Economy: sectoral and territorial structure, Africa’s place in the world. General characteristics of developing countries Significance in the world Composition Similarities and differences Colonial types of sectoral and territorial structure of the economy

African countries have not yet managed to change the colonial type of sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, although the rate of economic growth has accelerated somewhat. The colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy is characterized by the predominance of small-scale, consumer agriculture, weak development of the manufacturing industry, and lagging development of transport. African countries have achieved the greatest success in the mining industry. In the extraction of many minerals, Africa holds a leading and sometimes monopoly place in the world (in the extraction of gold, diamonds, platinum group metals, etc.). The manufacturing industry is represented by light and food industries, there are no other industries, with the exception of a number of areas near the availability of raw materials and on the coast (Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Nigeria, Zambia, Zaire).

The second sector of the economy that determines Africa’s place in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. Agricultural products account for 60-80% of GDP. The main cash crops are coffee, cocoa beans, peanuts, dates, tea, natural rubber, sorghum, and spices. Recently, grain crops have begun to be grown: corn, rice, wheat. Livestock farming plays a subordinate role, with the exception of countries with arid climates. Extensive cattle breeding predominates, characterized by a huge number of livestock, but low productivity and low marketability. The continent is not self-sufficient in agricultural products.

Transport also retains the colonial type: railways go from the areas where raw materials are extracted to the port of their export. Rail and sea modes of transport are relatively developed. In recent years, other types of transport have also developed - road (a road was built across the Sahara), air, pipeline.

Using symbols on an agricultural map, identify cotton production areas and the main international commodity flows of raw cotton. The list of cotton exporting countries should include the USA, China, Pakistan, Brazil, and Uzbekistan.

Ticket number 22

1. Fuel industry. Composition and location of the main fuel production areas. The most important producing and exporting countries. Main international fuel flows.

2. International economic relations: forms and geographical features.

3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main sugar exporters.

The fuel and energy industry is a combination of branches of the fuel industry, electric power, and means of delivering fuel and energy. Over the past two centuries, the global fuel and energy industry has gone through two main stages in its development. The first stage (XIX - first half of the XX century) was coal, when coal fuel sharply predominated in the structure of the world fuel and energy balance. The second stage was the oil and gas stage. Oil and gas have proven to be more efficient energy carriers than solid fuels. In the 80s The world energy industry has entered the third (transitional) stage of its development, where a transition is taking place from the use of predominantly exhaustible mineral fuel resources to inexhaustible resources.

The oil, gas, and coal industries are the basis of global energy. Oil is produced in 80 countries around the world, but the main roles are played by Saudi Arabia, the USA, Russia, Iran, Mexico, China, Venezuela, the UAE, Norway, Canada, Great Britain, and Nigeria. 40% of all oil produced is traded internationally. A huge territorial gap has formed in the world economy between the areas of its production and consumption, which contributed to the emergence of powerful cargo flows. The main oil production areas are the basins of the Persian Gulf, West Siberian, and Caribbean Seas. Gulf of Mexico.

Natural gas is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly fuel. The leader in global gas production is Russia, where the largest basin is located - Western Siberia. The largest gas producing country is the USA, followed by Canada, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands, and the UK. Unlike oil-producing countries, the main gas-producing countries are the developed countries of Europe and North America. In terms of natural gas reserves, two regions are distinguished: the CIS (Western Siberia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and the Middle East (Iran). The main gas exporters are Russia, which supplies gas to Eastern and Western Europe; Canada and Mexico, which supply gas to the United States; the Netherlands and Norway, supplying gas to Western Europe; Algeria, which supplies gas to Western Europe and the United States; Indonesia, Middle Eastern countries, Australia exporting gas to Japan. Gas transportation is provided in two ways: through main gas pipelines and using gas tankers when transporting liquefied gas.

The development of the coal industry in the era of cheap oil slowed down, but after the crisis of the 70s. acceleration came again. The main coal-producing countries are developed countries: China, USA, Germany, Russia, Poland, Australia, India, South Africa. In Russia, coal production has been falling sharply in recent years, while in China and the United States the coal industry is developing dynamically. In terms of explored coal reserves, the leaders are also mainly developed countries: the USA, the CIS (Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan), then China, Germany, Great Britain, Australia, South Africa. Most coal is consumed in the same countries where it is mined, so only 8% reaches the world market. But there have been changes in the structure of trade - the demand for coking coal is falling due to the slowdown in the development of metallurgy, and the demand for thermal coal is growing. The main exporters of coal are the USA, Australia, and to a lesser extent South Africa, Russia, Poland, and Canada. The main importers of coal are Japan, the Republic of Korea and a number of European countries.

Currently, international economic relations play a particularly important role in human life. Experience suggests that no closed formations or regional integration groupings can replace international relations.

Developed countries occupy a leading position in these ties. Most of them, which earn the bulk of their income from exporting goods and services, are called open economies.

Developing countries occupy second place in the system of global economic relations. They depend on the export of raw materials, fuel, and food. As a result, their financial debt to developed countries reached 1.5 trillion. dollars.

In recent decades, one of the brightest manifestations of an open economy has been free economic zones (FEZs), through which 10% of trade turnover passes. A SEZ is a limited territory of a country that has a favorable economic and geographical location, in which a preferential regime for the import and export of goods is established, and a certain isolation in trade, monetary and financial terms from the rest of the territory.

International trade is the oldest form of international relations, which acquired a “second wind” in the era of scientific and technological revolution. It is characterized by turnover, product structure and geographical distribution. The growth rate of foreign trade turnover significantly exceeds the growth rate of production as a whole, which indicates a deepening of the international geographical division of labor. The commodity structure is characterized by a decrease in the share of fuel, raw materials, and food from 55% in 1960. up to 250% in the 90s. Accordingly, the share of finished products, especially high-tech ones, has increased.

Most developing countries were once colonies of European countries. Colonial development had many common features that shaped the territorial structure of the economy.

Let's try, together with European discoverers, to begin to form an economy in undeveloped territory.

Colonization: the initial stage. How would you start your life in a new, unknown country? Of course, with the construction of a fortified fort as a springboard for economic and political penetration. In subsequent periods, the fort expanded, its population grew, both due to arriving colonists and due to the local population. At the initial stages of colonization, the main economic functions of the fort were trade with coastal tribes and the export of slaves (as was the case, for example, in Africa). Gradually, all the commodity flows of the colony were drawn to it, the fort turned into the main city of the colony - the capital, as well as the main port of export and import (Fig. 115).

