with the location of the land being determined on the ground. The right to use land in the authorized capital or mutual fund was transferred to agricultural organizations by 22.2% of land shareholders on an area of ​​14.6 million hectares.

At the same time, 4.2 million people did not dispose of their land shares, and out of 41.9 million hectares of unclaimed area, according to the State Committee for Land Resources, 8.3 million hectares remained ownerless because they were not transferred to agricultural enterprises.

The inclusion of land shares in economic circulation disrupts the previously established economy and organization of production and territory of almost any agricultural enterprise. A set of land management works is needed to establish order in the disposal of land shares, especially when using land and its allocation in kind. In particular, it is necessary to establish the location and boundaries of land masses corresponding in area to land shares. When carrying out work, excessive fragmentation of such arrays should be avoided, which in the future will inevitably lead to the need to take measures to consolidate (unite) them.

If land owners decide to allocate them land shares on the ground (in kind), then in order to reduce the damage from fragmentation of tracts, when drawing up land management projects, the following is necessary:

The land plots of the owners of land shares must be of the correct shape, if possible rectangular, with parallel long sides. In relation to the terrain, the long sides of the plots should be placed across the slope to avoid the concentration of water runoff along the boundaries of the plots.

In flat areas with homogeneous soil cover, land plots must be placed in the form of a rectangular grid of boundaries with the short sides of these plots opening onto the main road. The width of the main road should provide free passage for two cars and the passage of fairly bulky agricultural machinery and can reach up to 6 m. The remaining inter-section roads are designed to be 3-4 m wide. In all cases, convenient access to each land plot must be provided.

On an area to be divided into land shares in areas of wind erosion, it is necessary to provide for the alignment of the boundaries of land plots with longitudinal and transverse forest strips to protect arable land from deflation. Transverse forest belts are located across the direction of the prevailing winds with a distance between them of 400-600 m, and longitudinal forest belts are located along the direction of the winds with a distance of 1500-2000 m.

When allocating land masses to be divided into land shares in land management projects, it is necessary to ensure that the quality of the allocated lands corresponds to the desired specialization (structure of sown areas) established by the land owners. To do this, all divided tracts must be assessed for their agro-ecological properties, for their suitability for cultivating various crops or their groups. Only after this should land allocations begin.

To prevent the fragmentation of land and the deterioration of the use of lands remaining in indivisible funds or collective property, as well as for the purpose of planning and gradual allocation of land shares in kind to their owners, land management projects must provide for the allocation of land masses subject to priority division.

These arrays must meet the following requirements:

Have convenient access;

Do not differ in quality, fertility, land reclamation and cultural and technical development in one direction or another from the rest of the lands of the agricultural enterprise;

Comply in its qualitative characteristics with the specialization of newly formed farms;

When the farm is withdrawn from land use and divided into shares, this massif should not contribute to the emergence of territorial disadvantages (wedging, interspersing, distant lands, interstriations).

When dividing tracts into plots of land share owners, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of their subsequent unification into various economic entities for the purpose of jointly carrying out field work, as well as carrying out a set of reclamation, environmental and anti-erosion measures.

In order not to fragment or dismember the land masses of agricultural enterprises and to create the best conditions for the allocated owners of land shares, you must adhere to the following rules:

Allocate land shares in kind primarily to groups of those willing to ensure the occupation of the entire tract to be divided (otherwise, due to inconveniences in cultivation and travel, unoccupied lands may go out of circulation);

Start allocating land shares to individual owners, if a group of them has not gathered, not from the center of the massif, but from its peripheral part (to ensure compact arrangement of undivided plots);

Prohibit the allocation of land shares in kind in the absence of a land management project for the entire territory of the reorganized economy and a feasibility study (business plan) for the use of the requested site;

Prohibit any construction on a land plot in the absence of necessary communications (primarily water supply and energy supply).

In conclusion, it should be noted that from the point of view of the efficiency of land management and production in agricultural enterprises, the allocation of land shares in kind inevitably harms the use of land and the economy of the country's agro-industrial complex. Therefore, when resolving problems associated with the disposal of land shares, one should, if possible, avoid such allocation, and try to create such organizational and legal forms of agricultural enterprises that will promote the consolidation of land plots and prevent the emergence of parcel-based, ineffective farming.

List of used literature:

1. Volkov S.N. Land management. Economics of land management. T 5. M: Kolos, 2001

2. Volkov S.N. Land management design. M: Kolos, 2001

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Economics of land use

Content

• 2.1 Features of land valuation
• 2.1.5 Land valuation methods
• Literature

1. Features of land use

1.1 Land as a natural resource

Any human activity - production, commercial, etc. - is inextricably linked with land, which is the most important type and component of real estate, the basis for the formation of any immovable object.

Land, like other real estate, is characterized by the following properties:

spatial limitations;

the impossibility of movement without significant disruption of its characteristics;

that is an indispensable condition for any economic and social activity.

Along with the general properties characteristic of all types of real estate, land has distinctive qualities that are unique to it. This:

productive capacity;

the possibility of improving quality with rational use;

significant increase in value when changing the purpose.

First of all, land is a natural resource characterized by space, relief, soils, waters, subsoil, flora and fauna. As the productive forces develop, this resource turns into an object of socio-economic relations, the main means of production in agriculture and the spatial basis for the development and location of all sectors of the economy, the territorial basis of existence as a whole.

economics cadastre land use assessment

A unique property of the earth is its ability, with the help of natural forces, to produce agricultural and other raw materials on a massive scale.

Land as a real estate object appears only when a specific land mass or plot is defined.

Land plot - part of the earth's territory that is equipped and ready to be used for various purposes.

A land plot in the use of an individual or legal entity or group of persons, having specific boundaries and location, forms land use (land tenure). These concepts determine the scope of rights to land (ownership, possession and use), the process of its use.

1.2 Land as an economic category

Initially, as a natural resource, land finds its economic expression through a system of socio-economic ties and property relationships between citizens, their associations, local and state government bodies. This interaction is called land relations, which are expressed through the macro- and microeconomics of land use. At the same time, the diversity of legal aspects of land relations is realized through economic indicators.

Land as a spatial basis for activity and a property is characterized by social and economic parameters. The most important characteristics of a land plot are its size and location. The location of the site is characterized by its remoteness from the main utilities, territorial centers of influence, the presence of roads and their quality. Depending on differences in location, the value of a plot of land can vary greatly.

The value of a land plot is directly influenced by its natural and technological properties: contour, relief, geology, soil. Depending on these qualities, the costs of developing and using a land plot, namely laying utilities, constructing buildings and structures, and their operation, will vary.

An important component of the value of a property is the ecological condition of both the site on which the property is located and the surrounding lands.

The legal content of land use is transformed into economic parameters. Depending on the scope of rights to a land plot - ownership, use, lease - its value and the cost of structures located on the site differ significantly. In agriculture and forestry, land acts not only as the spatial basis for the placement of construction projects, but also as the main means of production. At the same time, the most important economic characteristic of land is its productivity, which largely depends on soil fertility and the infrastructural development of the site. Based on soil fertility characteristics, the lands of the Russian Federation were zoned and soil groups were formed. The data obtained is used in the mass assessment of agricultural and forest lands for tax purposes.

Relative characteristics of the value of productive lands are obtained as a result of their valuation.

Point quality - This is the most important indicator characterizing the natural and economic fertility of soils. On its basis, land productivity standards for the main cultivated crops are calculated. And only after this the indicators of economic or valuation of land are determined.

Second in importance after fertility is taken into account location lands. The market assessment of the location of an agricultural enterprise as a property is determined by its distance from points of sale of agricultural products and the acquisition of material and technical means. At the same time, distances on roads of various quality - asphalt, gravel, dirt - are compared with their average equivalent.

A technological assessment of the location of a land plot is made based on its distance from the production center of the farm. It is greatly influenced by the way the land is used, the costs of moving units and workers, as well as the delivery of seeds, fuels and lubricants and the export of produced agricultural products.

