Industrial society finally took shape at the beginning of the 20th century. What signs and characteristics is it characterized by? Let's try to answer this question.

When did the concept appear?

The term appeared in the 19th century.

It arose as the opposite meaning of the “backward” economy, the “old regime”, and the traditional (agrarian) model of development.

Signs at the beginning of the 20th century

Historical and economic sciences identify the following features:

• urbanization;
• class division of society;
• industrialization;
• representative democracy;
• change of political elites;
• small in comparison with modern society;
• development of exact sciences and technologies;
• demographic decline;
• formation of consumer thinking;
• the formation of nation states;
• final registration of private property;
• struggle for resources.

Urbanization

Industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century is characterized by the development of urbanization, that is, the growth of cities.

People are beginning to move from traditional rural locations to large industrial centers in search of work. New types of cities are not medieval fortresses. These are powerful giants, absorbing human and material resources.

Class division of society

The formation of industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century is associated with the class division of society.

The agricultural model of development also did not know equality between people. But there were classes in it, that is, position in society depending on birth. It was impossible to move between them. For example, a peasant could never become a nobleman. There were rare cases, of course, but they are exceptions to the rule.

With class division, although there is antagonism, that is, intolerance, conflict, infringement of rights, a transition from one class to another is possible. Birth no longer played any role. Even the poorest proletarian could become an industrial magnate, gain political influence and a privileged position.

Change of elites

Also, industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century is characterized by a change of elites.

Both political and economic. This is due to the fact that the nature of the war has changed. Previously, the outcome of battles depended on professional warriors who knew how to skillfully wield weapons. With the advent of gunpowder, heavy guns, and ships, money was needed for development. Now any beginner with a gun could easily shoot even a Japanese samurai, a virtuoso in martial arts. The history of Japan serves as a prime example. New, hastily assembled regiments with muskets defeated professionals with edged weapons in the civil war, who spent their whole lives training themselves.

The same example can be cited in Russian history. At the beginning of the 20th century, all countries of the world were armed with numerous recruit armies with firearms.

early 20th century: demographic decline

The development of science and technology has led to a significant decrease in the birth rate. This is due to three reasons:

• The market requires professional people.

It is no longer enough to have arms and legs; education is necessary.

Technicians and engineers are in demand. Education takes a lot of time. Women no longer have time to give birth to 5-6 children, as was the case before, since they take a lot of time, which will not allow them to develop professionally.

• No need for land incentives.

In many societies, various incentives in the form of land were provided for the number of children, especially males. With each generation, their total area was redistributed depending on needs. Some people died due to diseases, epidemics, and wars. Therefore, there was no long-term private ownership of land. It was always redistributed. The amount of land the family received depended on the number of children. Therefore, on a subconscious level, people rejoiced at new family members not at all because of their love for children, but because of the opportunity to increase their plots.

• Children turn not into helpers, but into “freeloaders.”

Industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century (Great Britain, France) shows that new family members turn into “burdens” and dependents.

Previously, child labor on earth was the norm, which means that children not only fed themselves, but also elderly family members. Any person on earth can find a job within his or her own abilities. Those who live in rural areas know that children and teenagers help with housework: weeding the beds, watering the garden, looking after the animals. In cities, their help is not required. Maximum cleaning around the apartment, which does not generate income.

Shaping consumer thinking

Industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century began to be distinguished by a new way of thinking - consumerism.

What does it mean? People begin to produce not food on the earth, but the money with which it all is bought. On earth there is no need for extra food. Why produce two tons of potatoes if only one is needed for food per year? Selling is also useless, since everyone works on the land, so no one needs agricultural products. With the development of technology and the transition to market relations, everything is changing. People are starting to receive money for their work. The more money, the better life. There is no point in working more than necessary. In the industrial world, everything changes. The more successful a person is, the more he can afford: his own castle, car, better living conditions. Others also begin to strive for wealth. Everyone wants to live better than now. This is called consumer thinking.

Lesson 2. Industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century

Lesson type: learning new material.

Target: give students an idea of ​​the world of the 20th century, its structure and main problems, characterize the main changes in the socio-economic life of society; develop the ability to compare the state of society in different periods of time, express your own opinion on current issues.

To instill an interest in world history, develop thinking, and cultivate a tolerant attitude towards different points of view of classmates.

Basic concepts: urbanization, trusts, syndicates, investments, infrastructure, militarization.

Equipment: textbook, computer, world map.

During the classes:

Checking homework

Checking the completion of the table given in lesson No. 1

Motivation and actualization.

What is modern history?

What eras is modern history divided into?

What is modernization and how can it take place?

Learning new material.

Generalization and systematization of knowledge

Plan for a new topic.

New industrial era.

Rapid growth of cities and urban populations

Concentration of production and capital

Antimonopoly (antitrust) policy.

Strengthening the role of the state in economic life.

Social reformism at the beginning of the century

Two ways to realize the accumulated economic potential.

New topic.

New industrial era.

At the beginning of the 20th century, a new stage of the industrial era began -second industrial and technological revolution. The peculiarity of development during this period is accelerating change.

In 1903, the first plane took off, and already in 1919 a flight across the Atlantic Ocean was made. Automotive, electrical and petrochemical industries have become booming new industries. The age of electric and diesel engines, automobiles and airplanes, telephones and telegraphs, and radio has begun.

What is the reason for such rapid changes in economic development?

The rapid and massive introduction of new technologies was due to increased competition not only between enterprises, but also between countries that sought to get ahead of their rivals.

By the beginning of the First World War, for several leading industrial countries, the accelerated development of heavy industry as the basis of industrialization ended.

Technological maturity at the beginning of the 20th century. reached several advanced countries - Great Britain, Germany, France, USA, Belgium.

We have embarked on the path of accelerated industrialization Russia, Sweden, Italy, part of Austria-Hungary, Canada, Japan .

The rest of the countries industrialized lagging behind, this was called ≪ catch-up development≫ .

Rapid growth of cities and urban populations

At the beginning of the century, in advanced countries, industrial production already prevailed over agricultural production.

Processan increase in employment in industry and a reduction in workers in agriculture was characteristic of all countries in which the formation of an industrial society took place.

As the urban population increased rapidly, the number of cities also increased. In 1880 in Europe there were 8 cities with a population of over 1.5 million people, and in 1914 their number increased to 29.

Rapid urban growthat the beginning of the 20th century. ( urbanization) occurred because there was a huge outflow of population from the villages to the cities. People from the villages joined the ranks of workers.

At the beginning of the 20th century. mass production of industrial goods begins. Previously, only the production of food and clothing was massive. At the beginning of the century, continuous production and the first conveyor lines appeared. The first automobile production line was launched by Henry Ford in 1914. The very nature of work has changed: it becomes monotonous and exhausting.

The most important features of the development of industrial society was the beginning of mass production of industrial goods, the concentration of production and capital, the strengthening of the regulatory role of the state in the economy and especially expansion of the social functions of the state.

Mass industrial productionchanged the way of life and living conditions of people. Gas stoves appeared in workers' homes in England, elevators appeared in multi-story buildings, and the production of sewing and typewriters became widespread. Telephones appear not only in offices, but also in apartments.

America was in the grip of a construction boom skyscrapers. In London, New York, Boston, Paris, Budapest and other large cities, metro. Published in millions of copies newspapers. On streets already illuminated by electric lamps, more and more trams and cars.

Concentration of production and capital

At the beginning of the 20th century. processes of concentration of production and capital intensified. The consolidation of industrial enterprises, up to their merger and centralized management, met the challenges of mass production of standard, similar products.

In the USA it wascorporations and trusts,in Germany syndicates and cartels.

Trusts, corporations- unification of small enterprises into a single whole.

Syndicates, cartels– joint marketing of similar products from a large number of independent enterprises.

At the beginning of the 20th century. concentration processes have intensified bank capital. Giant ones appeared joint stock banks capable of serving the largest enterprises that required large investment- investments in production.

The merger of industrial and banking capital led to the formation financial capital. Banks no longer simply provided loans to enterprises, but also became holders of stakes in enterprises and participated in production management. This is how it was formed financial capital.

Antimonopoly (antitrust) policy.

The processes of concentration in the economy were accompanied by attempts set collusive prices, limit competition and generate additional income.

Antimonopoly legislation was created to regulate competition, creating opportunities for competition between large corporations, as well as allowing new suppliers to enter the market.

Strengthening the role of the state in economic life.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the private-economic option of market self-regulation had exhausted itself. Gradually (from the end of the 19th century) a mixed market-state economy. With the assistance or active participation of the state, it was formed infrastructure of industrial society, i.e. basic systems,

transport system - roads,

financial system - stable national currency,

energy system - electricity production,

social system - social insurance, education, medicine.

State,through the adoption of laws and the creation of special government bodies, it began to actively regulate economic relations, establishing rules of behavior in the market for commercial banks and corporations, small businesses and individual enterprises, suppliers and consumers.

Thus, government regulation becomes one of the most important factors development of the capitalist economy.

Social reformism at the beginning of the century

The state begins to actively participate in resolving specific labor conflicts between striking workers and capitalists.

Germany became the initiator of social reforms. In the 1880s. Bismarck's government began to implement the plan social insurance. By 1914, all European countries had passed laws on compensation for industrial injuries, various insurance and welfare systems(due to illness, disability, etc.). Was introduced 8 hour work day for certain categories of workers. In many European countries at the beginning of the century there was child labor prohibited, were accepted old age pension laws for workers. State mandatory secular school with free breakfasts has become a common phenomenon in developed countries in Europe.

Major social reforms at the beginning of the 20th century.Social insurance in case of injury, disability, prohibition of child labor, old-age pensions, 8-hour working day, creation of state compulsory schools.

Two ways to realize the accumulated economic potential.

At the beginning of the 20th century. two ways to realize the accumulated economic potential have been identified.

One way - social reforms,

(Redistribution of part of the produced wealth for social purposes to overcome the negative consequences of urbanization, eliminate the contrasts of wealth and poverty, and improve the environment)

Another way is militarization

(Preparation for war. This path was chosen by Germany and Japan).

Generalization and systematization of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Questions for conversation:

Name the main features of the development of industrial society.

Which countries reached technological maturity by the beginning of the 20th century, and which at the same time embarked on the path of accelerated industrialization?

What two ways were possible for countries to realize their accumulated economic potential?

Summing up the lesson.

In this lesson, we got acquainted with the second stage of the industrial and technological revolution, learned its causes and consequences, both economically and socially.

Homework:

textbook: § 1. Industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century, read pp. 8-16.

In your notebook, answer questions No. 1,4,6,8 on page 16 of the textbook in writing.

Slide 1

Industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century. Homework: Paragraph 1 read 7, 9 question in writing Orally all questions to the tables page 22 Concepts to learn

Slide 2

Independent work Option 1 Modernization Democratization Traditional society Industrialization Option 2 Industrial revolution Civil society Industrial society Post-industrial society

Slide 3

Lesson plan Causes of the scientific and technological revolution Characteristics of the new industrial era

Slide 4

Concepts A trust is one of the forms of enterprise association, in which the enterprises included in it completely lose their commercial independence and are subject to a single management. A corporation is a joint stock company. Syndicate - an association carrying out common commercial activities while maintaining production independence

Slide 5

Concepts Cartel is an association whose participants set uniform prices for products, agree on production volumes, and divide sales markets. Investments are funds that are invested in an enterprise for the purpose of participating in management and receiving income from participation in its activities. A joint stock company is an enterprise whose capital is formed by selling shares

Slide 6

Reasons for the scientific and technological revolution Demand for new technologies Competition for the mass buyer of new goods, not only between manufacturers, but also between countries. Catching up development of “third echelon” countries

Slide 7

Characteristic features of the new industrial era Development of heavy industry Acceleration of changes, development of new branches of industrial production, new equipment and technology. The predominance of industrial production over agricultural production

Slide 8

Characteristic features of the new industrial era Population outflow to the city Rapid growth of cities and urban populations Mass production of industrial goods

Slide 9

Characteristic features of the new industrial era Concentration of production and capital Formation of financial capital As a result of these processes, the state was forced to pursue an antitrust policy, and as a result, participation in the state economy

Subject: "Industrial society at the beginning of the 20th century".

Objectives: 1. Study the periodization of modern history and the processes inherent in the periods of modern history;

2. form an initial idea of ​​the scale, achievements and problems of the 20th century;

3. identify the reasons for the most important changes in the economies of European countries;

4. formulate the main features of industrial society;

5. develop the ability to group historical facts according to the proposed criteria and draw general conclusions.

Equipment: map “The World at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century.”

During the classes.

Organizing time.

The 20th century is a close history. The study of which will be based not only on the textbook material, but on documents, memories of participants in the events, and media materials.

Learning new material.

a/ work with the time line:

Look at the flyleaf of the textbook, get acquainted with the dates of the 20th century;

Mark the dates on the time line: 1917, 1945, 1989.

What event is associated with each of these dates. Do you agree with the opinion of the participants of the European teachers' seminar that these dates are key in the history of the 20th century?

b/ working with a table:

What technical achievements and discoveries took place during the first technical revolution?

First industrial revolution 18-19 centuries.

The second industrial and technological revolution end of the 19th century. floor. 20th century.

The third industrial and technological revolution since the 70s. 20th century.

The century of the steam engine, mechanical engineering, domain, loom, railway.

The age of airplanes, radio, electricity, telephone, automobile.

The century of microelectronics, biotechnology, information technology.

c/ work with concepts, diagrams:

What is modernization (working with the textbook dictionary).

Not all countries simultaneously entered into the modernization process. Name the most developed countries.

Echelons of modernization:

1st echelon: advanced, industrial countries;

2nd echelon: countries of “catch-up development”;

3rd echelon: traditional countries.

How do you understand the term “catch-up development”?

Explain the concept of “traditional countries”.

Name the countries of 1st, 2nd, 3rd echelons.

As a result of the industrial and technological revolutions of the 20th century, society experienced a transition from an industrial society to a post-industrial one.

- Define the concepts: pre-industrial, industrial, post-industrial.

The second industrial and technological revolution.

Essence.

Accelerated development of new branches of industrial production, equipment, and technology. (mechanical engineering, automotive industry, electrical engineering, petrochemistry).

Causes.

The possibilities for increasing production efficiency within the framework of previous scientific and technical inventions have been exhausted. Fundamental discoveries and inventions.

Peculiarities.

Rapid introduction of new achievements of science and technology, development of new industries.

MAIN FEATURES OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY:

1.beginning of mass production of industrial goods;

2. concentration of production and capital.

3. strengthening the regulatory role of the state in the economy.

4. expansion of the social functions of the state.

d/ work in groups:

Note the development features of each country;

What can uneven economic development lead to?

3. lesson summary. Homework. P.1-2, answer the questions about the statistical tables on p.22.

Middle Ages Early Modern Period Modern Period Renaissance Era Beginning of Modern Time XV century. AD The end of the early modern period. XVIII century The end of the New Age. Turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Traditional society Transition from traditional society to industrial society Industrial society Modern times Assignment: draw a timeline.

Early Modern Period Modern Time Modern Time Beginning of Modern Time XV century. AD The end of the early modern period. XVIII century The end of the New Age. Turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Post-industrial society Transition from traditional to industrial society Industrial society

Basic concepts of the topic Traditional society is a society characterized by the predominance of subsistence farming, a strict hierarchy and adherence to the traditions of ancestors. Industrial society is a society characterized by mass production of goods, division of labor, mechanization and automation of production

Post-industrial society is a society characterized by the development of energy-saving technologies, the creation of high-tech industries, the informatization of society, the development of science and technology, an increase in the level of education, medicine, and the quality of life of people. Basic concepts Basic concepts

Compare the data given in the table and draw conclusions Year Countries Great Britain USA Germany France Russia Austria-Hungary Italy Japan, 918,513,614,513,214,87,86,86,17,66,86,14,44,74,42,52, 52.4-- approx. 1 Share in global industrial production in % p. 22 w/u

Year Countries Great Britain USA Germany France Russia Austria-Hungary Italy Japan,7441,044,945,662,675,991,997,349,256,064,566,938,338,39,539,7116,8135,6159,3175,142,646,750 ,852,130,032,234,435,139,943,849,151,3 Population in million people. Compare the data in the table and draw conclusions

Echelons of modernization Echelons of modernization 1. Echelon - countries of old capitalism (center), industrial society developed evolutionarily 2. Echelon - countries of young capitalism (middle zone), modernization was carried out through targeted reforms 3. Echelon - countries distant from the center, norms of traditional society and processes prevail modernizations were distributed limitedly 1 Great Britain, France 2 Germany, Italy, the Austrian Empire, USA, Russia 3 Latin America, Spain, Portugal

Main changes in development: Improvement of means of communication between people, nations and states (development of transport (air), the emergence of radio, television, telephones, the international division of labor deepened, the exchange of information, ideas, and cultural values ​​intensified. Population migration accelerated).

Main changes in development: The level of income of the population increased, the length of the working day decreased, work became creative. In developed countries, leisure conditions, access to education, medicine, and participation in social and political life have improved.

Future shock problems or human crisis (fear of the future, a person gets lost in the flow of information, it becomes very difficult to navigate everyday reality). Human crisis manifests itself in different forms. Namely: the rise of mental illness, the study of the future using magic and horoscopes, rather than science; the emergence of mass non-traditional movements.

Questions for conversation: 1. What is general history? 2. How does traditional society differ from industrial society? 3. What was the population of the world at the beginning of the 20th century? 4. What are the features of the development of the world at the beginning of the 20th century? 5. What problems did humanity face on the threshold of the 19th-20th centuries?

Independent work New features in economics What does this mean? Acceleration of development The second industrial-technological revolution The formation of an industrial society was completed: The path of accelerated modernization was embarked on: Mass production of industrial goods began The concentration of production and capital increased The concentration of banking capital increased The formation of financial capital The state was forced to pursue an antimonopoly policy