From this fort, the colonists sent research expeditions to the interior regions to determine the possibilities of their economic development for the needs of the metropolis.

By the XVII-XVIII centuries. Europeans were no longer interested only in gold, spices and slaves, as in previous centuries. Now the availability of minerals has become important - raw materials for industry, the possibility of using the indigenous population as hired labor (the low efficiency of forced slave labor has already become obvious), the suitability of the climate for permanent residence, and soils for the development of plantations and farming.

In zone A, located in coastal areas with fertile soils and favorable moisture regimes, live tribes with a developed agricultural culture.

Zone B, somewhat distant from the coast and receiving less rainfall, is inhabited by tribes engaged in agricultural and livestock farming.

Zone B in the north-west of the territory it is an arid zone where nomadic tribes live.

Zone G in the northeast, mountains with mineral deposits, fertile intermountain valleys and high-altitude zones were discovered here. This zone is home to hunter-gatherer and intensive farming tribes.

Colonial period: dynamics of economic structures. Before the economic development of open territories could begin, it was necessary to obtain ownership of these territories. This could be done in two ways: by concluding agreements on establishing the status of a protectorate with the leaders of the most powerful native tribes, or simply by seizing the territory.

The legal basis for the seizure of land and subsequent development was the declaration of all colonial lands as the property of a European monarch or state. A new task arose: in all previous eras, the indigenous population produced products only for their own consumption and insignificant exchange with neighbors; it was necessary to force the population to work for hire using economic methods on the lands and farms of white settlers. But it had to work for a low fee, allowing the Europeans to receive excess profits from the exploitation of the colony.

The high population density, the lack of land to produce even the vital amount of food and the monetary taxes introduced by the colonialists (per capita, on huts, smokes, etc.) - all this forced the natives to look for hired work. “Vacancies” became more and more numerous - on plantations, on the construction of railways deep into the territory, at mining enterprises.

First of all, coastal areas (zone A) were developed, becoming the main suppliers of plantation crops - sisal, hevea, cocoa. Residents of coastal areas were evicted to reservations - limited areas on the border of arid and well-moistened zones, where the soils are less fertile and there is less rainfall.

Rice. 115. Model of the formation of the colonial structure of the economy: 1 - the beginning of European development: exploration of the territory; 2 - the natural basis of the economy of the colony; traditional economics; 3 - territorial structure of the economy during the colonial period; 4 - territorial structure of the economy during the period of independence

In a number of countries where the humid and hot climate is unfavorable for permanent residence of Europeans, another way of farming was found (without land expropriation): in order to pay mandatory taxes, peasants in each household were required to grow plantation crops and sell them to European purchasing organizations. This changed the traditional structure of the economy and gave rise to many problems that subsequently independent governments were unable to solve until the 20th century. First of all, this is a food problem. The introduction of plantation crops (Fig. 116), for which, as a rule, the best plots of land were allocated, led to the displacement of food crops for the population on the so-called marginal lands - less fertile lands located on the border of wet and dry areas, and to a decrease in yields. In addition, annual planting of the same plantation crop (monoculture) depleted the soil, leading to erosion and land degradation.

Rice. 116. Hevea plantation

Thus, a new, previously non-existent sector of the commercial economy arose in the dependent country, the products of which were not consumed by producers - the indigenous population and were completely sent for export. Exports were carried out through the country's only port, usually the capital, located on the coast.

Mountainous regions (zone D) also turned out to be extremely attractive for Europeans. The altitudinal zones determined a more favorable, less hot, and in some places quite similar to the European climate. In addition, the possibility of growing food crops familiar to Europeans (wheat, oats) and extremely profitable plantation crops (tea, coffee) stimulated European agricultural use of the fertile intermountain valleys and volcanic plateaus and the creation of the so-called “white land tenure”.

And of course, the mountains attracted mineral reserves. Their extraction was also carried out by the indigenous population. The agricultural tribes living in the mountainous regions were also evicted to reservations. Numerous inhabitants of the reserves were a source of cheap labor both for the mining industry and for European latifundia - huge extensive farms (from 1000 to 15 thousand hectares). It was these farms during the colonial period that were the main producers of commercial food necessary for those working in the mining industry, construction, and also for residents of growing cities.

The least involved in the economic life of the colony were the nomads, who were not integrated into the general economic life of the country. The only “concern” of the colonial authorities regarding the nomads was the division of pasture lands between warring tribes and the fight against the spread of epizootics.

Many ethnic conflicts that exist today in African countries began during the colonial period. If before colonization, marginal lands were practically unused and were visited by nomads only in the driest years, then during the colonial period, reserves were created on them. The large agricultural population of the reserves began to defend these lands from competitors - nomads.

During the colonial period, a radical transformation took place in the economic and territorial structure of the dependent country's economy. New economic structures were formed, and the development of the domestic market began. However, this process did not occur in the same way in all natural areas.

Zimbabwe: from colonial economic structure to political independence

Zimbabwe - former Southern Rhodesia, was a British colony. At the end of the 19th century. reservations are created for the indigenous population - the Ndebele and Shona - and the best lands are occupied by white settlers. In 1965, white minority Prime Minister Ian Smith unilaterally declared independence. The country began a civil war, which ended by 1980 with the rise to power of black President Robert Mugabe. This year is considered the year of the official declaration of independence of the country and the beginning of the implementation of the slogan “Zimbabwe - for Zimbabweans”.

At the beginning of 1980, land reform began; its implementation was considered necessary, since in the 20th century. white settlers, who made up no more than 5% of the population, owned almost 50% of the land. With the rise of Africans to power, most whites left the country; but the remaining white population provided 40% of the country's export income, as well as almost a quarter of its jobs. By 1990, the government, using financial assistance received from Great Britain, bought 21% of the land from whites, but transferred it not to landless peasants, but to the president’s political associates. The UK froze the funds and the reform was suspended. The process of urbanization began to develop rapidly in the country, especially among young people; Women were left in agriculture, and famine began in the country.

In 2000, the confiscation (without payment of compensation) of the lands of white settlers in favor of landless peasants was announced, and about 1.2 million peasants were resettled to new lands. But the peasants cannot use them - there are no seeds, fertilizers, modern equipment, irrigation pipes, equipment are scrapped; they don't have money to pay for electricity and fuel. About 250 thousand Africans, who previously worked on white farms, have lost their source of income and live on humanitarian aid. As a result, thriving agribusiness is being transformed into subsistence agriculture.

Wheat production fell by half, and the number of cattle dropped from 1.3 million head in 1999 to 200 thousand head in 2002. Drought destroyed food crops. As a result, 12 million Zimbabweans are at risk of starvation.