Despite the functional differences between the lands on which agricultural and forestry production is carried out, and those used as the spatial basis for the location of cities and industrial facilities, they are in constant interaction. Agricultural and forest lands are a source of urban expansion and the placement of all kinds of construction projects.

In accordance with Russian land legislation, when occupying agricultural land for construction purposes, a new land user (land owner) makes compensation payments. The economic content of payments is to compensate for losses in agricultural production. The financial resources received are used to increase production from other areas of land.

The process of using land, its economic status and market turnover carry significant economic content, which is the basis for the formation of the cost characteristics of land plots and other real estate objects inextricably linked with the land.

1.3 Land management as a tool for creating economically sound land use

Land management as a socio-economic phenomenon, it is a naturally occurring process and a system of measures to organize the use of land and the arrangement of the territory for changing purposes and conditions of production, the economic use of individual real estate objects and the social needs of the population.

Land management regulates land relations, organizes the use, accounting and assessment of land, and the development of territorial land use plans. Land management activities cover a wide range of land issues in all sectors of the economy. At the state level this is:

- scientific forecasting of land transformations;

- ensuring a unified state policy in planning and organizing the rational use and protection of lands of all categories, regardless of ownership;

- control over the intended use of land;

- formation of environmentally and economically sound, compact and optimal land use;

- ensuring the reliable functioning of various industries by creating the necessary territorial conditions for them;

- preparation and issuance of documents certifying the right to land.

In relation to real estate objects, land management methods solve the following problems:

- development of programs for the use and protection of land based on the urban planning, environmental and economic characteristics of the territory;

- formation of land plots according to a unified state system and their technical registration;

- development of projects for the creation and regulation of land use with the elimination of various inconveniences;

- establishing the boundaries of land plots, allocating land plots in kind, drawing up documents for registration of rights to land plots;

- fixing and changing the features of cities, towns and rural settlements on the ground;

- conducting an inventory to identify unused, irrationally used and other than intended lands;

- performing land assessment work.

For real estate, the most important practical problem solved by land management methods is the allocation of a site in kind (on the ground). As a result, the boundary of a real estate object, land ownership, and land use is established. The documentation for the allotment of a site includes a description of the boundaries, plans of the boundaries, and catalogs of the coordinates of boundary markers. The work is carried out using cadastral survey materials using maps and plans that record the location, boundaries, areas and legal status of the land plot with other real estate, topographical and other elements of the area.

Land management documentation is coordinated with interested state and public organizations and institutions and is approved, depending on the level of documentation being developed, by the relevant state executive body and local government.

Design and survey work carried out by land management enterprises and individuals without a license is invalid. Developers of land management documentation are responsible for the economic and environmental feasibility of the measures provided for in land management projects.

In the process of land management design, several design solution options are developed, and economic efficiency calculations are carried out for each of them. The final version of the project is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly design solution.

1.4 State land cadastre as an economic and legal system for the functioning of real estate objects

The land cadastre is a state system for registering land plots and real estate firmly associated with them and processing title documents, accounting and valuation of land plots. According to the current land legislation, it is carried out according to a unified system throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation, and plays a fundamental role in the legally legal creation and effective functioning of real estate.

The state land cadastre contains a system of necessary information and documents about the legal regime of lands, about their ownership by owners, land users and tenants, about categories of land, the qualitative characteristics and value of lands, includes registration of land use and plots of land ownership, quantitative and qualitative accounting of land resources, soil grading and economic valuation of land.

Registration of rights to land (ownership, possession, use) is one of the most important tasks. During the registration process, each piece of land is assigned a unique serial number. An elementary land plot or land mass is taken as the primary registration and registration unit of land use.

A separate land plot as an elementary unit during registration, as well as accounting and assessment of land, must have fixed and easily recognizable boundaries on the ground and on the plan. Naturally, it can differ in natural-historical and landscape characteristics, microclimatic characteristics and conditions of use.

Registration of a land plot is preceded by the execution of legal documents establishing the right to provide or acquire land, the allocation of a land plot in kind and the preparation of appropriate planning and cartographic material. Land ownership and land use are registered in the state land cadastral book of the district (city). At the same time, the legal regime, area and owner (user) of the land are established. A legal document is a certificate of ownership of a land plot for indefinite (permanent) use.

Quantitative accounting of lands is carried out according to their intended purpose, land owners, land users, tenants, land plots and by types of land in their composition. Accounting for land quality includes land cadastral zoning, classification of lands, their characteristics according to economic, environmental, technological and urban planning properties, and specialized grouping of soils.

Cadastral valuation is carried out to establish the objective value of land and is used mainly to determine the tax base. It is carried out simultaneously on the territory of the administrative district (city) and is expressed in the form of a system of natural and cost indicators. The value of land of various categories is established based on profitability, supply and demand in the land market. The cadastral valuation of agricultural land takes into account the level

2. Specifics of the land plot as an object of assessment

2.1 Features of land valuation

2.1.1 Basic provisions for assessing land plots

As a means of production, land has features that have a direct impact on the valuation of real estate:

- land is not the result of previous labor;

- spatially limited;

- irreplaceable by other means of production;

- has a constant location;

- wear-free when used correctly;

- geographically of different quality;

- characterized by the specific utility of each specific land plot;

- has fertility and all its beneficial qualities are most effectively used in agriculture;

In almost all spheres of human activity (except agriculture and forestry), it acts mainly as a spatial operational basis, therefore it is inextricably linked with the objects located on it: buildings, structures, roads, reclamation structures, and other material elements created by human labor, so called improvements.

It is necessary to distinguish between the terms “land” and “land plot”, which are used with different meanings. The term "land" is generally used when referring to undeveloped property. The term “land plot” means a part of the territory on which some work (improvement) has been carried out that allows the use of this plot according to its intended purpose.

The following improvements are being made to create the site:

- external: construction of streets, sidewalks, drainage and utility networks;

- internal: planning, landscaping, paving, installation of outlets for connecting utility networks, communication lines, etc.

The Land Code of the Russian Federation contains the following definition of a land plot: " Land plot - Part surfaces land, having fixed border, square, location, legal status And other characteristics, reflected V State land cadastre And documents state registration rights on land. Legal status land plot includes: target appointment, permitted usage, form legal possessions. Land plot Maybe be divisible And indivisible. Indivisible recognized land plot, which By to his target purpose And permitted use Not Maybe be divided on independent land plots".

Land valuation does not only apply to vacant, undeveloped land. A typical property consists of a land plot and buildings and there is a need to determine the value of the land plot separately from the improvements available on it, due to the following reasons:

- differences in taxation of land and buildings (property tax and land tax);

- a separate assessment of the land plot from improvements is required when applying the cost method of determining the value of real estate;

- making decisions on the demolition of existing improvements in order to better and more efficiently use the land.

The main element of land relations is land ownership. When assessing a land plot, it is necessary to take into account the set of rights associated with it. Common rights that require assessment:

full right of ownership - the ability to use a plot free of tenants in any legal way;

lease right - the possibility of owning a land plot under a lease agreement.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Payment for Land,” the use of land in our state is paid. The forms of payment it names are: land tax, rent, standard price of land. Land tax is levied annually on all land owners, as well as landowners and land users, except tenants. Rent is charged for lands leased. The standard price of land is introduced for the purchase and redemption of land plots in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, to ensure the economic regulation of land relations when transferring land into ownership, establishing collective shared ownership of land, transferring by inheritance, donating and receiving a bank loan secured by a land plot .

In Russia, most land is not sold, but leased, so appraisers often determine not the value of a land plot, but the value of its lease rights.

Price rights rental - This is the amount that a potential buyer is willing to pay for the right to own a given site under a lease agreement in order to obtain benefits from this ownership. Valuation of lease rights is used when determining the sale price of the right to lease a land plot, when determining the value of the object of which the leased land plot is a part, and when assessing damage from termination of the lease agreement.