At the same time, the leadership of some African states (Namibia and South Africa) support the actions of President Mugabe, considering them the restoration of historical justice.

Rice. 117. European land tenure areas in Zimbabwe. In European regions, mainly export crops were grown, in African reserves - consumer crops.

Period of independence: diversification of the territorial structure of the economy. After independence, national governments came to power and began to implement reforms with the goal of achieving economic independence. The reforms led to changes in the territorial organization of the economy and the structure of the economy.

There were two options for carrying out reforms - radical and flexible. Radical reforms involved the nationalization of foreign property - latifundia, mineral deposits, industrial enterprises. In place of latifundia and plantations, large-scale state farms were created or the land was distributed to direct producers. White settlers, business owners, and foreign specialists were expelled from the country. As a rule, this was followed by an economic blockade by the former metropolis. All this led to a decrease in efficiency and production volumes in all sectors of the economy. The actual elimination of foreign large-scale agricultural production led to an aggravation of the situation on the national food market, the emergence of a food problem and hunger, and an increase in the volume of foreign food aid. The concentration of political and economic power in the hands of the tribe living in the capital region led to discontent among other tribes, the emergence of ethnic conflicts, military coups and civil wars (Fig. 118).

Rice. 118. The role of subsistence, semi-commodity and commodity systems in the agricultural economy of Kenya

Flexible reforms have proven to be more successful for economic development. Under the flexible reform option, highly efficient and profitable sectors of the economy: plantations, mining enterprises, either remained in the hands of the previous owners (subject to their adoption of national citizenship), or a controlling stake was bought out by the national government. Thus, enterprises with mixed capital, i.e. joint ventures, were created.

For a developing economy, the advantages of this form of ownership are obvious: on the one hand, highly efficient production with an established system of technological connections and markets is preserved; on the other hand, the state, which owned a controlling stake, could influence production strategy and have a direct share in the profits.

Low-efficiency farms in the agricultural sector and the estates of Europeans who left the country were bought by the government, divided into plots and sold on credit to peasants who had previously lived in densely populated reserves in order to organize commodity production.

Thus, the high-commodity sector in agriculture was preserved and the small-commodity sector developed both through the division of latifundia and through the privatization of communal lands. Currently, the small-scale commodity sector in such countries is the main producer of market products.

Nomadic peoples continued to live in isolation from the general economic life of the country. In a number of countries, government measures were taken to transfer nomadic tribes to settlement; it was believed that this would improve the education and healthcare systems and lead to an increase in commodity production. However, the traditions of nomadism and subsistence farming (large herds of low-productive livestock are the main wealth and symbol of the prestige of the nomadic community) turned out to be quite tenacious and have been little transformed to this day.

Main ideas of the section

The most general division of countries by level of socio-economic development is proposed by the UN: more developed countries, less developed countries.
The distribution of more developed and less developed countries has a clearly defined geographical character: “rich North - poor South” or “center - periphery”.
The most widespread division of countries into economically developed countries, developing countries and countries with economies in transition. This typology is based on both economic and political criteria.
The role of economically developed countries, developing countries and countries with economies in transition in the world economy is different, and the indicators of the level and quality of life in these countries are also different.
Economically developed countries play a leading role in the world economy - they produce the bulk of manufacturing products and food, and are distinguished by a high level and quality of life.
Developing countries - mostly former colonial possessions - are home to the bulk of the world's population; In general, this group is characterized by agricultural and raw materials specialization of the economy, an unequal position in the global economy, and lower per capita GNI indicators than in the group of economically developed countries.
The group of countries with economies in transition includes the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as states that emerged as a result of the collapse of the USSR. In terms of socio-economic development indicators, they occupy an intermediate position between developed and developing countries.
The group of developing countries includes the least developed countries (with the lowest indicators of the level and quality of life in the world) and countries whose economic development is hampered by an unfavorable geographical location and small size of territory and population (landlocked countries and small island developing countries ).
Geographic typologies take into account all countries of the world, distributing them into groups taking into account the level of development, similar features of the territorial structure of the economy, economic and political history.
The differences between economically developed countries and developing countries lie not only in quantitative indicators of the level and quality of life, but also in the features of the territorial structure of the economy.
During the colonial period, a radical transformation took place in the economic and territorial structure of the dependent country's economy. New economic structures were formed, and the development of the domestic market began. These processes occurred at different rates in different natural zones.

Review questions

Where are the more developed countries located? Why?
Where are the less developed countries located? Why?
What is the difference between more developed countries and less developed countries; developed, developing and transition countries?
What role do developed, developing and transition countries play in the global economy?
What are the features of socio-economic development in the 20th century? countries with economies in transition?
What subtypes are distinguished in the group of economically developed countries?
What are the main features of developing countries and what are the main subtypes of this type?
What is the difference between the group of landlocked developing countries and the group of small island developing countries?
Compare the geographical typology of countries and the classifications proposed by international organizations. What are the similarities and what differences have you noticed in the approach of scientists to identifying types of countries? Which typology seems more “correct” to you and why?
What is the place of Russia (Indonesia, China, USA, Vietnam, etc.) in the studied typologies and classifications of countries around the world? What type can our country be classified as? Why?
What impact did colonization and decolonization have on the formation of the territorial structure of the countries' economies?

Terms

More developed and less developed countries
Major capitalist countries
Diversification
Key countries
Large low-income countries
Small Island Developing Countries
Mixed economy
Least developed countries
Natural semi-commodity and commodity economy
Newly industrialized countries
Developing countries
Landlocked developing countries
Countries of enclave development
Countries of externally oriented development
Countries of dependent plantation economy
"Apartment-leasing" countries
Concession development countries
Countries of settler capitalism
Countries with economies in transition
Economically developed countries

Characteristic features of the EGP:

To assess the EGP of African countries, different criteria can be used. One of the most important is the presence or absence of access to the sea. No other continent has such a number of countries - 15, located far from the seas (sometimes 1.5 thousand km) as in Africa. Most inland countries are among the most backward.