2.1.2 Valuation of mass and individual objects of land property

There are three forms of payment for land:

* land tax,

* rent,

* standard price of land,

which are based on the valuation of land. In global valuation practice, there are two types of assessment of the value of land resources:

ѕ massive;

ѕ single objects land property.

Both types of valuation are systematic methods of calculating value. In both cases, a market analysis is required, but the fundamental difference lies in the scale of the assessment and quality control of the assessment performed.

Models mass assessments are focused on reproducing the market for one or more land use options over a wide geographical area. Carrying out a mass assessment requires significant personnel; development of a standard methodology that can unify the procedure for assessing a large number of properties on a specific date; the use of statistical methods both in the assessment process and to check the quality of the assessment performed. Mass valuation is ideal for tax purposes.

The assessment of individual property objects on a specific date is carried out, as a rule, by a small number of personnel, the decision is made by one specialist. The quality of the work performed is determined by comparison with actual sales of similar objects.

2.1.3 Analysis of the best and most efficient use of land

When assessing a land plot, it is necessary to determine the option for its best and most effective use, which is determined by the interaction of a number of factors.

Best use analysis includes studying alternative uses (development, development) of a land plot and selecting the optimal one. This takes into account the prospects of the location, the state of market demand, the cost of development, the stability of expected income, etc.

When assessing the value of a property consisting of a land plot and buildings, great importance is attached to the analysis of the best use, firstly, of the presumably vacant land plot and, secondly, of the land plot with existing improvements.

Analysis of a supposed vacant land plot is a necessary step in determining its value, and it is based on establishing the most profitable option for using the land.

Analysis of a land plot with existing improvements involves making a decision on the demolition, modernization or preservation of existing improvements on the land plot in order to ensure maximum profitability of the property.

The likely and most profitable use of the site ensures its highest value. Use cases must be legal, physically feasible, and cost-effective.

Let us name the main factors that determine the optimal use of land:

location is a factor that has a major impact on the cost of a land plot (the prospects of the location, transport accessibility, and the nature of the environment are taken into account);

market demand - a factor reflecting the relationship between supply and demand in the market;

financial feasibility - the ability of the project to provide income from the use of the land plot, which would be sufficient to reimburse investors’ expenses and ensure the expected profit;

physical suitability of the site - prospects for creating improvements - size, topography, soil quality, climate, engineering-geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the site, existing zoning, environmental parameters, etc.;

technological feasibility and physical feasibility - analysis of the relationship between quality, costs and timing of the project, the likelihood of natural disasters, accessibility of transport, the ability to connect to utilities, taking into account the size and shape of the site, for example, the size may be small for the construction of an industrial facility;

legislative (legal) admissibility - compliance of the option for using a land plot with current legislation. Identified as a result of an analysis of construction and environmental standards, restrictions on the number of storeys, the presence of temporary bans on construction in a given location, difficulties in the area of ​​historical urban development, possible changes in regulations, compliance with zoning rules, negative sentiments of the local population;

the maximum yield (maximum property income and site value), which is determined by discounting the future income of alternative uses, taking into account the risk of the investment.

2.1.4 Increasing the efficiency of urban land use

Urban lands represent a special category. Their value is influenced by the size of the city and its production and economic potential, the level of development of engineering and social infrastructure, regional natural, environmental and other factors. In addition, there are specific legislation for this category of land.

The same factors can have opposite influences on the value of a particular site:

- heavy traffic is undesirable for a residential area, but increases the cost of the site for trade purposes;

- location relative to educational institutions and shopping centers, aesthetic advantages and amenities, taken into account when assessing land for housing construction, practically do not affect the value of territories oriented to industrial development; Transport infrastructure and economic zoning are important to them.

In the previously functioning planned economy with the priorities of industrial development, the command-administrative distribution of “free” land led to serious disproportions in the development of the city and wasteful, unnecessary and even harmful for the city use of the most valuable urban land (including by enterprises and organizations), often leading to severe environmental problems. Once distributed, land is practically not redistributed, which leads to further aggravation of negative trends.

The main units used for comparison of land plots:

- price per 1 hectare - for large areas of agricultural, industrial or residential construction;

- price per 1 m2 - in business centers of cities, for offices, shops;

- price per 1 frontal meter - for commercial use of land in cities. In this case, the cost of the site is proportional to the length of its border along the street or highway, with the standard depth of the site accounting for a small part of the cost;

- price per lot - used to compare standard plots in shape and size in residential and dacha development areas;

- price per unit of density - ratio of the building area to the area of ​​the land plot, etc.

Most land resources are currently in state and municipal ownership. Practice shows that in market conditions, urban land is a valuable resource and can serve as a stable source of local budget income. City authorities determine the amount of land tax, the rental rate for land and the standard price of a land plot upon purchase, so the issue of increasing the efficiency of land use is relevant for them. So that land property is used more efficiently, i.e. brought maximum income from use and contributed to improving the overall investment climate, further development of market relations in the land market, orientation to the current market situation and market requirements are necessary.

So that land property is used more efficiently, i.e. brought maximum income from use and contributed to improving the overall investment climate, first of all, it is necessary to implement the processes of taxation, rental and purchase of urban land based on its market value. At the same time, a fair distribution of the tax burden is achieved, stimulation of efficient use and activation of investments in reconstruction and development in the process of restructuring the territory.

The results of the assessment of the urban area serve as initial information for solving the following problems:

* development of urban development policy and social planning;

ѕ formation of proposals for types of functional use of the territory, taking into account its quality;

ѕ formation of economic mechanisms for the placement of various land use options and investment and construction policies;

ѕ analysis of the consequences of options for the development and restructuring of the urban environment, optimization of municipal investments in the maintenance and development of the urban environment;

ѕ determination of the investment attractiveness of the territory as a function of the cost of urban land.

There are two views on the value of urban land:

urban designer in the process of functional zoning of the territory as a section of the city master plan;

appraiser in the process of developing a cadastral valuation of land.

The basis for the formation of cadastral valuation of land and functional zoning of the territory should be a comprehensive urban planning assessment of market value.

2.1.5 Land valuation methods

Normative method is to determine the standard price of land. It is used when transferring, purchasing land into ownership, establishing common joint (shared) ownership in excess of the free norm, transferring by inheritance or donation, obtaining a secured loan, withdrawal for state or public needs.

Urban lands are assessed taking into account the density of development, the prestige of the area, the nature of the surrounding land use, ecological condition, engineering and transport facilities, etc. The lands are divided into zones differentiated by the basic rates of land tax and the standard price of land (Law of the Russian Federation "On Payment for Land") . The standard price of land is fixed in the Land Cadastre.

The basis for determining the standard price of land: land tax rates and increasing coefficients, land tax benefits are not taken into account.

It is often necessary to evaluate an object consisting of a building and a land plot, when the latter has only lease rights. In this case, the cost of allocating a land plot for construction can be taken into account as the cost of land.

In market conditions, if the necessary information is available, it is advisable to use methods based on the analysis of market data. Order No. 568-r of the Ministry of Property of Russia dated 03/07/2002 approved methodological recommendations for determining the market value of land plots. As a rule, when assessing the market value of land plots, the sales comparison method, the allocation method, the land rent capitalization method, the distribution method, the residual method, and the method of dividing into plots are used.

Method comparisons sales is the simplest and most effective valuation method, can be used to evaluate both actually vacant and supposedly vacant land; allows you to determine the specific price of a land plot by making percentage adjustments to the sales prices of analogues. In the absence of information on the prices of transactions with land plots, it is allowed to use supply (demand) prices.

Common elements of comparison for land plots: ownership, financing conditions, special conditions of sale, market conditions (change over time), location (distance from the city and roads, environmental characteristics), zoning conditions, physical characteristics (size, shape and depth of the plot, angular location, soil type, topography), available utilities, economic characteristics, best and most efficient use. When valuing land, you can use multiple units of comparison, adjusting the price of each unit and ending up with multiple values ​​that define a range of values. Urban lands represent a special category; their value is influenced by the size of the city and its production and economic potential, the level of development of engineering and social infrastructure, regional natural, environmental and other factors.