Characteristic features of the geography of natural conditions and resources:

Africa is rich in a variety of mineral resources. Among the continents, it ranks first in reserves of manganese ores, chromites, bauxites, gold, platinoids, cobalt, diamonds, and phosphorites. Africa's land resources are significant. Agroclimatic conditions cannot be assessed unambiguously: it is fully provided with heat resources, but water resources are distributed extremely unevenly across its territory. In terms of total forest area, Africa is second only to Latin America and Russia.
Characteristic features of the population:

Africa stands out among the continents with the highest rates of population reproduction. African countries also lead in terms of natural population growth. Africa is in the second stage of its demographic transition. Africa is a region of numerous ethnic, or more precisely, ethnopolitical conflicts. The average population density in Africa (26 people per 1 km²) is several times less than in foreign Europe and Asia. It is characterized by sharp contrasts in settlement. In terms of urbanization, Africa still lags far behind other regions, but the rate of urbanization here is the highest.
Characteristic features of agriculture and industry:
In the sectoral structure, the share of industry and non-production spheres has increased. In most countries, the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy is preserved. The extractive industry primarily determines Africa's place in the international division of labor. Tropical and subtropical agriculture has a pronounced export orientation.
Typical environmental problems in Africa:
The environmental situation in African countries has long been a source of great concern in the world. The reason for this is the alarming rate and extent of degradation of the unique natural environment, which is directly related to climate change and the state of ecosystems throughout the planet. The environmental crisis in Africa began long before it assumed alarming proportions and consequences for local people and nature. African countries face common environmental development challenges:
— demographic growth exceeding the growth potential of food production;
— overexploitation of natural resources;
— overpopulation of cities and the growing phenomenon of “cannonvillization” (formal unemployment of 50-75% of the urban population);
— weak control of industrial activity (insignificant share of the public sector);
— poverty of the population (traditional condemnation of hoarding and individualism);
— low level of specialist training and difficulty in introducing environmental technologies;
— lack of understanding of the problem and procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) when planning socio-economic activities and poor participation of the population in this process.
Monocultural specialization - narrow specialization of the country's economy in the production of one, usually a raw material or food product, intended mainly for export.
Image of the territory of North Africa.

The total area of North Africa is about 10 million km², the population is about 180 million people. The position of the subregion is primarily determined by its Mediterranean “façade”, thanks to which North Africa actually neighbors Southern Europe and South-West Asia and has access to the main sea route from Europe to Asia. The “rear” of the region is formed by the sparsely populated areas of the Sahara. The economic life of North Africa is concentrated in the coastal zone. Here are the main centers of manufacturing industry, the main areas of subtropical agriculture, including on irrigated lands. The southern part of the subregion is very sparsely populated.
An image of the territory of Tropical Africa.
The total area of Tropical Africa is more than 20 million km², the population is 600 million people. Tropical Africa is the most backward part of the entire developing world; within its borders there are 29 least developed countries. Agriculture remains the main sphere of material production. Tropical Africa is the least industrialized region of the world (not counting Oceania). Tropical Africa is the least urbanized region of the world. The quality of the environment here is rapidly deteriorating. In some countries of Tropical Africa, measures are being taken to protect flora and fauna and national parks are being created.
Overview of South Africa.
The Republic of South Africa (RSA) is a country located in the southern part of the African continent. In the north it borders with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, in the northeast with Mozambique and Swaziland. Inside the territory of South Africa there is the enclave state of Lesotho.
South Africa is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in Africa and has the largest proportion of white, Indian and mixed populations on the continent. The country has rich mineral resources, and is also the most economically developed on the continent and has a relatively strong global position.
The most important point in the history and politics of South Africa was the racial conflict between the black majority and the white minority. It reached its culmination after the establishment of the apartheid regime (from Afrikaans apartheid) in 1948, which lasted until the 1990s. The National Party initiated the introduction of discriminatory laws. These policies led to a long and bloody struggle in which black activists such as Steve Biko, Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela played leading roles. They were later joined by many whites and coloreds (descendants of the mixed population), as well as South Africans of Indian origin. Pressure from the international community also played a certain role in the collapse of apartheid. As a result, the change in the political system occurred relatively peacefully: South Africa is one of the few countries in Africa (and, more broadly, in the entire third world) where a coup d’etat has never occurred.
The "New South Africa" is often referred to as the "Rainbow Country" - a term coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu (and championed by Nelson Mandela) as a metaphor for a new, multicultural and multi-ethnic society that overcomes divisions dating back to the apartheid era.
South Africa is a country that developed nuclear weapons and subsequently voluntarily abandoned them.

Topic Keywords:

Colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy- a type of economy with the following distinctive features: 1) the predominance of small-scale, low-productivity agriculture, 2) the weak development of the manufacturing industry, 3) a strong lag in transport, 4) the limitation of the non-productive sphere mainly to trade and services.

Monoculture - as a rule, a raw material or food product, which is a narrow specialization of the state economy, intended mainly for export.
Arabic city type- a type of city characterized by division into two parts - old and new.

1. Formation of the colonial system in the world.

The countries of Europe, having carried out modernization, received enormous advantages compared to the rest of the world, which was based on the principles of traditionalism. This advantage also affected the military potential. Therefore, following the era of great geographical discoveries, associated mainly with reconnaissance expeditions, already in the 17th-18th centuries. colonial expansion to the East of the most developed countries of Europe began. Traditional civilizations, due to the backwardness of their development, were not able to resist this expansion and turned into easy prey for their stronger opponents. The prerequisites for colonialism arose in the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, namely in the 15th century, when Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India and Columbus reached the shores of America. When encountering peoples of other cultures, Europeans demonstrated their technological superiority (oceanic sailing ships and firearms). The first colonies were founded in the New World by the Spaniards. The robbery of American Indian states contributed to the development of the European banking system, the growth of financial investments in science and stimulated the development of industry, which, in turn, demanded new raw materials.

The colonial policy of the period of primitive accumulation of capital was characterized by: the desire to establish a monopoly in trade with conquered territories, the seizure and plunder of entire countries, the use or imposition of predatory feudal and slave forms of exploitation of the local population. This policy played a huge role in the process of primitive accumulation. It led to the concentration of large capital in European countries based on the robbery of colonies and the slave trade, which especially developed from the 2nd half of the 17th century and served as one of the levers for turning England into the most developed country of that time.

In enslaved countries, colonial policies caused the destruction of productive forces, delayed the economic and political development of these countries, and led to the plunder of vast areas and the extermination of entire peoples. Military confiscation methods played a major role in the exploitation of the colonies during that period. A striking example of the use of such methods is the policy of the British East India Company in Bengal, which it conquered in 1757. The consequence of this policy was the famine of 1769-1773, the victims of which were 10 million Bengalis. In Ireland, during the 16th-17th centuries, the British government confiscated and transferred to English colonists almost all the lands that belonged to the native Irish.

At the first stage of colonization of traditional societies, Spain and Portugal were in the lead. They managed to conquer most of South America.