The method gives fairly accurate results only in a developed information-open competitive market. The Russian land market does not meet these requirements; the value of a land plot cannot be determined based on information about sales transactions of analogue plots. Therefore, the assessment must collect all available information to apply all site assessment methods.

Method capitalization land annuities is based on the fact that if there is sufficient information about the rental rates of land plots, it is possible to determine the value of these plots as the current value of future income in the form of rent for the land plot being assessed. Within the framework of this method, the value of land rent can be calculated as income from leasing a land plot under the conditions prevailing in the land market. As a regular income stream, land rents can be capitalized into value by dividing by the land capitalization rate determined from market analysis. The initial data for capitalization is obtained from a comparison of sales of leased land and rental values.

Based on the rental rate received, the market value of the site is determined using the income approach, usually using the direct capitalization method.

The capitalization rate is determined by dividing the value of ground rent for similar land plots by their sale price or by increasing the risk-free rate of return on capital by the amount of the risk premium associated with investing capital in the land plot being valued.

The main factors influencing the rental rate of a land plot: location characteristics, size, shape, surrounding type of land use, transport accessibility, engineering equipment.

However, in Russia, state and municipal land is mainly leased, and the rental payment is calculated in accordance with the standard price of land, which is not equivalent to its market value. Currently, attempts are being made to lease land at its market value, but it is too early to talk about the objectivity of the results of the practical application of the land rent capitalization method.

Method distribution ( method of correlation, correlation, allocation) - determining the component of the cost of a land plot based on the known ratio of the cost of land and improvements in the property complex. The method is based on the principle of contribution and the assertion that for each type of property there is a normal relationship between the value of land and buildings. This ratio is most reliable for new buildings; they are close to the best and most efficient use option. The older the buildings, the greater the ratio of land value to total property value.

To apply the method, reliable statistical data is required on the relationship between the values ​​of land and all property of a particular type of real estate in a given market. However, the method is rarely used even in developed markets, as it has low reliability. The use of the method is justified in conditions of insufficient information on land sales. The resulting values ​​are considered approximate.

Method discharge (extraction) is used to evaluate built-up land plots if there is information on transaction prices for similar real estate objects. Improvements to the land are commensurate with its most efficient use. The method involves the following sequence of actions:

- definition of elements for comparison of objects;

- determination of differences between each analogue and the object of evaluation;

- calculation and making adjustments for each of the comparison elements;

- calculation of the market value of a single property, including the land plot being assessed, by means of a reasonable generalization of the adjusted prices of analogues;

- calculation of the cost of replacement or the cost of reproduction of improvements to the assessed land plot;

- calculation of the market value of the assessed land plot by subtracting from the market value of a single real estate object, including the assessed land plot, the cost of replacement or the cost of reproduction of improvements to the land plot.

The allocation method is used when the contribution of improvements to the total price of the plot is small, it is recommended for evaluating suburban areas (for which the contribution of improvements is small and is quite easily determined), and is used in the absence of data on sales of land in the surrounding area.

The method is most effective in a passive market (there is no data on the sale of vacant land plots), taking into account the characteristics of the initial information and the model for obtaining the desired value. The cost of a land plot in general is determined by the formula:

WITH 3 = WITH - WITH U,

Where Сз is the cost of the land plot;

C - cost of the object;

Su - cost of improvements.

Method remainder based on the investment group's technique for physical components. The method is used to evaluate built-up and undeveloped plots, if it is possible to develop the assessed land plot with income-generating improvements. The value of land is determined by capitalizing the portion of income attributable to the land.

To determine the value of a plot of land, it is necessary to know the cost of the building, the net operating income of the entire property, and the capitalization rates for the land and for the buildings.

The main steps of the residual method for land:

the net operating income of the entire property is determined based on market rent and estimated operating expenses;

the net operating income related to the structure (building) is determined;

The net operating income attributable to the land plot is capitalized into the value indicator through the capitalization rate for the land.

It is difficult to predict income in conditions of insufficient economic stability.

Method breakdowns on plots ( development approach) is used in assessing land suitable for subdivision into individual plots. Consists of the following steps:

- determination of the size and number of individual plots;

- calculation of the cost of developed plots using the comparable sales comparison method;

- calculation of costs and development schedule for the expected period of sale and reasonable business profit;

- deduction of all development costs and business profits from the estimated total sale price of the plots to determine the net proceeds from the sale of real estate after completion of development and sale of individual plots;

- selection of a discount rate reflecting the risk associated with the period of expected development and sale.

Land development costs usually include:

- expenses for laying out, clearing and grading sites;

- expenses for the construction of roads, sidewalks, utility networks, drainage;

- taxes, insurance, engineering fees;

- marketing expenses;

- profit and overhead costs of the contractor, etc.

In general, modeling the market value of land plots is carried out within the framework of the assumption that dynamic equilibrium has been achieved in the competition of various “rational” land users for the right to occupy a certain plot. With the balance of effective demand and supply on the simulated land market and limited supply, the issue of the most effective use of the site as a free one and taking into account the existing development is resolved. Modeling of potential rental income for various types of land use is based on the patterns of formation of rental effects of location and prevailing prices (sales and rentals). Considering the significant difference in cost indicators for plots located along the front of the city's road network and located in intra-block areas, these plots are subject to mandatory division during assessment. The implementation of the principle of the most effective use occurs in conditions of competition for the use of real estate between various functional segments of the market, taking into account real restrictions on the volume of demand and the possible multifunctionality of the territory, as a result of which a set of land users is formed on each site.

Literature

1. Sevostyanov A.V.: Economics of real estate. - M.: KoloS, 2007

2. Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Institute of Professional Assessment; Edited by: A.G. Gryaznova, M.A. Fedotova: Real estate valuation. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007

3. Marchenko A.V.: Economics and real estate management. - Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2006

4. Regional public foundation "Informatics for Democracy" (INDEM Foundation): Business and corruption: problems of counteraction 2006. Rent and purchase of real estate and land for the needs of small businesses. - M.: INDEM Foundation, 2006

5. Simionova N.E.: Methods of assessment and technical examination of real estate. - M. - Rostov n/d: MarT, 2006

6. A.V. Bystrov and others; edited by I.S. Radchenko: Real estate. - M.: GrossMedia, 2005

7. Bozin V.P.: Fundamentals of real estate economics in sports and tourism. - M.: Soviet sport, 2005

8. Kushchenko V.V.: Development: Modern concept of real estate development. - M.: Norma, 2005

9. Solodilina A.V.: Economics of real estate. - Belgorod: BelSU, 2005

10. UMO for education in the field of land management and cadastres; State University of Land Management; Comp.: S.N. Volkov, A.V. Kupchinenko, N.G. Konokotin, A.A. Varlamov: Sample programs for special disciplines. - M.: State University of Land Management, 2005

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establish the optimal size and structure of land ownership and land use, select priority directions for their development;

identify ways to improve the efficiency of land management.

To determine the essence of land management, its place and role in social production, it is necessary first of all to show its objective nature and reveal its socio-economic content.

1. What is the difference between the concepts of “land surveying” and “land management”?

2. What is land management and what is its economic essence?

3. Why can economics of land management be distinguished as an independent scientific discipline?

4. What is the subject of land management economics?

5. What are the main methods of land development economics?

6. Give a rationale for the place and role of land management economics in the system of special scientific disciplines studying land management.

7. What are the main objectives of the course “Land Management Economics”?

LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC PRODUCTION

1. OBJECTIVE NATURE OF LAND MANAGEMENT AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTENT

Land relations- this is a set of social relations associated with the ownership and use of land; they are an integral part of production relations and in their

essentially relate to the economic basis of society. The basis of land relations in any society is land ownership.

The system of social and government structure, characterized by certain land relations and the corresponding political organization of society to regulate them, determines the land structure of society.