Colonialism in Modern Times. With the transition from manufacture to large-scale factory industry, significant changes occurred in colonial policy. The colonies are economically more closely connected with the metropolises, turning into their agrarian and raw materials appendages with a monocultural direction of agricultural development, into markets for industrial products and sources of raw materials for the growing capitalist industry of the metropolises. For example, the export of English cotton fabrics to India increased 65 times from 1814 to 1835.

The spread of new methods of exploitation, the need to create special bodies of colonial administration that could consolidate dominance over local peoples, as well as the rivalry of various layers of the bourgeoisie in the metropolises led to the liquidation of monopoly colonial trading companies and the transfer of occupied countries and territories under the state administration of the metropolises.

The change in the forms and methods of exploitation of the colonies was not accompanied by a decrease in its intensity. Enormous wealth was exported from the colonies. Their use led to accelerated socio-economic development in Europe and North America. Although the colonialists were interested in increasing the marketability of peasant farming in the colonies, they often supported and consolidated feudal and pre-feudal relations, considering the feudal and tribal nobility in the colonized countries as their social support.

With the beginning of the industrial era, Great Britain became the largest colonial power. Having defeated France during a long struggle in the 18th and 19th centuries, she increased her possessions at her expense, as well as at the expense of the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. Great Britain conquered India. In 1840-42 and together with France in 1856-60, she waged the so-called Opium Wars against China, as a result of which China imposed beneficial treaties on itself. It captured Hong Kong (Hong Kong), tried to subjugate Afghanistan, and captured strongholds in the Persian Gulf and Aden. The colonial monopoly, together with the industrial monopoly, ensured Great Britain's position as the most powerful power throughout almost the entire 19th century. Colonial expansion was also carried out by other powers. France subjugated Algeria (1830-48), Vietnam (50-80s of the 19th century), established its protectorate over Cambodia (1863), Laos (1893). In 1885, the Congo became the possession of the Belgian King Leopold II, and a system of forced labor was established in the country.

In the middle of the 18th century. Spain and Portugal began to lag behind in economic development and were relegated to the background as maritime powers. Leadership in colonial conquests passed to England. Beginning in 1757, the English East India trading company captured almost the entire Hindustan for almost a hundred years. In 1706, active colonization of North America by the British began. At the same time, the development of Australia was underway, to whose territory the British sent criminals sentenced to hard labor. The Dutch East India Company took over Indonesia. France established colonial rule in the West Indies as well as in the New World (Canada).

African continent in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Europeans developed only on the coast and were used mainly as a source of slaves. In the 19th century Europeans advanced far into the continent and by the middle of the 19th century. Africa was almost completely colonized. The exceptions were two countries: Christian Ethiopia, which showed staunch resistance to Italy, and Liberia, created by former slaves immigrants from the United States.

In Southeast Asia, the French captured most of Indochina. Only Siam (Thailand) retained relative independence, but a large territory was also taken away from it.

By the middle of the 19th century. The Ottoman Empire was subjected to strong pressure from the developed countries of Europe. The countries of the Levant (Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine), which were officially considered part of the Ottoman Empire during this period, became an area of active penetration by Western powers - France, England, Germany. During the same period, Iran lost not only economic, but also political independence. At the end of the 19th century. its territory was divided into spheres of influence between England and Russia. Thus, in the 19th century. Almost all countries of the East fell into one form or another of dependence on the most powerful capitalist countries, turning into colonies or semi-colonies. For Western countries, colonies were a source of raw materials, financial resources, labor, as well as markets. The exploitation of the colonies by the Western metropolises was of a cruel and predatory nature. At the cost of merciless exploitation and robbery, the wealth of the Western metropolises was created and the relatively high standard of living of their population was maintained.

2.Types of colonies

According to the type of management, settlement and economic development in the history of colonialism, three main types of colonies were distinguished:

Migrant colonies.

Raw material colonies (or exploited colonies).

Mixed (resettlement and raw materials colonies).

Migrant colonialism is a type of colonization management, the main goal of which was to expand the living space (the so-called Lebensraum) of the titular ethnic group of the metropolis to the detriment of autochthonous peoples. There is a massive influx of immigrants from the metropolis into resettlement colonies, who usually form a new political and economic elite. The local population is suppressed, displaced, and often physically destroyed (i.e., genocide is carried out). The metropolis often encourages relocation to a new place as a means of regulating the size of its own population, as well as using new lands to exile undesirable elements (criminals, prostitutes, rebellious national minorities - Irish, Basques and others), etc. An example of a modern settler colony is Israel.

The key points when creating resettlement colonies are two conditions: low density of the autochthonous population with a relative abundance of land and other natural resources. Naturally, settler colonialism leads to a deep structural restructuring of the life and ecology of the region in comparison with resource (raw materials) colonialism, which, as a rule, sooner or later ends in decolonization. There are examples in the world of mixed migrant and raw materials colonies.

The first examples of a mixed-type settler colony were the colonies of Spain (Mexico, Peru) and Portugal (Brazil). But it was the British Empire, and after it the USA, the Netherlands and Germany, that began to pursue a policy of complete genocide of the autochthonous population in the newly conquered lands in order to create homogeneously white, English-speaking, Protestant settler colonies, which later turned into dominions. Having once made a mistake regarding the 13 North American colonies, England softened its attitude towards the new settler colonies. From the very beginning they were granted administrative and then political autonomy. These were the settler colonies in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. But the attitude towards the autochthonous population remained extremely cruel. The Trail of Tears in the USA and the White Australia policy in Australia gained worldwide fame. No less bloody were the reprisals of the British against their European competitors: the “Great Trouble” in French Acadia and the conquest of Quebec, the French settler colonies of the New World. At the same time, British India with its rapidly growing population of 300 million, Hong Kong, and Malaysia turned out to be unsuitable for British colonization due to their dense population and the presence of aggressive Muslim minorities. In South Africa, the local and newcomer (Boer) populations were already quite large, but institutional segregation helped the British carve out certain economic niches and land for a small group of privileged British colonists. Often, to marginalize the local population, white settlers also attracted third groups: black slaves from Africa in the USA and Brazil; Jewish refugees from Europe in Canada, farm laborers from countries of Southern and Eastern Europe who did not have their own colonies; Indians, Vietnamese and Javanese coolies in Guiana, South Africa, USA, etc. The conquest of Siberia and America by Russia, as well as their further settlement by Russian and Russian-speaking settlers, also had much in common with settler colonialism. In addition to the Russians, Ukrainians, Germans and other peoples took part in this process.