Any state, influencing the land system, implements land policy. It is always carried out in the interests of the dominant groups of society and represents the activity of the state to regulate the land system, relations between classes, social groups, and individual landowners (land users) regarding the ownership and use of land.

The process of state influence on the land system is carried out through various measures: legal, economic, organizational.

Economic measures are the main ones, as they stimulate the development of land relations based on the economic impact on the material well-being of stakeholders: taxation, lending, targeted financing, subsidies, fines, encouraging rational land use and land protection, etc. All this is necessary to create the best socio-economic conditions for the use of land as an object of real estate, the main means of production in agriculture and forestry, the spatial operational basis for the location of various sectors of the national economy, enterprises, organizations and institutions.

For this purpose, the state collects information about land plots, maintains a land cadastre, conducts land assessments, collects land taxes, withdrawing differential rent, organizes the economically feasible use of land, carries out land management and land management.

The economic role of land management cannot be associated only with the state and land policy, the activities of legislative and executive authorities at various levels, land management organizations, etc. Changes in land ownership and land use, reorganization and redistribution of land occur objectively, under the influence of various factors:

economic interests of land owners, landowners and land users related to land turnover (purchase and sale, pledge of land, etc.); prices are always higher for plots that have a good configuration, location, high fertility, and the absence of land use disadvantages, which is largely achieved through land management;

market conditions, which determine prices for products and, as a consequence, the economic purpose of plots (arable land, perennial plantings, forage lands, etc.), the specialization of agricultural

economic enterprises (composition of industries, structure of sown areas), level of development of scientific and technological progress;

development of territorial conditions of production, which are improved in the process of land management and give land owners and land users economic advantages over other participants in production;

introduction during land management of the achievements of scientific and technical progress in the field of technology and organization of production.

In fact, land management is a process of purposeful organization of territory and means of production inextricably linked with land, occurring under the influence of all the main factors of economic development. Therefore, it has not only socio-economic content, but also an objective character. Regardless of the political processes taking place in society, it must be implemented and supported. Otherwise, the organization of the territory adapts to new conditions spontaneously, without the participation of qualified specialists and taking into account scientific recommendations, which can cause great damage to nature and society.

2. ECONOMIC LAWS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON LAND MANAGEMENT

From economic theory it is known that economic laws are divided into general, specific and special. General laws include: the law of correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of productive forces, the law of increasing labor productivity, the law of proportionality.

Each social system has its own system of specific laws that operate in real life not in isolation from each other, but in a certain system. For example, in a capitalist society there are laws of production of surplus value, competition, capitalist accumulation, and the average rate of profit.

Special laws may be inherent in different methods of production. These include, for example, the law of value, which operates in conditions of commodity production, the laws of economic growth, etc.

The process of using economic laws in theory and practice comes down to the following main stages:

knowledge of the law (its discovery, formulation, establishment of relationships with other laws);

determining the forms of manifestation of the law;

studying the mechanism of action of the law;

determination of forms of use of the law.

For example, according to the law of value, the production and exchange of goods are carried out on the basis of socially necessary labor costs. In exchange, commodity producers whose individual costs are less than socially necessary win, and those whose costs are higher lose. This leads to differentiation among commodity producers, forcing them to reduce costs and ensure that they do not exceed socially necessary ones.

The form of manifestation of the law is a certain economic category. Thus, in relation to the law of value, the main economic category is price, which is the monetary expression of the value of a product. By regulating prices or releasing them, the state, using the mechanism of the law of value, can stimulate or limit the production of various types of goods, as well as redistribute resources between various spheres of production.

Since land management is an integral part of the social mode of production, it is influenced by the law of correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces. This means that the content, forms and methods of land management must correspond to this level. In particular, it harmonizes the organization of land tenure and land use (territories) with land relations, the level of development of scientific and technological progress, agricultural systems, and the prevailing type of settlement.

Population growth, the development of scientific and technological progress, and competition among commodity producers (especially in a market economy) stimulate growth in labor productivity and production efficiency in general. Consequently, land management should create organizational and territorial conditions conducive to such growth.

Any form of land structure or territory organization affects the efficiency of economic activity. For example, due to the correct placement of economic and production centers, settlements, summer camps, roads, livestock runs, you can significantly reduce the time and costs of transporting goods, moving people to and from work, moving livestock to pastures, eliminating oncoming crossings, and improving the organization of production . With rational sizes of production units, crop rotations, correct configuration of fields and working areas, the organization of labor is improved, time is saved on idle travel, turns and drives of machine and tractor units, the productivity of agricultural machinery is increased, the time of field work is reduced, etc.

The law of proportionality requires that the components of any multifunctional economic system be in certain balanced proportions and ratios. Practice shows that agricultural enterprises

Non-optimally sized structures have low efficiency and are more likely to disintegrate or reorganize. It is also important to balance all the resources of the economy and, first of all, to coordinate its specialization with the quality and quantity of land, the availability of fixed and working capital, and labor resources. In particular, the green conveyor, the structure of crop areas, the production and consumption of feed, the production and sale of products must be balanced, which requires a serious economic justification for land management projects.

In a market economy with fierce competition among producers, the importance of land management increases. Through better use of the productive and territorial properties of the land, stopping the processes of soil erosion, eliminating product losses when plowing between unnecessary roads and wedges, it is possible to significantly increase the production of products in demand. Thanks to the reduction of transport, operating and depreciation costs, general production and general business expenses, production costs are reduced, which makes the economy more competitive. As a rule, a land management enterprise has more opportunities to maintain its position in the market.

3. ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR REGULATING LAND RELATIONS

The state, implementing land policy, always uses a certain mechanism of influence, consisting of legal and economic parts. The legal mechanism includes norms and rules, determined primarily by land legislation and mandatory for execution. Their implementation is controlled by government bodies, land management services, and courts.

The economic mechanism is based on measures of material influence on landowners and land users, aimed at implementing a certain land policy, priority areas for land use, and strengthening the prevailing forms of land ownership. The main elements of this mechanism include: “the establishment of differentiated land payments;

economic stimulation of rational land tenure and land use and the application of economic sanctions for mismanagement of land, reduction of soil fertility;

economic protection against seizure of agricultural land for other needs (industry, transport, etc.);

credit, financial and investment policy of the state.

The land management system (including certain bodies and services, land management actions, documentation) is the main tool for implementing the economic mechanism. Thus, in the course of land management, using cadastre materials, monitoring and economic assessment of land, the areas and boundaries of land ownership and land use, the qualitative characteristics of land, which serve as an information database for calculating land tax and establishing rent, are established. In addition, during land management, special conditions and modes of land use, easements (encumbrances) are determined, characteristics of the initial state of land fertility are given, and measures for reclamation, reclamation, and soil protection from erosion are outlined. By comparing these initial data over time with indicators of the actual use of the territory, the state can apply certain measures of economic impact to landowners and land users.

In order to economically stimulate the rational use of land, owners and users can be exempted from paying for land for a certain time and receive benefits in paying land tax. The state or local authorities can allocate budgetary allocations for the restoration or reclamation of land, monetary compensation for temporary conservation, set increased prices for environmentally friendly products, reward owners for improving the quality of land, increasing soil fertility, and the productivity of forest lands.

Penalties (up to the confiscation of the allocated land plot) are established for loss of soil fertility, development of erosion, and violation of land and environmental legislation.

In the process of land management, economic protection of agricultural lands is carried out. For example, the seizure and allotment of land for non-agricultural enterprises, organizations and institutions, the regulation of their land use is carried out only on the basis of an inter-farm land management project. It determines the composition and value of the seized lands, develops measures to eliminate the negative consequences of the allotment on the development of production, resettlement, organization of the territory, protection of land and the natural environment, calculates and justifies the amount of losses compensated to landowners and land users, losses of agricultural and forestry production and methods for their compensation.

Forecasts developed in the land management system, state and regional programs for the use and protection of land, schemes for the use and protection of land resources and schemes

We land management are part of a unified system of pre-planning and pre-design developments at the level of individual regions and the country as a whole. They are intended for the interconnected solution of issues of rational use of land resources, conservation and improvement of soil fertility, land protection (in combination with other environmental measures). They are also the scientific basis for the implementation of investment and credit and financial policies aimed at regulating land relations and supporting the development of priority forms of land tenure and land use.

Any sector of the national economy, every enterprise, organization or institution requires the allocation of land plots for its location. Land is needed not only for the construction of buildings, structures, roads, but in most cases also for carrying out the main production activities - agriculture and forestry, mining, etc. Thus, the most important condition for the formation of any enterprise is the provision of land to it, carried out in the process of land management.

As the national economy develops, land is redistributed between industries, enterprises, and citizens. This is due to the fact that some enterprises require additional land plots, others are reorganized or liquidated altogether. The land fund is in constant motion, regulated during land management.

In addition, the functioning of any, and primarily agricultural, enterprises is associated with the need for territorial organization and location of production, organization of rational use and protection of land, and creation of sustainable agricultural landscapes. Therefore, during land management, the farming system, farming system, and crop cultivation technologies are linked to the characteristics of the territory, the quality and location of the land; the organization of production, labor and management is consistent with the land and economic structure of the enterprise, the volume of reclamation and development of new lands. Thus, land management affects all areas of economic activity, from the formation of new ones, the streamlining of existing land tenures and land use, and ending with the organization of the territory of specific areas where production processes are carried out (soil cultivation, crop care, harvesting).

To implement its land policy, the state, through a system of land management and a number of other bodies, manages land resources, carrying out certain land management actions. Their relationship with land management functions is shown in Table. 2.

Test questions and assignments

1. Why is land management objective?

2. Give a definition of the land system, land relations, land management.

3. Explain the influence of economic laws on land management.

4. List the main elements of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations.

5. How is land management related to the economic mechanism of management?

6. Identify land management activities associated with various land management functions.

LAND REFORMS AND THE ROLE OF LAND MANAGEMENT IN THEIR IMPLEMENTATION

1. OWNERSHIP OF LAND AND ITS TRANSFORMATION

The basis of the land system is the form of land ownership. The right to land ownership is composed of three elements:

ownership rights, that is, the actual ownership of the site by a given person;

right of use, which consists in the possibility of extracting income (benefits) from this site;

rights of disposal (purchase and sale, pledge, donation, etc.) of the plot at the discretion of the land owner.

There are several main types of land ownership - state (federal, constituent entities of the Federation), municipal and private.

State ownership includes lands that are not the property of citizens, legal entities or municipalities. As a rule, these include lands of defense facilities, national parks, reserves, etc. Land of other categories may also be state-owned: agricultural, forestry and water resources. For example, previously in the USSR all land was the exclusive property of the state.

Municipal ownership includes land plots that are recognized as such by federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Federation, as well as the right to which arose during the delimitation of state ownership of land or which were acquired on the grounds established by civil legislation.

Privately owned lands belong to the heads of peasant farms, private entrepreneurs, joint-stock companies, etc. For a certain fee or free of charge, the owner can transfer the land he owns or part of it for the use of other persons.

In the history of the development of land relations, the following types of land use are known: permanent (eternal), long-term, short-term. Fixed-term land use also includes land lease. The right to dispose of land property presupposes the possibility of its sale, inheritance, donation, pledge, contribution to the authorized capital of enterprises, and leasing.

The concept of land ownership also includes easements. Easements (encumbrances) are partial rights to someone else’s land property, which are established not in the interests of the land owner, but based on the characteristics of the location.

of the plot belonging to him. There are private and public easements. Public easements include:

the right of passage, passage, watering and driving of livestock;

the right to use sources for irrigation;

the right to carry out fishing on someone else’s land (hunting, fishing, logging, etc.);

the right to operate structures in the areas of main pipelines, roads, power lines;

the right to use other people's land (for example, forests for grazing livestock, hayfields, deposits of building materials - sand, gravel, clay).

Considering that easements represent certain inconveniences for land owners, during land management they strive to reduce them to a minimum. For example, in order to avoid a burdensome right of passage for the owner through his territory, each created plot must be provided with a road connected to the existing land network, and to prevent the fragmentation of plots, roads are located along their boundaries.

Since for any right to land, plots must have certain boundaries, have a specific area and location, land management is the main mechanism for the formation and redistribution of land property. The system of actions for the formation and redistribution of land property carried out during land management is shown in Fig. 1.

Methods of acquiring land property are of great importance for land management. Initially, it arose through the free seizure of plots during the settlement of people across the territory, was redistributed during the formation of states, during wars, the resolution of territorial disputes, and subsequently distributed between landowners and land users, based on the objectives of the existing mode of production.

The main ways of acquiring or terminating land ownership rights on a mass scale are confiscation, expropriation, privatization, nationalization, collectivization, restitution, and requisition.

At confiscation the land plot is confiscated free of charge, regardless of the will of the landowner, for political reasons, as punishment for a crime, or for other reasons. For example, the Decree on Land, adopted by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on November 8, 1917, abolished private ownership of land in Russia. All land - state, appanage, cabinet, monastery, church, possession, primordial, privately owned, public, peasant - was alienated free of charge, turned into national property and passed into the use of all workers on it. Landowners', appanage, monastic and other unearned lands were also subject to confiscation.

Expropriation is called the forced alienation of land for a certain fair compensation for state or public needs (for the construction of highways, railways, industrial facilities, etc.). Sometimes, instead of the term “expropriation”, the equivalent term “requisition” is used.

In progress privatization land plots in state or collective ownership are divided and assigned to private landowners. During nationalization, on the contrary, the land is transferred to the ownership of the people or the state as a representative of public interests.

At collectivization lands can also be united, becoming collective or state property. In other words, legally the transfer of ownership of land is always associated with the seizure and provision of land plots.

Requisition- this is a temporary seizure of a land plot from the owner in the presence of circumstances of an emergency nature (natural disasters, accidents, epidemics, epizootics, etc.) by authorized executive bodies of state power in order to protect the vital interests of citizens, society and the state from emerging threats with compensation damages caused to the owner of the land and issuing him a requisition document.

Restitution is called the restoration of land in the previous legal and property terms, that is, the return of land property to the previous legal owners. For example, in the process of land reforms in the Baltic republics, in East Germany (former GDR), in a number of other countries in 1992-1999. measures were taken to transfer lands to former owners (or their heirs) who lost them in the 40s and proved their rights to the land.

Fundamental changes in land ownership and associated land redistribution are usually carried out during land reforms.

Land reforms are always regulated by the state and carried out under its control. They represent a concentrated expression of the state’s land policy and are ensured by appropriate legal, economic, technical, and organizational measures.

A radical transformation of land relations is the central link of any land reform. Such reforms have long-term consequences and significantly affect the level of well-being of the people. Therefore, before starting land reform, it is necessary to deeply study the experience of various states at various historical stages of their development in order to identify relevant patterns and take into account possible consequences. This is especially important for Russia, where a large land

large territory, complex natural conditions are combined with a variety of national traditions and socio-economic factors of the land system.

Analysis of the results of land reforms in other countries can make significant adjustments to the nature of agrarian reforms, determine promising forms of land ownership and land use, organization of agricultural production, and the positive and negative aspects of reforming land relations.

2. LAND REFORM IN LATIN AMERICA

Over the past few decades, land reforms have been carried out in all Latin American countries, the scale and difficulty of implementation of which were determined by various factors. The main ones are the following:

the nature of the political regime, the stability of political power, the degree of influence of the foreign policy of the USA and the USSR;

the initial state of land relations, including forms of land ownership, land tenure and land use;

areas of land used, their fertility, location, potential reserves for involving land in agricultural circulation;

population size, traditional way of life, share of peasants, their social activity and land availability.