As time passed, the settler colonies transformed into new nations. This is how the Argentines, Peruvians, Mexicans, Canadians, Brazilians, Americans of the USA, the Creoles of Guiana, the Caldochs of New Caledonia, the Breyons, the French-Acadians, the Cajuns and the French-Canadians (Quebecs) arose. They continue to be connected with the former metropolis by language, religion and common culture. The fate of some settler colonies ended tragically: the Pied-Noirs of Algeria (Franco-Algerians), since the end of the twentieth century, European settlers and their descendants have been intensively leaving the countries of Central Asia and Africa (repatriation): in South Africa their share fell from 21% in 1940 to 9%. in 2010; in Kyrgyzstan from 40% in 1960 to 10% in 2010. In Windhoek, the share of whites fell from 54% in 1970 to 16% in 2010. Their share is also rapidly declining throughout the New World: in the United States it fell from 88% in 1930. to about 64% in 2010; in Brazil from 63% in 1960 to 48% in 2010.

3.Features of colony management.

Colonial rule was administratively expressed either in the form of a "dominion" (direct control of the colony through a viceroy, captain general or governor general) or in the form of a "protectorate". The ideological justification for colonialism came through the need to spread culture (cultural trade, modernization, Westernization - this is the spread of Western values throughout the world) - “the white man’s burden.”

The Spanish version of colonization implied the expansion of Catholicism and the Spanish language through the encomienda system. Encomienda (from Spanish encomienda - care, protection) is a form of dependence of the population of the Spanish colonies on the colonialists. Introduced in 1503. Abolished in the 18th century. The Dutch version of the colonization of South Africa implied apartheid, the expulsion of the local population and their confinement in reservations or bantustans. The colonists formed communities completely independent of the local population, which were made up of people of various classes, including criminals and adventurers. Religious communities were also widespread (the Puritans of New England and the Mormons of the Wild West). The power of the colonial administration was exercised according to the principle of “divide and rule” by pitting local religious communities (Hindus and Muslims in British India) or hostile tribes (in colonial Africa) against each other, as well as through apartheid (racial discrimination). Often the colonial administration supported oppressed groups to fight their enemies (the oppressed Hutu in Rwanda) and created armed forces from the natives (sepoys in India, Gurkhas in Nepal, Zouaves in Algeria).

Initially, European countries did not bring their characteristic political culture and socio-economic relations to the colonies. Faced with the ancient civilizations of the East, which had long ago developed their own traditions of culture and statehood, the conquerors sought, first of all, their economic subjugation. In territories where there was no statehood at all or was at a fairly low level (for example, in North America or Australia), they were forced to create certain state structures, to some extent borrowed from the experience of the metropolises, but with greater national specifics. In North America, for example, power was concentrated in the hands of governors who were appointed by the British government. The governors had advisers, usually from among the colonists, who defended the interests of the local population. Self-government bodies played a major role: the meeting of representatives of the colonies and the legislative bodies - the legislature.

In India, the British did not particularly interfere in political life and sought to influence local rulers through economic means of influence (enslaving loans), as well as providing military assistance in internecine struggles.

Economic policies in the various European colonies were largely similar. Spain, Portugal, Holland, France, and England initially transferred feudal structures to their colonial possessions. At the same time, plantation farming was widely used. Of course, these were not slave-owning plantations of the classical type, as, say, in Ancient Rome. They represented a large capitalist economy working for the market, but using crude forms of non-economic coercion and dependence.

Many of the consequences of colonization were negative. The plunder of national wealth and the merciless exploitation of the local population and poor colonists were carried out. Trading companies brought stale consumer goods to the occupied territories and sold them at high prices. On the contrary, valuable raw materials, gold and silver, were exported from colonial countries. Under the onslaught of goods from the metropolises, traditional oriental crafts withered, traditional forms of life and value systems were destroyed.

At the same time, eastern civilizations were increasingly drawn into the new system of world relations and came under the influence of Western civilization. Gradually, Western ideas and political institutions were assimilated and a capitalist economic infrastructure was created. Under the influence of these processes, traditional Eastern civilizations are being reformed.

A striking example of changes in traditional structures under the influence of colonialist policies is provided by the history of India. After the dissolution of the East India Trading Company in 1858, India became part of the British Empire. In 1861, a law was passed on the creation of legislative bodies - Indian Councils, and in 1880 a law on local self-government was adopted. Thus, the beginning was laid for a new phenomenon for Indian civilization - elected bodies of representation. Although it should be noted that only about 1% of the Indian population was eligible to participate in these elections.

The British made significant financial investments in the Indian economy. The colonial administration, resorting to loans from English bankers, built railways, irrigation structures, and enterprises. In addition, private capital also grew in India, which played a major role in the development of the cotton and jute industries, and in the production of tea, coffee and sugar. The owners of the enterprises were not only the British, but also the Indians. 1/3 of the share capital was in the hands of the national bourgeoisie.

Since the 40s XIX century The British authorities began to actively work to form a national “Indian” intelligentsia in blood and skin color, tastes, morality and mentality. Such intelligentsia was formed in colleges and universities in Calcutta, Madras, Bombay and other cities.

In the 19th century the process of modernization also took place in the countries of the East that did not directly fall into colonial dependence. In the 40s XIX century reforms began in the Ottoman Empire. The administrative system and the court were transformed, and secular schools were created. Non-Muslim communities (Jewish, Greek, Armenian) were officially recognized, and their members received access to public service. In 1876, a bicameral parliament was created, which somewhat limited the power of the Sultan; the constitution proclaimed the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. However, the democratization of eastern despotism turned out to be very fragile, and in 1878, after Turkey’s defeat in the war with Russia, a rollback to its original positions occurred. After the coup d'etat, despotism reigned again in the empire, parliament was dissolved, and the democratic rights of citizens were significantly curtailed.

In addition to Turkey, only two states in Islamic civilization began to master European standards of living: Egypt and Iran. The rest of the vast Islamic world until the middle of the 20th century. remained subject to the traditional way of life.

China has also made certain efforts to modernize the country. In the 60s XIX century here, the policy of self-strengthening gained wide popularity. In China, industrial enterprises, shipyards, and arsenals for the rearmament of the army began to be actively created. But this process has not received sufficient impetus. Further attempts at development in this direction resumed with great interruptions in the 20th century.