Speaking about the political aspect of land reforms, it is worth noting three options for their implementation: as a result of civil wars, military coups and ordinary legislative actions. Thus, in Mexico and Bolivia, reforms began after civil wars, in Peru they were carried out by the military government, and in Chile and Costa Rica - by the legislature. The ideological orientation of land reforms in countries oriented toward the United States and Western Europe assumed the uncontested idea of ​​the family farm as the main producer of agricultural products. In countries that were previously under the influence of the USSR, agricultural cooperatives and other forms of collective farming were considered priorities.

Traditional land relations in Latin American countries were based on the dominance of large land ownership. For example, in Colombia, 4% of landlords still control 43% of agricultural land, while 66% of peasants are completely or almost completely landless. Even after the implementation of land reform in El Salvador, 1% of landowners control 41% of the land, and 60% of peasants have virtually no land. Approximately 88% of all farms in Guatemala are located on 16% of the land under cultivation. At the same time fer-

we are 450 hectares or more in size (about 1% of all farms) occupy about 34 % of all arable land in the country.

In Brazil, small farms of up to 50 hectares occupy 12% of the total land area, but they produce 50% of all agricultural products. They employ about 70% of the labor force in the agricultural sector.

In countries with high land availability, land reforms were not of great importance. For example, Argentina has a relatively large amount of land per capita, with peasants mostly living in areas with the most fertile soils. On the contrary, in Peru, where there is a shortage of land suitable for agricultural use, the best of it was monopolized by the landowning elite back in colonial times, and the mass of peasants suffered from unemployment, which led to discrimination and poverty.

Land reforms in Latin American countries were carried out with the aim of:

allocating land to peasants, thereby easing social tensions between large landowners and the bulk of the population;

ensuring economic growth, increasing agricultural production both for domestic needs and for export, including through the development and “colonization” of new lands.

The formation of new forms of land ownership and land use led to an increase in employment of the working population. At the same time, political aspects often clearly prevailed over economic ones. For example, in El Salvador and Nicaragua, land reforms took place with varying success and were determined by the course of the civil war.

Theoretical foundations of land management

History of land management

Economics of land development

Geodetic work during land management

Organization of land management works

Economic-mathematical methods and modeling

Automation of design systems in land management

Land planning

Law enforcement activities in land management (land law)

The laws of nature and society, the forms of their manifestation in the process of land use; patterns of rational organization of territory

Historical patterns of the emergence and development of land management

Economic laws, regularities and forms of their manifestation in organizing the rational use and protection of land, methods for increasing the efficiency of land management

Methods and methods of geodetic equipment in the production of land management works

Regularities of land organization - Organization of land management production, methods and methods of planning and organizing land management work

Methods and techniques of modeling, Technology, technology for the production of land management works using a computer

Techniques for developing land management projects in automated mode on a computer

Theory, methods and methodology for the development, justification and implementation of land management projects

Methods and methods of conducting land management records

The course covered uses a wide range of methods. As in any scientific discipline, traditional methods of theoretical knowledge are used here - scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis. By abstractions laws are discovered and formulated, the mechanism of their action is determined, scientific concepts and categories are established that express the essential aspects of the objects under study. Induction represents the movement of thought from the particular to the general, deduction- on the contrary, the transition from general provisions to specific definitions

laziness. In practical activities, the methods of induction and deduction are transformed into the method of successive approximations.

So, for example, when making an economic justification for an on-farm land management project, the location of production units and economic centers is first assessed, then the main roads, engineering equipment of the territory, then the organization of land and crop rotations, the arrangement of the territory of crop rotations and forage lands.

Methods analysis And synthesis are associated, respectively, with the division of the object being studied into its constituent elements and with their addition into a holistic phenomenon.

By using mathematical analysis the influence of certain quantities (factors, arguments) on the dependent variable (function, result) is established. For example, when establishing the size of land ownership, which acts as a functional indicator, one can assess its dependence on factors such as farm specialization, fertility and location of land, capital availability, availability of labor resources, etc. It is also used economic-statistical methods(correlation and regression analysis, production functions, analysis of variance, etc.).

Due to the fact that the organization of territory is a complex process, it is often used to study it. mathematical modeling methods, which allow in a formalized form (with the help of mathematical symbols, equations, inequalities, etc.) to identify the patterns of organization of the territory, reveal the reasons for its changes, outline ways to improve it in various conditions and thereby increase the economic efficiency of production.

In practice, mathematical modeling is usually supplemented by other economic and mathematical methods (mathematical programming, classical differential calculus, etc. - see Vol. 4 of this edition).

In studies of land management economics, land management is widely used. monographic method. At the same time, individual typical or most characteristic objects, phenomena, processes are studied in detail and, based on the results obtained, scientific conclusions and generalizations are made. As a rule, they evaluate the impact of territory organization on production efficiency in advanced agricultural enterprises or the most effective methods, methods, technologies, techniques for carrying out land management work.

Has a certain significance for land management experimental design, when the achievements of science, practice and best practices are tested at real production facilities, which allows one to draw informed conclusions about the directions for the expedient reorganization of other facilities.

Based on the subject of land management economics, this course poses the following main objectives:

reveal the economic essence of land management and its socio-economic content;

show objective economic laws, establish the forms and patterns of their manifestation in the organization of the territory, evaluate their impact on land management;

determine the role of land management in the economic mechanism for regulating land relations;

improve methods of economic justification and assessment of the effectiveness of land management decisions;

determine the most effective ways to improve land use;

justify rational forms of land ownership and land use, agricultural production and corresponding forms of territory organization;

establish the optimal size and structure of land ownership and land use, select priority directions for their development;

identify ways to improve the efficiency of land management.

To determine the essence of land management, its place and role in social production, it is necessary first of all to show its objective nature and reveal its socio-economic content.

Test questions and assignments

1. What is the difference between the concepts of “land surveying” and “land management”?

2. What is land management and what is its economic essence?

3. Why can economics of land management be distinguished as an independent scientific discipline?

4. What is the subject of land management economics?

5. What are the main methods of land development economics?

6. Give a rationale for the place and role of land management economics in the system of special scientific disciplines studying land management.

7. What are the main objectives of the course “Land Management Economics”?

LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC PRODUCTION

1. OBJECTIVE NATURE OF LAND MANAGEMENT AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTENT

Land relations- this is a set of social relations associated with the ownership and use of land; they are an integral part of production relations and in their

essentially relate to the economic basis of society. The basis of land relations in any society is land ownership.

The system of social and government structure, characterized by certain land relations and the corresponding political organization of society to regulate them, determines the land structure of society.

Any state, influencing the land system, implements land policy. It is always carried out in the interests of the dominant groups of society and represents the activity of the state to regulate the land system, relations between classes, social groups, and individual landowners (land users) regarding the ownership and use of land.

The process of state influence on the land system is carried out through various measures: legal, economic, organizational.

Economic measures are the main ones, as they stimulate the development of land relations based on the economic impact on the material well-being of stakeholders: taxation, lending, targeted financing, subsidies, fines, encouraging rational land use and land protection, etc. All this is necessary to create the best socio-economic conditions for the use of land as an object of real estate, the main means of production in agriculture and forestry, the spatial operational basis for the location of various sectors of the national economy, enterprises, organizations and institutions.

For this purpose, the state collects information about land plots, maintains a land cadastre, conducts land assessments, collects land taxes, withdrawing differential rent, organizes the economically feasible use of land, carries out land management and land management.

The economic role of land management cannot be associated only with the state and land policy, the activities of legislative and executive authorities at various levels, land management organizations, etc. Changes in land ownership and land use, reorganization and redistribution of land occur objectively, under the influence of various factors:

economic interests of land owners, landowners and land users related to land turnover (purchase and sale, pledge of land, etc.); prices are always higher for plots that have a good configuration, location, high fertility, and the absence of land use disadvantages, which is largely achieved through land management;

market conditions, which determine prices for products and, as a consequence, the economic purpose of plots (arable land, perennial plantings, forage lands, etc.), the specialization of agricultural

economic enterprises (composition of industries, structure of sown areas), level of development of scientific and technological progress;

development of territorial conditions of production, which are improved in the process of land management and give land owners and land users economic advantages over other participants in production;

introduction during land management of the achievements of scientific and technical progress in the field of technology and organization of production.

In fact, land management is a process of purposeful organization of territory and means of production inextricably linked with land, occurring under the influence of all the main factors of economic development. Therefore, it has not only socio-economic content, but also an objective character. Regardless of the political processes taking place in society, it must be implemented and supported. Otherwise, the organization of the territory adapts to new conditions spontaneously, without the participation of qualified specialists and taking into account scientific recommendations, which can cause great damage to nature and society.

2. ECONOMIC LAWS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON LAND MANAGEMENT

From economic theory it is known that economic laws are divided into general, specific and special. General laws include: the law of correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of productive forces, the law of increasing labor productivity, the law of proportionality.

Each social system has its own system of specific laws that operate in real life not in isolation from each other, but in a certain system. For example, in a capitalist society there are laws of production of surplus value, competition, capitalist accumulation, and the average rate of profit.

Special laws may be inherent in different methods of production. These include, for example, the law of value, which operates in conditions of commodity production, the laws of economic growth, etc.

The process of using economic laws in theory and practice comes down to the following main stages:

knowledge of the law (its discovery, formulation, establishment of relationships with other laws);

determining the forms of manifestation of the law;

studying the mechanism of action of the law;

determination of forms of use of the law.

For example, according to the law of value, the production and exchange of goods are carried out on the basis of socially necessary labor costs. In exchange, commodity producers whose individual costs are less than socially necessary win, and those whose costs are higher lose. This leads to differentiation among commodity producers, forcing them to reduce costs and ensure that they do not exceed socially necessary ones.

The form of manifestation of the law is a certain economic category. Thus, in relation to the law of value, the main economic category is price, which is the monetary expression of the value of a product. By regulating prices or releasing them, the state, using the mechanism of the law of value, can stimulate or limit the production of various types of goods, as well as redistribute resources between various spheres of production.

Since land management is an integral part of the social mode of production, it is influenced by the law of correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces. This means that the content, forms and methods of land management must correspond to this level. In particular, it harmonizes the organization of land tenure and land use (territories) with land relations, the level of development of scientific and technological progress, agricultural systems, and the prevailing type of settlement.

Population growth, the development of scientific and technological progress, and competition among commodity producers (especially in a market economy) stimulate growth in labor productivity and production efficiency in general. Consequently, land management should create organizational and territorial conditions conducive to such growth.

Any form of land structure or territory organization affects the efficiency of economic activity. For example, due to the correct placement of economic and production centers, settlements, summer camps, roads, livestock runs, you can significantly reduce the time and costs of transporting goods, moving people to and from work, moving livestock to pastures, eliminating oncoming crossings, and improving the organization of production . With rational sizes of production units, crop rotations, correct configuration of fields and working areas, the organization of labor is improved, time is saved on idle travel, turns and drives of machine and tractor units, the productivity of agricultural machinery is increased, the time of field work is reduced, etc.

The law of proportionality requires that the components of any multifunctional economic system be in certain balanced proportions and ratios. Practice shows that agricultural enterprises

Non-optimally sized structures have low efficiency and are more likely to disintegrate or reorganize. It is also important to balance all the resources of the economy and, first of all, to coordinate its specialization with the quality and quantity of land, the availability of fixed and working capital, and labor resources. In particular, the green conveyor, the structure of crop areas, the production and consumption of feed, the production and sale of products must be balanced, which requires a serious economic justification for land management projects.

In a market economy with fierce competition among producers, the importance of land management increases. Through better use of the productive and territorial properties of the land, stopping the processes of soil erosion, eliminating product losses when plowing between unnecessary roads and wedges, it is possible to significantly increase the production of products in demand. Thanks to the reduction of transport, operating and depreciation costs, general production and general business expenses, production costs are reduced, which makes the economy more competitive. As a rule, a land management enterprise has more opportunities to maintain its position in the market.

3. ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR REGULATING LAND RELATIONS

The state, implementing land policy, always uses a certain mechanism of influence, consisting of legal and economic parts. The legal mechanism includes norms and rules, determined primarily by land legislation and mandatory for execution. Their implementation is controlled by government bodies, land management services, and courts.

The economic mechanism is based on measures of material influence on landowners and land users, aimed at implementing a certain land policy, priority areas for land use, and strengthening the prevailing forms of land ownership. The main elements of this mechanism include: “the establishment of differentiated land payments;

economic stimulation of rational land tenure and land use and the application of economic sanctions for mismanagement of land, reduction of soil fertility;

economic protection against seizure of agricultural land for other needs (industry, transport, etc.);

credit, financial and investment policy of the state.

The land management system (including certain bodies and services, land management actions, documentation) is the main tool for implementing the economic mechanism. Thus, in the course of land management, using cadastre materials, monitoring and economic assessment of land, the areas and boundaries of land ownership and land use, the qualitative characteristics of land, which serve as an information database for calculating land tax and establishing rent, are established. In addition, during land management, special conditions and modes of land use, easements (encumbrances) are determined, characteristics of the initial state of land fertility are given, and measures for reclamation, reclamation, and soil protection from erosion are outlined. By comparing these initial data over time with indicators of the actual use of the territory, the state can apply certain measures of economic impact to landowners and land users.

In order to economically stimulate the rational use of land, owners and users can be exempted from paying for land for a certain time and receive benefits in paying land tax. The state or local authorities can allocate budgetary allocations for the restoration or reclamation of land, monetary compensation for temporary conservation, set increased prices for environmentally friendly products, reward owners for improving the quality of land, increasing soil fertility, and the productivity of forest lands.

Penalties (up to the confiscation of the allocated land plot) are established for loss of soil fertility, development of erosion, and violation of land and environmental legislation.

In the process of land management, economic protection of agricultural lands is carried out. For example, the seizure and allotment of land for non-agricultural enterprises, organizations and institutions, the regulation of their land use is carried out only on the basis of an inter-farm land management project. It determines the composition and value of the seized lands, develops measures to eliminate the negative consequences of the allotment on the development of production, resettlement, organization of the territory, protection of land and the natural environment, calculates and justifies the amount of losses compensated to landowners and land users, losses of agricultural and forestry production and methods for their compensation.

Forecasts developed in the land management system, state and regional programs for the use and protection of land, schemes for the use and protection of land resources and schemes

We land management are part of a unified system of pre-planning and pre-design developments at the level of individual regions and the country as a whole. They are intended for the interconnected solution of issues of rational use of land resources, conservation and improvement of soil fertility, land protection (in combination with other environmental measures). They are also the scientific basis for the implementation of investment and credit and financial policies aimed at regulating land relations and supporting the development of priority forms of land tenure and land use.

Any sector of the national economy, every enterprise, organization or institution requires the allocation of land plots for its location. Land is needed not only for the construction of buildings, structures, roads, but in most cases also for carrying out the main production activities - agriculture and forestry, mining, etc. Thus, the most important condition for the formation of any enterprise is the provision of land to it, carried out in the process of land management.

As the national economy develops, land is redistributed between industries, enterprises, and citizens. This is due to the fact that some enterprises require additional land plots, others are being reorganized or liquidated altogether. The land fund is in constant motion, regulated during land management.

In addition, the functioning of any, and primarily agricultural, enterprises is associated with the need for territorial organization and location of production, organization of rational use and protection of land, and creation of sustainable agricultural landscapes. Therefore, during land management, the farming system, farming system, and crop cultivation technologies are linked to the characteristics of the territory, the quality and location of the land; the organization of production, labor and management is consistent with the land and economic structure of the enterprise, the volume of reclamation and development of new lands. Thus, land management affects all areas of economic activity, from the formation of new ones, the streamlining of existing land tenures and land use, and ending with the organization of the territory of specific areas where production processes are carried out (soil cultivation, crop care, harvesting).

To implement its land policy, the state, through a system of land management and a number of other bodies, manages land resources, carrying out certain land management actions. Their relationship with land management functions is shown in Table. 2.