Farthest from the countries of the East in the second half of the 19th century. Japan has advanced. The peculiarity of Japanese modernization is that in this country reforms were carried out quite quickly and most consistently. Using the experience of advanced European countries, the Japanese modernized industry, introduced a new system of legal relations, changed the political structure, the education system, and expanded civil rights and freedoms.

After the coup d'etat of 1868, a series of radical reforms were carried out in Japan, called the Meiji Restoration. As a result of these reforms, feudalism was ended in Japan. The government abolished feudal appanages and hereditary privileges, the daimyo princes, turning them into officials who headed provinces and prefectures. Titles were preserved, but class distinctions were abolished. This means that, with the exception of the highest dignitaries, in terms of class, princes and samurai were equal to other classes.

The land became the property of the peasants for a ransom, and this opened the way for the development of capitalism. The wealthy peasantry, freed from the rent tax in favor of the princes, was given the opportunity to work in the market. Small landowners became poor, sold their plots and either turned into farm laborers or went to work in the city.

The state took over the construction of industrial facilities: shipyards, metallurgical plants, etc. It actively encouraged merchant capital, giving it social and legal guarantees. In 1889, Japan adopted a constitution, according to which a constitutional monarchy was established with greater rights for the emperor.

As a result of all these reforms, Japan has changed dramatically in a short period of time. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Japanese capitalism turned out to be quite competitive in relation to the capitalism of the largest Western countries, and the Japanese state turned into a powerful power.

4.The collapse of the colonial system and its consequences.

The crisis of Western civilization, which manifested itself so clearly at the beginning of the 20th century. as a result of the First World War and the profound socio-political changes in the world that followed, influenced the growth of the anti-colonial struggle. However, the victorious countries, through joint efforts, managed to put out the flaring fire. However, Western countries, in the context of a growing crisis of civilization, were forced to gradually change their idea of the place and future of the peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America under their control. The latter were gradually drawn into market relations (for example, the trade policy of England in the colonies, starting from the period of the Great Crisis of 1929-1933), as a result of which private property was strengthened in dependent countries, elements of a new non-traditional social structure, Western culture, education, etc. .P. This was manifested in timid, inconsistent attempts to modernize the most outdated traditional relations in a number of semi-colonial countries according to the Western model, which ultimately rested on the primary problem of gaining political independence, but the growth of totalitarian tendencies in the Western world was accompanied in the interwar period by the strengthening of the ideology and politics of racism, which , of course, strengthened the resistance of the metropolis to the anti-colonial movement in general. That is why only after the Second World War, with the victory of the forces of democracy over fascism, the emergence of an alternative socialist system to capitalism, which traditionally supported the anti-colonial struggle of oppressed peoples (for ideological and political reasons), favorable conditions appeared for the disintegration and subsequent collapse of the colonial system.

Stages of the collapse of the colonial system

The issue of the international trusteeship system (in other words, the colonial problem), in accordance with the agreement of the heads of government of England, the USSR and the USA, was included in the agenda of the conference in San Francisco, which established the UN in 1945. Soviet representatives persistently advocated the principle of independence for the colonial peoples; their opponents, and above all the British, who represented the largest colonial empire at that time, sought to ensure that the UN Charter spoke only of movement “towards self-government.” As a result, a formula was adopted that was close to that proposed by the Soviet delegation: the UN trusteeship system should lead trust territories in the direction of “self-government and independence.”

Over the next ten years, more than 1.2 billion people were freed from colonial and semi-colonial dependence. 15 sovereign states appeared on the world map, in which over 4/5 of the population of the former colonial possessions lived. The largest British colonies of India (1947) and Ceylon (1948), the French mandated territories of Syria and Lebanon (1943, withdrawal of troops - 1946) achieved liberation; Vietnam was freed from Japanese colonial dependence, having won independence from France during the eight-year war (1945-1954). ), defeated socialist revolutions in North Korea and China.

Since the mid-50s. The collapse of the colonial system in its classical forms of direct subordination and dictatorship began. IN

1960 The UN General Assembly, at the initiative of the USSR, adopted the Declaration on Granting Independence to Former Colonial Countries.

By the end of World War II, about 200 million people lived in 55 territories of the African continent and a number of adjacent islands. Formally, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia and the British dominion, the Union of South Africa, were considered independent, having their own governments and administrations. A huge part of Africa was divided between England, France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. 1960 went down in history as the “year of Africa”. Then the independence of 17 countries in the central and western part of the continent was proclaimed. In general, the process of liberation of Africa was completed by 1975. By this time, 3.7% of the world's population lived in surviving colonies throughout the world on an area that was less than 1% of the globe's area.

In total, after the Second World War, more than 2 billion people were freed from the colonial yoke. The collapse of the colonial system is, of course, a progressive phenomenon in the modern history of mankind, since opportunities for independent choice of path, national self-expression, and access to the achievements of civilization have opened up for the vast mass of the planet's population.

At the same time, a number of serious problems arose in the liberated countries, called developing countries, or Third World countries. These problems are not only regional, but also global in nature, and therefore can only be solved with the active participation of all countries of the world community.

In accordance with the rather flexible UN classification, most countries in the world are usually classified as developing countries, with the exception of developed industrial countries.

Despite the enormous diversity of economic life, the countries of the Third World also have similar characteristics that make it possible to combine them into this category. The main one is the colonial past, the consequences of which can be found in the economy, politics, and culture of these countries. They have one path to forming the current industrial structure - the widespread predominance of manual production during the colonial period and the program of transition to industrial methods of production after independence. Therefore, in developing countries, pre-industrial and industrial types of production, as well as production based on the latest achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, closely coexist. But basically the first two types predominate. The economy of all Third World countries is characterized by inharmonious development of sectors of the national economy, which is also explained by the fact that they have not fully gone through successive phases of economic development, like leading countries.

Most developing countries are characterized by a policy of statism, i.e. direct government intervention in the economy in order to accelerate its growth rate. The lack of sufficient private capital and foreign investment forces the state to take on the functions of an investor. True, in recent years, many developing countries have begun to implement a policy of denationalization of enterprises - privatization, supported by measures to stimulate the private sector: preferential taxation, import liberalization and protectionism in relation to the most important privately owned enterprises.

Despite the important common characteristics that unite developing countries, they can be divided into several similar groups. In this case, it is necessary to be guided by such criteria as: the structure of the country’s economy, exports and imports, the degree of openness of the country and its involvement in the world economy, some features of the state’s economic policy.

Least developed countries. The least developed countries include a number of countries in Tropical Africa (Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, Somalia, Western Sahara), Asia (Kampuchea, Laos), Latin America (Tahiti, Guatemala, Guiana, Honduras, etc.). These countries are characterized by low or even negative growth rates. The agricultural sector predominates in the economic structure of these countries (up to 80-90%), although it is not able to meet domestic needs for food and raw materials. The low profitability of the main sector of the economy does not allow relying on internal sources of accumulation for much-needed investments in the development of production, training of qualified labor, improvement of technology, etc.

Countries with an average level of development. A large group of developing countries with an average level of economic development includes Egypt, Syria, Tunisia, Algeria, the Philippines, Indonesia, Peru, Colombia, etc. The structure of the economy of these countries is characterized by a large share of industry compared to the agricultural sector, more developed domestic and foreign trade . This group of countries has great potential for development due to the presence of internal sources of accumulation. These countries do not face such acute problems of poverty and hunger. Their place in the world economy is determined by a significant technological gap with developed countries and large external debt.

Oil producing countries. Oil-producing countries have significant specific economic features: Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, etc., which previously bore the characteristic features of lagging states. The world's largest oil reserves, actively exploited in these countries, allowed them to quickly become one of the richest (in terms of annual per capita income) countries in the world. However, the structure of the economy as a whole is characterized by extreme one-sidedness, imbalance, and therefore potential vulnerability. Along with the high development of the mining industry, other sectors do not actually play a significant role in the economy. In the world economic system, these countries firmly occupy the place of the largest oil exporters. Largely due to this, this group of countries is becoming the largest international banking center.

Newly industrialized countries. Another group of states with high rates of economic growth consists of newly industrialized countries, which include South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India, etc. The public policy of these countries includes a focus on attracting private (domestic and foreign) capital, reduction of the public sector due to the expansion of private enterprise. National measures include raising the level of education of the population and spreading computer literacy. They are characterized by intensive industrial development, including high-tech, export-oriented industries. Their industrial products largely meet world standards. These countries are increasingly strengthening their place in the world market, as evidenced by the numerous modern industries that have emerged and are dynamically developing in these countries with the participation of foreign capital and transnational corporations. The so-called new transnationals, competing with US TNCs, have appeared in countries such as South Korea, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Brazil, etc.

New industrial countries are developing through skillful borrowing, selection of the undeniable achievements of Western civilization and their skillful application to national traditions and way of life. It should be noted that a similar assessment or European vision of the prospects for the development of liberated countries (whether they belong to the Arab-Islamic, Hindu-Buddhist or Chinese-Confucian worlds) is also characteristic of the Marxist school. Thus, the majority of Soviet scientists believed (as did a significant part of bourgeois researchers) that after liberation, the countries of the Third World would begin to rapidly catch up with the developed countries. The only difference in this approach was a different, or rather, polar assessment of the merits of capitalist and socialist models of choice, capable of ensuring the pace and ultimate success of development. And such a difference in approach was to a certain extent justified by the fact that after liberation, developing countries seemed to enter the orbit of one or another political camp: socialist or capitalist.

It is known that after the victory of the liberation movements (in the interpretation of Soviet researchers - people's democratic revolutions), a number of developing countries embarked on the path of socialist construction (Vietnam, Laos, North Korea, China). About 20 more developing countries, including Algeria, Guinea, Ethiopia, Benin, Congo, Tanzania, Burma, Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Mozambique, Angola and others, have chosen the path of socialist orientation (or non-capitalist development). The total territory of this group of states by the beginning of the 80s. was 17 million sq. km, and the population is about 220 million people. However, most of the liberated countries sought to strengthen their political and economic positions along the path of capitalist modernization, which began during the colonial period. Moreover, in the 60-80s. a number of these countries have achieved serious success. These are Brazil, Mexico, Turkey, the “countries of the oil elite,” newly industrialized countries and some others.

However, neither orientation towards the West nor towards socialism provided the vast majority of liberated countries with such a pace of development that would allow them to catch up with the developed countries. Moreover, many Third World countries not only do not catch up with the advanced ones, but even lag behind them even further. Today it has become obvious that many developing countries are neither willing nor able to follow the universal path of development, be it the Western, capitalist version or the socialist model. The understanding of this truth by the vast majority of Third World countries led to the emergence (back in 1961) and consolidation of the Non-Aligned Movement, which in 1986 united 100 states with a total population of 1.5 billion people.

Apparently, illusions regarding the potential capabilities of Third World countries are also being eradicated in Europe. This is happening as Western civilization emerges from the crisis of the first half of the 20th century. and returning it to humanistic values in the post-industrial era.

In other words, there is a growing understanding that the only possible option for the development of world civilization is an equal dialogue, cooperation based on a synthesis of values accumulated by the West and the East (the East refers to various types of civilizations, which include the countries of the Third World). And also the understanding that the Western version of development has led to the emergence of global problems that threaten the existence of humanity, while the Eastern version has preserved values that can provide invaluable assistance in solving these problems. However, it should be emphasized once again that this dialogue is possible on the basis of the West’s complete rejection of the relapses of the policy of neo-colonialism. And apparently, only on this path are progress and survival of both Western civilization and solutions to the problems of backwardness, poverty, misery, hunger, etc. possible. in Third World countries.

In the world historical process of the 20th century. was an era when, at the beginning, the territorial division of the world between the leading powers was completed, and at the end, the collapse of the colonial system occurred. The Soviet Union played an important role in granting independence to colonial countries.

Over the same historical period, only newly industrialized and oil-producing countries have achieved certain successes in economic development. Countries that developed after liberation along the path of socialist orientation remain among the least developed.

For most Third World countries, the problems of hunger, poverty, employment, lack of qualified personnel, illiteracy, and external debt remain acute. Thus, the problems of the Third World countries, where about 2 billion people live, are a global problem of our time.

Becoming global economy world economy

Abstract >> Economics

Western countries. Becoming mass production contributed... 60s. collapse colonial systems led to the emergence of a large... developing peace. An important feature of this stage development... years - mostly intensive type development. Modern level...

Becoming world economy and features of modern stage

Abstract >> Economics

AND stages formation modern world economy Becoming modern... market economy." Liquidation colonial systems mid 60s... relationship colonial dependencies were replaced by connections of another type: ...population in developing world. It is also predicted...

Becoming parliamentarism in Japan and Turkey

Thesis >> Historical figures

And Turkey contributing formation systems parliamentarism, as well as... countries on stage formation parliamentarism, aggravated... among colonial powers, ... capitalist economies type. Land... war and conclude world, exercise supreme command...

Characteristic features of the EGP:

Characteristic features of the geography of natural conditions and resources:

Topic Keywords: