« Socio-economic geography Assessing the quality of life of the population as a form of studying the socio-geographical space A.M. Trofimov, I.G. ..."

Socio-economic geography

Socio-economic geography

Assessment of the quality of life of the population as a form

studying socio-geographical

space

A.M. Trofimov, I.G. Malganova © ©

Any territory is not only a space limited by some characteristics. It includes not only the territory itself, but also many other natural, social, economic elements that make up this territory,

in isolation from which its objective, socially significant assessment is impossible.

Traditionally, territory in geography is considered from the point of view of spatial order and positional principle. Therefore, the idea of ​​it includes various aspects, mainly internal in relation to living conditions: it acquires shades that are linked to the entire course of the processes of evolution of socio-geographical space. An interconnected set of environmental components of a natural-social nature is designed in the form of a special “territorial organization” and forms the general structure of the socio-geographical space. This space is initially heterogeneous and has a complex organization.

The development of information technology, accompanying the global informatization of all spheres of public life, the transition of the most developed countries of the world to the post-industrial stage of development and the formation of the quaternary sector of the economy have led to the emergence and rapid development of global computer information networks. Covering the entire world to one degree or another, they form what is interpreted in many general philosophical and sociological texts as a global information space.

The components of socio-geographical and information spaces interact, overlap each other in complex ways and intersect at different levels.

The features of such interaction between spaces form a certain quality of life for the population of the territory, which is a complex and multi-component concept. In this regard, it is advisable to consider the study and assessment of the quality of life of the population as one of the forms of studying the socio-geographical space.

1.1. Formation of the concept of “quality of life”

The quality of life of the population is one of the most important categories of socio-economic geography. The term “quality of life” was coined by J. Galbraith in the 60s. XX century Having emerged as a problem of environmental protection, health and urban renewal, the problem of “quality of life” acquired a more general meaning © A.M. Trofimov, I.G. Malganova, 2005 Assessment of the quality of life of the population... significance. Finally, “quality of life” has become abroad into an interdisciplinary scientific field that studies the natural, socio-psychological conditions of human existence.

An analysis of the scientific literature on the problem of quality of life indicates a variety of definitions of this concept. The multivariance in determining the quality of life reflects the diversity of approaches to the study of this category (geographical, economic, sociological, political, environmental, etc.). The amplitude of fluctuations is very significant: from complete denial to the use of the concept of “living conditions,” which seems identical to the concept of “quality of life.”

Despite the variety of interpretations of the concept of “quality of life”, in most cases the common starting point in them is the security and satisfaction of the population with a set of needs and benefits: quality of life is considered as a category that characterizes living conditions and is focused on assessing the degree of satisfaction of needs that cannot be directly quantified measurement; quality of life reflects human experience, and quality of life criteria are measurements of areas of life in which people experience different levels of satisfaction or dissatisfaction (pleasure - pain, happiness - unhappiness, etc.).

A number of authors interpret quality of life as a complex, multicomponent, complex concept, but they consider this complexity in different aspects. If A.I. Subetto defines the quality of life through a system of qualities (spiritual, material, sociocultural, environmental and demographic components of life), then I.S. Popov gives the following interpretation of the quality of life: it is a complex, integral characteristic of economic and non-economic factors that determine a person’s position in modern society. S.A. Merkushev speaks of quality of life as an integral concept that comprehensively characterizes the degree (level) of comfort of the social and natural environment for human life and activity (work), the level of well-being, social, spiritual and physical health of a person. J. Papageorgio considers the concept as a function of the following types of conditions: biophysical, environmental, biological and somatic; environmental conditions, both natural and anthropogenic; socio-psychological.

The approach, reflecting both the objective and subjective meaning of the concept of “quality of life”, is based on two oppositions: “objective conditions of existence - subjective assessments of the conditions of existence” and “society as a whole - individual”.

For a long time, most researchers believed that quality of life is only the qualitative side of lifestyle.

Currently, when studying the concept, a systematic approach is used: the quality of life should be considered a set of properties (attributive concept) of the system “person - living environment”.

The quality of life of the population as a whole has a dialectical subject-object character. On the part of the individual, it denotes a certain quality of his living environment, a set of prerequisites necessary for his healthy and socially rich life. From the side of society, it means the measure of the return on existing human potential, the contribution that the city and each of its residents make to the development of social wealth.

In our work, the subject of research will be understood as follows:

Quality of life is a socio-economic category, which is a set of life values ​​that characterize the structure of needs, types of activities and conditions of human existence (population groups, general

tva), people's satisfaction with life, social relationships and the environment.

More specifically, we can consider that the quality of life is a set of characteristics of the life activity of an individual (a group of people or the population as a whole), which determine its optimal course in a certain space-time, i.e. at a specific time, in certain conditions and place, and ensuring the adequacy of its (life) parameters to the basic types of human activity and needs (biological, material, spiritual, etc.).

1.2. Approaches to measuring the quality of life of the population The problem of “quality of life” includes the question of indicators (pointers) with the help of which researchers try to measure this complex social phenomenon. Some researchers consider quality of life as a multicomponent phenomenon that cannot be reduced to something homogeneous and measured using a single indicator. Others believe that this path of research is not only possible, but also necessary. At the same time, a variety of assumptions are put forward regarding the measurement of quality of life - from survey methods that reveal individuals’ and groups’ assessment of their position in society, the degree of their satisfaction with their position, to complex schemes and models based on taking into account a number of specific factors, the totality of which characterizes the quality of life.

Since 1975, a special international journal “Social indicators research” has been published. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal quality-of-life measurement". Its editorial board included D. Bell, J. Tinbergen, I. Horowitz, D. Colman and others.

When studying the doctrine of quality of life, one can come across many contradictory theories, a clash of directions, conclusions that at first glance exclude each other. The prevailing point of view is this: the definition of quality of life is very complex, because, on the one hand, every arbitrary work, relationship of things or concepts can have quality as a categorical definition, and on the other hand, life is an incredibly multi-layered concept.

O. Toffler states: “...we do not have any units of measurement for “quality of life”, there are no systematic indicators that would answer the questions: have people become more alienated from each other or, conversely, have they become closer; Has education become more effective? Are we seeing a flourishing of art, music, literature..."

2. Assessment of the quality of life of the population

2.1. Indicators for assessing the quality of life of the population In the scientific literature one can find serious attempts to create a system of “social indicators”.

Thus, the collection edited by R. Bauer lists 12 “indicators” of “socio-regional” properties: opportunities for vocational education, education by age group, the right to vote when discussing enterprise problems, choice of goods, information on international and production problems, the importance of free time for a specific region, parks and sports facilities, legal protection, public consumption funds, provision for the elderly, the “beauty” of cities, citizen participation in solving utility issues.

The system developed by W. Forrester for determining and improving the quality of life consists of 4 “main factors”: food supply and provision, capital investments that determine the standard of living, environmental pollution, and the degree of population growth.

D. Bell formulated 12 specific indicators commonly used to measure quality of life, including personal physical and national security; justice within the law, protection against injustice; spiritual well-being of the individual, including the possibility of self-expression; quality of cultural life, including education, art, entertainment, recreation, leisure, media; quality of technological environment; environmental quality, including its aesthetic side, environmental protection from pollution, etc.

M. Hagerty, R. Cummins, E. Ferris in their work consider the 22 most used indices in the world for measuring the quality of life Indexes of the entire state or its regions. Determining their usefulness using 14 criteria, the authors come to the conclusion that most indices are reliable and reliable.

The concept of quality of life has begun to be widely used in the domestic scientific literature. It is necessary to note the monograph by O.G. Dmitrieva “Regional Economic Diagnostics”, which assesses the level of economic and social development of the regions of the former USSR, and also presents a typology of regions according to the level of quality of life. In the monograph by E.V. Davydova and A.B. Davydov “Measuring the quality of life” describes various models and methods for measuring the quality of life, the concept is considered as a multicomponent system.

2.2. Ideas about the quality of life in a system of large-scale hierarchy It is advisable to assess the quality of life of the population both in the aggregate and by individual elements using different taxonomic units. Obviously, at different hierarchical levels, for different territorial units, the system of quality of life criteria includes a set of indicators that cover the phenomenon under study with varying degrees of completeness: 1) at the macro level (global level), a system of quantitative assessment indicators is usually used based on data from UN yearbooks on demography , health care, culture, economics, environment; 2) at the meso level (regional level) and micro level (local level), researchers use a different set of indicators characterizing the quality of life; 3) at the top level, the subjective perception of a set of objective indicators related to the life activity of an individual (a group of people or the population as a whole) is most often assessed and a sociological survey is used.

2.3. Assessing the quality of life of the population of the districts of Kazan and millionaire cities of the Russian Federation The methodology for assessing the quality of life of the population at the meso- and micro-levels includes a set of methods and techniques that can be conditionally combined into the following groups:

1) measuring the quality of life using a system of statistical indicators;

2) the use of a set of social indicators - indicators on the basis of which one can judge changes in the state of the system, obtained in the process of sociological surveys;

3) assessment of quality of life using multifactor indices, which are general (summary) indicators.

When using a group of methods based on statistical indicators to assess the quality of life of the population, it is advisable to use a system of general indicators (for a comparative analysis of the quality of life of the population of Kazan and cities Socio-economic geography

–  –  –

1. Current population (thousand people, total).

2. Average annual number of employees in economic sectors (thousand people).

3. Number of registered unemployed (people).

4. Number of students in higher state educational institutions (persons).

5. Country health camps for schoolchildren, organized in the summer of 2001 (a – number of camps; b – children served during the summer).

6. The area of ​​residential premises that are privately owned by citizens, in relation to the total area of ​​residential premises (%).

7. Production of consumer goods at actual prices (million rubles).

Assessing the quality of life of the population...

8. Volume of industrial production by region (billion rubles).

9. Average monthly wages of workers in industry (for large and medium-sized enterprises, thousand rubles) In terms of assessing the quality of life of the population, the leading positions are occupied by the Sovetsky, Vakhitovsky and Aircraft Building districts of the city. In last place (according to the composite index) is the Novo-Savinovsky administrative district.

The Moskovsky district, which is a leader among other districts in terms of quality of life, is the most remote district from the geographical, historical, cultural and educational center of the city - the Vakhitovsky district, which ranks 4th in terms of the quality of life of the population. This is due to the fact that, in comparison with the leading Moscow district, Vakhitovsky has large fluctuations in ranks in terms of indicators, and the rank values ​​were either 6-7 or 1-2. Such sharp fluctuations are also typical for other regions (except Sovetsky). And ultimately, the assessment of the quality of life of the population was carried out using a composite index of average values.

In addition, it should be noted that the territorial, spatial aspect is also important, since thanks to territorial (geographical) proximity, the end result through economic, social, historical and other connections of the territory influence each other, in particular, the state of the quality of life population.

Comparative analysis of the current state of the city.

Kazan and the cities of the Russian Federation from the standpoint of the quality of life of the population was carried out according to the following general set of indicators:

1. Number of deaths per 1000 people. population (‰).

2. Average monthly accrued wages of employees, rub.

3. The number of unemployed citizens looking for work and registered with the state employment service at the end of the period, people.

4. Produced consumer goods (excluding VAT and excise tax), thousand rubles.

5. The average amount of assigned monthly pensions (including compensation) for all pensioners at the end of the year, rubles.

6. Volume of household services to the population, thousand people.

7. Average total area of ​​apartments per city resident, thousand square meters. m.

8. There are children per 100 places in preschool institutions, people.

9. Number of state daytime educational institutions, units.

10. Number of students in state daytime educational institutions, people.

11. Number of state secondary specialized educational institutions (including branches), units.

12. Number of students in state secondary specialized educational institutions (including branches), people.

13. Number of state higher educational institutions (including branches), units.

14. Number of students in state higher educational institutions (including branches), people.

15. Number of cultural and leisure institutions, units.

16. The number of people involved in sections and groups of sports, clubs and groups of physical education and recreation, people.

17. Number of sports facilities, units.

18. Number of stationary social service institutions (home boarding schools), units.

Socio-economic geography

19. Number of telephone sets of public city telephone communication or having access to it, thousand pieces.

20. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere (total), thousand tons.

21. Volume of discharge of polluting wastewater (without treatment and insufficiently treated), thousand cubic meters. m.

22. Crimes registered, units.

The comparative analysis used data from 13 cities with millionaires in the Russian Federation, incl. Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Samara, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Ufa and Volgograd. During the analysis, cities were scored based on individual indicators, then based on a composite index. The places of cities were distributed according to the integral rank, established according to the principle: the better the situation, the lower the score (according to a 5-point system). The average score was used as an integral rank, taking into account, in addition to the total score, the presence of an initial set of indicators for each city.

At the same time, the indicators were divided into two groups: the first group included indicators whose values ​​are better the higher they are, and the second group - vice versa.

The initial assessment showed that it is quite strongly influenced by the significant difference between cities of federal significance (Moscow and St. Petersburg), as well as other millionaire cities of the Russian Federation, this is also evident from the results obtained: more than half of the millionaire cities of the Russian Federation (8) received 9 points when assessing the quality of life of the population. It is in this regard that the quality of life of the millionaire cities of the Russian Federation was subsequently assessed without taking into account Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The values ​​of the points obtained when assessing the quality of life of the population of millionaire cities, taking into account and excluding Moscow and St. Petersburg, were distributed as follows: the cities of Ufa, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don (9 points each), Perm (8 points in both cases). Kazan and Chelyabinsk, which had 9 points when assessed taking into account Moscow and St. Petersburg, now received 7 points each.

As for Samara and Omsk, the 9-point values ​​were replaced by 6 and 8 points, respectively. Finally, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, and Nizhny Novgorod, which in the first case had 7, 8, and 9 points, respectively, received 1, 2, and 4 points when assessed without taking into account federal cities.

Thus, a re-assessment of the quality of life of the millionaire cities of the Russian Federation, without taking into account Moscow and St. Petersburg, showed the following:

1. Results depend on the selected territorial units.

2. Cities with stable score values ​​were identified, i.e. cities whose score values ​​did not change with or without Moscow and St. Petersburg. Ufa, Volgograd and Rostov-on-Don have a low unsatisfactory, and Perm has a low satisfactory quality of life of the population compared to other millionaire cities.

3. Re-evaluation and comparative analysis of cities showed their great differentiation, i.e. If, when assessing all 13 millionaire cities, the cities were included in the group with a low quality of life (7, 8, 9 points), then a repeated assessment without taking into account Moscow and St. Petersburg showed that they can also be classified into other groups - with average and even high quality of life (1, 2, 4, 6 points).

In general, the assessment showed that the category of quality of life is ambiguous and cannot be represented by a simple set of economic, social and environmental factors. Objectively assessing the quality of life takes into account the territoriality factor.

Assessing the quality of life of the population...

The quality of life of the population, or rather improving the quality of life, is ultimately an important strategic goal of development at all territorial levels. At the same time, the assessment of the quality of life is intended to help in developing the main directions of strategic planning to improve and ensure a decent quality of life for the population of both an individual city, region, and the country as a whole.

A socio-geographic study of the quality of life of the population covers all the main characteristics of the life of the population, which reflect the lifestyle and standard of living, and the results of the population’s activities.

Bibliography

1. Kazan in figures for 2002: Stat. collection. Kazan, 2003.

2. Kiseleva T. Quality of life in the globalized economy / T. Kiseleva, S. Polnarev, A. Smenkovsky // Standards and quality. 2001. No. 3.

3. Merkushev S.A. Quality of life of the population of urban settlements of the Perm region (territorial analysis): Author's abstract. dis... cand. geogr. Sci. Perm, 1997.

4. Perfilyev Yu.Yu. Cybergeography: virtual space as an object of geographical research / Yu.Yu. Perfilyev // Izv. AN. Ser. geogr.

5. Popov S.I. The problem of quality of life in modern ideological struggle / S.I. Popov. M.: Politizdat, 1977.

6. Needs, income, consumption (methodology of analysis and forecasting of national welfare) / N.M. Rimashevskaya, I.L. Lakhman, A.I. Levin et al. M.: Nauka, 1979.

7. Spatial analysis / Ed. A.M. Trofimova, E.M. Pudovik. Kazan: New knowledge, 2000.

8. Russian statistical yearbook. M, 2002.

10. Telnova T.P. On the increasing role of social factors in the regional study of the population / T.P. Telnova // Production, population, environmental management: geographical and socio-economic aspects. Ufa.

11. Todorov A.S. Quality of life (critical analysis of bourgeois concepts) / A.S. Todorov. M.: Progress, 1980.

12. Toffler O. The Third Wave / O. Toffler. M., 2003.

13. Yanitsky O.N. Scientific and technological progress, human factor and reproductive functions of the urban environment / O. N. Yanitsky // Problems of the quality of the urban environment. M.: Nauka, 1989.

14. Hagerty Michael R. Quality of life indexes for national policy: review and agenda for research / M.R. Hagerty, R. A. Cummins, A.L. Ferriss // Social Indicators Research. 2001. No. 2.

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A BASIC LEVEL OF

The study of geography at the basic level of secondary (complete) general education is aimed at achieving the following goals :

· mastering the system of geographical knowledge about a holistic, diverse and dynamically changing world, the relationship between nature, population and economy at all territorial levels, geographical aspects of global problems of humanity and ways to solve them; methods of studying geographical space, the diversity of its objects and processes;

· mastery of skills combine global, regional and local approaches to describe and analyze natural, socio-economic and geo-ecological processes and phenomena;

· development cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities through familiarization with the most important geographical features and problems of the world, its regions and largest countries;

· upbringing patriotism, tolerance, respect for other peoples and cultures; respect for the environment;

· usage in practical activities and everyday life of a variety of geographical methods, knowledge and skills, as well as geographical information.

MANDATORY MINIMUM CONTENT
BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

MODERN METHODS
GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH.
SOURCES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Geography as a science. Traditional and new methods of geographical research. Types of geographic information, its role and use in people's lives. Geographic information systems.

NATURE AND MAN IN THE MODERN WORLD

The interaction of humanity and nature, environmental changes in the past and present. The main types of natural resources, their location, the largest deposits and territorial combinations. Rational and irrational environmental management.

Assessment of mankind's provision with the main types of natural resources. Analysis of environmental management maps in order to identify areas of acute geo-ecological situations.

WORLD POPULATION

Constant growth of the Earth's population, its causes and consequences. Types of population reproduction. Composition and structure of the population. Geography of world religions. Main sources of ethnic and religious conflicts. Main directions and types of migrations in the world. Geographical features of population distribution. Forms of settlement, urban and rural populations of the world. Urbanization as a worldwide process.

Assessment of the main indicators of the level and quality of life of the population. Analysis of population maps.

GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

World economy, main stages of its development. Sectoral and territorial structure of the world economy. Geography of the main industries of production and non-production spheres, regions of various specializations. World trade and tourism. Main international highways and transport hubs. International specialization of the largest countries and regions of the world, industrial and regional integration unions. Leading exporting countries of main types of products. Geography of world monetary and financial relations.

Analysis of economic maps. Identification of uneven economic development of different territories. Determination of the international specialization of the largest countries and regions of the world. Establishing relationships between the distribution of the population, economy and natural conditions in specific territories.

REGIONS AND COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

The variety of countries in the world and their types. Modern political map of the world. Features of the geographical location, history of discovery and development, natural resource potential, population, economy, culture, modern problems of development of large regions and countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, North and Latin America, as well as Australia.

Analysis of the political map of the world and economic maps in order to determine the specialization of different types of countries and regions of the world, their participation in the international geographical division of labor.

RUSSIA IN THE MODERN WORLD

Russia on the political map of the world, in the world economy, in the system of international financial, economic and political relations. Industries of international specialization in Russia. Peculiarities of the geography of economic, political and cultural relations of Russia with the most developed countries of the world. Geographical aspects of the most important socio-economic problems of Russia.

Analysis and explanation of the features of the modern geopolitical and geo-economic situation of Russia. Determination of the main directions of Russia’s external economic relations with the most developed countries of the world.

GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF MODERN
GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF HUMANITY

The concept of global problems, their types and relationships. Geographical content of global problems of humanity in the past and present. Raw materials, demographic, food and geo-ecological problems as priorities, ways to solve them. Problems of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries. Geographical aspects of the quality of life of the population. The role of geography in solving global problems of humanity.

Drawing up simple tables, diagrams, maps, reflecting the geographical relationships of the priority global problems of humanity.

LEVEL REQUIREMENTS
GRADUATE TRAINING

As a result of studying geography at a basic level, the student should

know/understand

· basic geographical concepts and terms; traditional and new methods of geographical research;

· features of the location of the main types of natural resources, their main deposits and territorial combinations; the size and dynamics of the world population, individual regions and countries, their ethnogeographical specifics; differences in the level and quality of life of the population, the main directions of migration; problems of modern urbanization;

· geographical features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the world economy, the location of its main industries; geographical specifics of individual countries and regions, their differences in the level of socio-economic development, specialization in the system of international geographical division of labor; geographical aspects of global problems of humanity;

· features of the modern geopolitical and geo-economic situation of Russia, its role in the international geographical division of labor;

be able to

· define and compare according to various sources of information, geographical trends in the development of natural, socio-economic and geo-ecological objects, processes and phenomena;

· evaluate and explain resource availability of individual countries and regions of the world, their demographic situation, levels of urbanization and territorial concentration of population and production, the degree of natural, anthropogenic and man-made changes in individual territories;

· apply various sources of geographic information for conducting observations of natural, socio-economic and geo-ecological objects, processes and phenomena, their changes under the influence of various factors;

· make up comprehensive geographical characteristics of regions and countries of the world; tables, maps, diagrams, simple maps, models reflecting the geographical patterns of various phenomena and processes, their territorial interactions;

· compare geographical maps of various subjects;

use acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life For:

· identifying and explaining the geographical aspects of various current events and situations;

· finding and using geographic information, including maps, statistical materials, geographic information systems and Internet resources; correct assessment of the most important socio-economic events in international life, the geopolitical and geo-economic situation in Russia, other countries and regions of the world, trends in their possible development;

· understanding the geographical specifics of large regions and countries of the world in the context of globalization, the rapid development of international tourism and recreation, business and educational programs, various types of human communication.

Italics in the text highlight material that is subject to study, but is not included in the Requirements for the level of graduate training.

1.2 Indicators of quality of life.

There are integral and partial approaches to understanding the quality of life. The integrated approach assumes the behavior of two types of assessments: objective (based on official statistical data, without the use of generalized information, based on various kinds of public opinion polls, etc.) and subjective (based on the opinion of the population).

I. V. Bestuzhev - Lada focuses the category “quality of life” on such an assessment of the degree of satisfaction of material needs, which cannot be directly quantified, but requires complex methods of indirect qualification on various scales. Therefore, an assessment should be made of the content of work and leisure and satisfaction with them, the level of comfort in work and life, the quality and fashionability of clothing, the quality of food, housing, living and environment, the functioning of social institutions, the quality of the level of satisfaction of the need for communication, knowledge, creativity and other needs aimed not only at self-preservation, but also at self-satisfaction and self-organization of the individual.

Population health, as a rule, can be one of the main criteria for the effective functioning of the economy, because its role is enhanced due to:

1. Increasing the role of the human factor in the national economy, where health acts as the main property of labor resources, characterizing the quality of the labor force used by society for the reproduction of material and spiritual benefits;

2. An increase in direct and indirect costs of society in production, where the health of the population is the subject and product of labor in many sectors of the national economy

3. The need to quantitatively measure the well-being of the population, in the assessment of which health manifests itself as a consumer good and as its main component.

D. Pringle uses a system of quality of life indicators based on the use of a number of statistical estimates characterizing the level of employment, health status of the population, crime rate, etc. At the same time, the author points out that many components of the quality of life are not quantitatively measured (for example, satisfaction ).

Other authors also include among such “unmeasurable elements” individual attachments and preferences, a person’s satisfaction with his ability to control any situation, etc. These and similar elements, combined together, make it possible to paint a picture of a person’s subjective perceived quality of life.

Having analyzed the available approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of “quality of life” of the population, the authors came to the conclusion that a holistic picture of the quality of life can be created by combining two groups of criteria into a whole.

The first group consists of estimates based on statistical information. With a certain degree of convention, these criteria can be called objective.

The second group consists entirely of assessments based on sociological surveys of the population, in which respondents are asked to express their attitude to certain aspects of their lives, so it seems quite justified to classify them as subjective.

In general, it is necessary to be careful when measuring quality of life using subjective indicators. The main reason for this approach is that, as M. Adamitz and K. Pornalk correctly believe, the conditions that give people’s judgments sufficient credibility include freedom and the opportunity to avoid mystification. Therefore, in order to avoid a mystified idea of ​​the surrounding reality, it is possible, in society, to achieve a certain level of development. This level presupposes the presence of a number of conditions, among which are the following:

· The basic material needs of consumption are satisfied to the extent that the stage of satisfying “refined, modified personal needs” begins. Spiritual and aesthetic needs should come to the fore

· A middle class of sufficient size has emerged in the country, concentrating a significant part of the nation’s intelligence, the well-being of which is beyond doubt;

· A person assessing the quality of life has a certain practice of using alternative options. It is known from research that the fewer alternatives a family or individual has for comparison. The less they value quality of life.

· Stability of the socio-political situation in the country, sustainable economic growth.

Modern Russian reality does not yet satisfy any of the listed conditions. Therefore, when studying the quality of life of the population of our country at the present stage, an approach that, with a certain degree of convention, can be called objective should prevail. Criteria and assessments of quality of life should be based on a system of indicators that objectively reflect the socio-economic situation.

1.3 Quality of life criteria

The study of the quality of life of the population involves supplementing criterion assessments with a system of scientific justification and systematic, organized observation. Data collection and analysis.

The diversity of the concept of “quality” of life is due to the variety of indicators. The latter can characterize a single element of quality of life or the entirety. Relevant indicators include:

1. Health

The ability to lead a healthy lifestyle at all stages of the life cycle;

The impact of health impairment on individuals;

2. Individual development through training

Children’s acquisition of basic knowledge and skills, as well as values ​​necessary for their individual development and successful activities as a member of society;

The ability to continue self-education and the ability to use these skills;

The use and development by individuals of their knowledge, skills and mobility required to realize their economic potential and, if desired, enabling their integration into the economic process;

The preservation and development of cultural development by the individual in order to contribute to the well-being of members of various social groups;

3. Employment and quality of working life

Availability of profitable work for those who strive to get it;

Nature of work activity;

Individual's satisfaction with their work life

4. Time and leisure

The ability to choose your pastime

5. Possibility of purchasing goods and using services

Personal opportunity to purchase goods and use services;

The number of people experiencing material deprivation;

The degree of equality in the distribution of goods and services;

Quality, choice and availability of goods and services produced in the private and public sectors;

Protecting individuals and their families when faced with economic hardship;

And the following indicators: - working conditions and safety; - environmental Safety; - availability and possibility of rational use of free time; - cultural level of the population; - state and level of physical culture. Level and quality of life are very similar concepts, but still different. Quality of life is more abstract. Of course, it depends on the level...

CHAPTER II. DIRECTIONS AND INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION OF A MUNICIPAL FORMATION 2.1 Component-by-component analysis of the quality of life of the population of a municipal formation. So, as we found out, monitoring the quality of life of the population can be carried out in the three main directions noted above (see Chapter 1). Let us now consider each of the intended areas of monitoring more...

Among crimes committed in public places and on the streets, property crimes account for a high proportion. 3. Territorial differentiation of the quality of life of the population The Perm Territory remains a territory with significant differentiation of municipalities in terms of the level of socio-economic development and living conditions of people. Relatively favorable situation...

1. Introduction.

2. Concept and main indicators of the quality of life of the population.

3. System of indicators of the quality of life of the population

4.Statistics of the standard of living of the population. System of statistical indicators of the standard of living of the population. Problems of statistics of the standard of living of the population.

5. Characteristics of the standard of living of the population.

6. Salary.

7.Quality of life of the population in science.

8. Statistics

9. Study of the quality of life of the population.

10. Qualitative indicators.

11. Integral indicator of the level and quality of life

1. Introduction. In the era of globalization and deepening integration processes, expansion of foreign economic relations and various forms of economic cooperation, the availability of comparable information is a necessary condition for assessing the economic and social position of a country in the world. Currently, the results of comparisons are widely used by international organizations, national government agencies and non-governmental organizations in different countries, journalists and scientists for analytical and practical work.

The standard of living occupies a central place in the socio-economic life of society. In civilized countries, the main task of the state is to ensure a decent level and quality of life for the population. In modern transformations of a market economy, the problem of increasing the level and quality of life is becoming very important. It is with the social function of state policy that society associates ever-increasing expectations regarding improving the quality and standard of living. The direction and pace of further transformations in countries and, ultimately, political and, consequently, economic stability in society largely depend on the solution to this problem. The work of many economists has been devoted to studying the issues of increasing living standards. The works of K. Marx played a significant role in the development of their methodological foundations. Research in this area was carried out by S.L. Brew, J.M. Keynes, F. Kotler, A. Maslow, S. Fisher, etc. Foreign authors have developed national models of living standards, indicators for their assessment, and regulatory mechanisms.

In recent decades, the meaning that scientists give to the term “standard of living” and the content put into it have undergone major changes. Until recently, experts in the field of measuring living standards had only two long-established, traditional approaches to solving this problem. Both approaches, as it turned out, have serious shortcomings, the understanding of which made it possible to raise the question of an ideal indicator of living standards from a theoretical point of view, that is, a benchmark to which one should strive in applied research and practical measurements. Existing disagreements in the methodology for determining the standard of living, an insufficiently targeted analysis of its indicators, and the high social cost of economic reforms implemented in the world necessitate a thorough study of these positions and confirm the relevance of the topic of this essay.

The main goal of this work is to analyze the specifics of the concepts of “standard of living” and “quality of life”, to study the most important indicators and to consider the state of the level and quality of life in various countries and regions of the world. In connection with this goal, the main tasks of the work have been set - to define the concepts standard of living and quality of life, describe measurement indicators, reveal the importance of studying these concepts, based on analysis, determine the current state of the level and quality and quality of life of the world's population, as well as identify the main directions for improving the standard of living of various countries.

The subject of the study is defined as a set of economic relations that determine the standard of living of the population. The object of the study is the standard of living of the population and the conditions influencing it as a certain cross-section of socio-economic relations.

2. Concept and main indicators of the quality of life of the population.

Quality of life is the most important social category, which characterizes the structure of human needs and the possibility of satisfying them. Some researchers, when defining the concept of “quality of life,” focus much attention on the economic side, the material security of life of the population. There is also an opposite point of view, according to which the quality of life is the most integrated social indicator.

Quality of life of the population- this is the degree of satisfaction of a person’s material, spiritual and social needs.

A person suffers from a low quality of life and experiences satisfaction from a high quality of life, regardless of the area in work, business and personal life. Therefore, quality is constantly necessary for a person. A person himself strives to improve the quality of life - he gets an education, works at work, strives to move up the career ladder, and makes every effort to achieve recognition in society.

The main indicators of the quality of life of the population are:

• income of the population(average per capita nominal and real incomes, indicators of income differentiation, nominal and real accrued average wages, average and real amounts of assigned pensions, the cost of living and the share of the population with incomes below the subsistence level, minimum wages and pensions, etc.);
• quality nutrition(calorie content, composition of products);
• quality and fashion clothes;

• comfort dwellings(total area of ​​occupied housing per inhabitant);
• quality health(number of hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants);
• quality social services(recreation and services);
• quality education(number of universities and secondary specialized educational institutions, proportion of students in the population);
• quality culture(publishing books, brochures, magazines);
• quality of service sector;
• quality environment, leisure structure;
• demographic trends(indicators of life expectancy, fertility, mortality, marriage rate, divorce rate);
• security (number of registered crimes).

3. System of indicators of the quality of life of the population

The cost of living:

• living wage; 4.

• number of students;

The cost of living:

• price indices for consumer goods;
• the cost of all types of services, including household, housing and communal services and social sector services;
• living wage;

Population consumption:

• expenses and savings;

Population income:

• final consumption expenditures;
• average per capita cash income;
• income from labor and economic activities of households;
• share of deposits in household expenses;
• purchase of currency;
• purchase of securities;
• real estate;
• land for personal use;
• availability of passenger cars per 100 families;
• household disposable resources;
• minimum wage;
• minimum pension;
• minimum consumer budget;
• decile differentiation coefficient;
• fund ratio;
• income concentration coefficient (Gini coefficient);
• ratio of shares of food expenditures for different quantile groups of the population;

The cost of living:

price indices for consumer goods;

• the cost of all types of services, including household, housing and communal services and social sector services;
• living wage;

Population consumption: 5.

• expenses and savings;
• consumption of staple foods;
• energy and nutritional value of products;

Basic integral indicators of population life:

• ratio of income and expenses;
• the ratio of average per capita income to the cost of living;
• the amount of the conditionally free part of disposable income;
• Poverty level:
• poverty line;
• population with incomes below the subsistence level;

Providing and covering the population with infrastructure facilities and technical means of the sectoral social sphere:

• number of consumer services enterprises;
• number of educational institutions;
• number of students;
• number of medical personnel;
• number of cultural and recreational institutions;

Demographic parameters:

• permanent population size;
• gender and age composition of the population;
• total fertility rate;
• life expectancy at birth;
• crude mortality rate;
• marriage rate;
• number of households;

4.Statistics of the standard of living of the population

Standards of living- represents an economic category. This is the level of provision of the population with necessary material goods and services.

The standard of living is the level of well-being of the population, consumption of goods and services, a set of conditions and indicators that characterize the extent to which people's basic life needs are satisfied.

At present, when the economic systems of countries are subject to deformation and modification, the main goal remains implementation of the principle of social orientation of the market economy by improving the standard of living of the population.

System of statistical indicators of the standard of living of the population

As the main comprehensive characteristics of the standard of living of the population Currently, the human development index (HDI) is used, calculated as the integral of three components: GDP per capita, life expectancy at birth, and the achieved level of education.

To compare living standards in different countries, the following indicators are also used in world practice:

• Gross domestic product per capita
• Consumer price index
• Consumption structure
• Death rate
• Fertility rate
• Life expectancy at birth
• Infant death rate

The agreed standard of living of citizens of the Russian Federation is determined by the following main indicators:

• volume of gross domestic product per capita;
• volume of production of essential goods;
• inflation rate;
• unemployment rate;
• the amount of real income per capita;
• the population's ability to invest in themselves and the economy;
• the ratio of the cost of living and the minimum wage;
• the number of citizens with incomes below the subsistence level;
• share of government spending on education, culture, health care and social security;
• the ratio of the average pension to the cost of living;
• human life expectancy;
• the ratio of birth rate and death rate of the population;
• volume of retail turnover;
• deviation of the state of the environment from standards.

Objectives of statistics of living standards of the population

The main objectives of statistics on the standard of living of the population are: the study of the actual well-being of the population, as well as the factors that determine the living conditions of the country's citizens in accordance with economic growth; measuring the degree of satisfaction of needs for material goods and services in relation to social conditions and production development.

Particular attention should be paid to the task of studying the patterns of formation and regional-dynamic trends in the standard of living of the country's population as a whole, as well as in the context of individual socio-demographic groups of the population and types of households.

The basis for constructing a system of indicators and solving these problems are materials from macroeconomic statistics, demographic statistics, labor statistics, trade statistics, and price statistics. A significant amount of information collected is based on data from financial and accounting reports, the state tax service, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, etc., as well as on materials from special surveys, censuses, and surveys.

Main sources of information are the balance of monetary income and expenditure of the population and sample surveys of households.

The balance of monetary income and expenditure of the population is built at the federal and regional levels and is the basis for constructing macroeconomic indicators. It reflects the volume and structure of the population’s funds, taking the form of income, expenses and savings. The income of the population is grouped in the balance sheet according to the sources of funds and the areas of their spending.

One of the types of state statistical monitoring of the standard of living of the population is sample household budget surveys.Surveys make it possible to obtain data for the accounts of the “Households” sector in the SNA, the distribution of income of various groups and segments of the population, and also to identify the dependence of the level of material well-being of a household on its size and family composition, source of income, and employment of family members in various sectors of the economy.

Currently, in accordance with the transition to international standards according to the SNA methodology, new macroeconomic indicators of living standards are being introduced. These include gross household disposable income, gross adjusted household disposable income, household final consumption expenditure and actual household final consumption.

5. Characteristics of the standard of living of the population

To characterize the standard of living, quantitative and qualitative indicators are used. Quantitative - determine the volume of consumption of specific goods and services, and qualitative - the qualitative aspect of the well-being of the population.

The standard of living is characterized by a whole block of indicators:

• consumer basket
• average salary 8.
• income difference
• life expectancy
• the level of education
• food consumption structure
• development of the service sector
• housing provision
• state of the environment
• degree of realization of human rights

Ten countries with the highest and lowest life expectancy at birth, both sexes, years, 2005 (WPDS)* Source: Population Reference Bureau. 2005, World Population Data Sheet. World Health Organization. The World Health Report, 2005. Geneva, 2005.

Countries with the highest life expectancy	Countries with the lowest life expectancy
The whole world-67
		Botswana
Iceland		Swaziland
China(Hong Kong)
San Marino
Liechtenstein		Sierra Leone
Norway		Zimbabwe
		Mozambique
Switzerland		Afghanistan

The standard of living of the population is associated with the concept " income poverty". A person whose income is below a certain established minimum is considered absolutely poor.

The World Bank (WB) has established that for developing countries, a person whose annual income is less than $375 (based on 1985 PPP dollars) or who receives about one dollar a day is considered poor. For Latin American countries, the WB drew a poverty line of $2 a day. In Eastern Europe and the former USSR, the poverty line is $4 a day. For industrialized countries, the poverty line adopted in the United States is used - $14.4 per day.

developed countries national poverty line is relative, not absolute. According to the concept of relative poverty, a person is considered poor if the means at his disposal do not allow him to lead the lifestyle accepted in the society in which he lives. In the USA, the relative poverty line is defined at 40% of the median (average) income; in Europe within the framework of the Luxembourg International Income Study - 50%; in Scandinavian countries - 60%.

The officially adopted method of measuring poverty in Russia is based on the concept of absolute poverty or minimum need, ensuring the maintenance of health and preservation of working capacity (the composition of the minimum consumer basket). Valuation consumer basket, as well as the costs of mandatory payments and fees, amount to the subsistence level. In the Russian Federation, both indicators are approved at least once every five years. In the Russian Federation, both indicators are approved at least once every five years. As of the second quarter of 2006, the living wage of a Muscovite was (for all population groups) on average 5,159 rubles, and the minimum wage (minimum wage) was 1,100 rubles.

On average in the Russian Federation, the minimum cost of living is 2,653 rubles, and the average salary is 8,530 rubles. Thus, the average Russian receives 3.22 consumer baskets monthly.

In October 2006, State Duma deputies adopted in the second reading the law “On the Consumer Basket,” which slightly increased consumption standards. Thus, the rate of meat consumption per year per person will be 37 kg (or 3 kg per month), which is almost 2 times lower than the desired rate recommended by specialists from the Nutrition Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (60 kg per year). As experts note, the proposed standards are lower not only than the level achieved in the USSR, but also the level of UN humanitarian assistance in Somalia. According to Management Today magazine, executives of American companies receive the highest salaries in the world - $1.43 million per year (about $120 thousand per month). They are followed by their British colleagues - 747.4 thousand dollars. The French take third place - 546 thousand dollars per year.

According to a report published by the Federation of European Employers in 2004, the highest average wages in Europe are paid in Denmark - 27.89 euros / hour, Switzerland - 22.03, Luxembourg - 20.03, Norway - 19.24 and Germany - 17.57. The French and Finns earn half as much as the Danes per hour of work. The lowest average wages in Moldova are 0.32 euros/hour. In the ranking of 46 countries, Russia took 40th position - about 1 euro/hour, or 4% of the amount that the average Danish citizen earns per hour. Behind Russia were Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Ukraine and Belarus.

In addition to these indicators, social transfers have a serious impact on the standard of living of the population. Thus, in Russia, the level of unemployment benefits is about 20% of the average wage previously received in the last 12 months of work. In Germany, the average benefit is 60% of the average salary. The amount of unemployment benefits in Norway is approximately $1,900 per month, in the USA - from $400 to $2,600, in Russia - from $55 to $116.

7.Quality of life of the population in science.

Interest in the problems of the quality of life of the population is observed among various kinds of sciences, which include economics, sociology, philosophy, medicine, etc. This variety of approaches to assessing the quality of life of the population predetermined the multiplicity and ambiguity of the existing interpretations of the category “quality of life of the population”, focusing on its individual aspects. Despite the significant amount of work and the variety of approaches to interpreting the quality of life, in general the scientific community agrees that this category is a capacious, multidimensional and difficult to construct concept. The issues of components of quality of life and various sets of indicators characterizing it remain controversial in the ongoing discussion. The purpose of this study is to review methodological approaches to assessing the quality of life of the population. The results of the study will further allow us to build our own methodological approach to assessing the quality of life of the population.

The quality of life is determined by the vital potential of society, its social groups, individual citizens and the correspondence of the characteristics of processes, means, conditions and results of their life activities to socially positive needs, values ​​and goals.

The quality of life is manifested in people’s subjective satisfaction with themselves and their lives, as well as in the objective characteristics characteristic of human life as biological, psychological (spiritual) and social differences.

8.Statistics. As part of international studies of the quality of life of the population, various approaches and indicators for assessing it have been proposed. One of the most commonly used indicators of quality of life is the Human Development Index (HDI). This index is actively used by the United Nations (UN) as part of the Human Development Reports and has been calculated annually since 1990. This series of reports is devoted to how the created living conditions can contribute to human development, that is, certain ideas are given about the relationship between the quality of life in different countries of the world. The HDI is calculated in three main areas:

Longevity, measured based on life expectancy at birth (25 years as a minimum, 85 years as a maximum).

Educational attainment measured by a country's adult literacy rate (0 to 100%) and gross enrollment ratio.

Standard of living, measured by GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in US dollars (from $100 to $40 thousand).

As a result, each of the listed indicators is converted to a scale from 0 to 1, after which the arithmetic mean is calculated. Based on the calculations obtained, a ranked list of countries is compiled according to the HDI indicator in the range from 0 to 1. Countries are classified into four groups: with very high, high, medium and low levels of human development. The leading positions, according to the 2013 Human Development Report, are occupied by such highly developed countries as Norway, Australia, the USA, the Netherlands, etc. Russia is in the group with a high level of human development (55th place in the ranking), approximately at the same level as Belarus (50th place), Uruguay (51st), Romania (56th) and Bulgaria (57th). A distinctive feature of Russia is that the block characterizing the level of education is at a high level, comparable with leading countries. However, the low expected duration and the size of GDP per capita do not allow one to rise higher in the ranking. Despite the fact that the authors of the report consider the HDI as a summary indicator of human development in the country, or the “so-called quality of life”, the list of its components does not provide an exhaustive description of this problem. At the same time, it can give a kind of primary idea of ​​​​the state of the quality of life population of the countries of the world and their distribution relative to each other. According to the research, the top positions are occupied mainly by Swiss and German cities. In 2011, the city with the highest quality of life indicators was Vienna (Austria). In general, the best cities in terms of quality of life include those located in Europe (countries such as Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Great Britain, Spain, France), North America (cities located in Canada and the USA), and Japan. Russia is represented by only two cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg.

In the presented ranking, they were not included in the top hundred most favorable cities in terms of quality of life and ranked only 163 and 165 based on the size of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in US dollars); 2. Health (life expectancy at birth, years); 3. Political stability and security (based on relevant ratings); 4. Family life (based on the divorce rate per 1000 population, an index is constructed ranging from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest)); 5. Social life (an index is constructed in the range from 0 to 1, based on data on church attendance or trade union membership); 6. Climate and geography (geographic latitude to distinguish between warm and cold climates); 7. Guarantees for the provision of jobs (unemployment rate, in%); 8. Political freedoms (data on indices of political and civil freedoms, range from 1 (full provision of rights and freedoms) to 7 (significant restrictions); 9. Gender equality (ratio between the average incomes of men and women).

According to the ranking of countries based on this index, among the 80 countries of the world included in this study, Russia in 2013 is in 72nd place (with a value of 5.31), located next to such countries as Azerbaijan (5.60), Indonesia (5.54), as well as Syria (5.29) and Kazakhstan (5.20). The first three places are occupied by Switzerland (8.22), Australia (8.12) and Norway (8.09). 12.

Since the quality of life also includes indicators of the moral and psychological climate and mental comfort, an important complementary component is the subjective feeling of happiness. Ideas about a high quality of life are associated by the population with a happy life (i.e., achieved success, satisfaction with one’s social position, status, living conditions, family life, profession, work, specialty, salary, overall well-being), and therefore neglect This aspect limits the interpretation of the subjective component of quality of life. As part of the annual global international survey of the Gallup International Association “Global Barometer of Hope and Despair” conducted in December 2011 among 58 countries of the world, the Happiness Index was calculated. Contrary to many rankings among countries in the world on the quality of life of the population, the results of the study showed a slightly different distribution. The top five happiest countries in the world include Fiji, Nigeria, the Netherlands and Ghana. Russia took 40th place in this ranking, being on the same level as countries such as the USA (38th place), Pakistan (39th) and Hong Kong (41st). A distinctive feature of Russia is the fact that there are significantly fewer happy people than in the world as a whole (39% versus 53%), but there are also fewer unhappy people (8% versus 13%). At the same time, the highest proportion is that part of the population that evaluates its situation as “neither happy nor unhappy” (42%).

9. Study of the quality of life of the population.

As researchers note, the state of happiness is a certain cultural feature of a particular country (region) and does not directly depend on its real economic situation and the expectations associated with it.

Consequently, pessimism regarding one’s financial situation is not capable of radically reducing the population’s internal sense of personal happiness, and therefore these subjective characteristics are necessary in the system of indicators of the quality of life of the population. Of interest are the studies conducted at the All-Russian Center for Living Standards, in particular by V.N. Bobkov, who notes that the quality of life is the level of development and the degree of satisfaction of the entire complex of needs and interests of people. The author presents a list of quality of life indicators in relation to the main areas of people’s life. These areas include: working life, the sphere of developing people's abilities, family life, everyday life and maintaining health, the life of the disabled, leisure, the environment, life in extreme economic situations, concern for the future. The method of extremely critical (threshold) values ​​of indicators of the state of society, developed by S. Yu. Glazyev and V. V. Lokosov, deserves special attention.

By extremely critical we mean such a value of an indicator, going beyond the boundaries of which indicates the emergence of a threat to the functioning of the economy and the life of society due to a disruption in the normal flow of the processes reflected by this indicator. 13.

In accordance with this, two threshold values ​​are identified, the first characterizes the maximum permissible value, the second - the minimum, indicating the boundaries of the interval of values ​​​​permissible for the normal functioning and development of the system. Thus, the authors emphasize the need to systematically measure indicators of socio-economic status and, based on analysis, determine their relationship to extremely critical values ​​in order to manage socio-economic development. The difference between cross-country and intra-country approaches to assessing the quality of life of the population lies in the number of blocks of indicators characterizing it. When compiling ratings of countries around the world based on the quality of life of the population, in most cases the use of those parameters is noted that most fully cover all areas of human activity and the factors influencing them. This specificity is explained by differences not only in the qualitative composition of the population, the level of economic development of the country, etc., but also in ethnocultural characteristics, geographical and climatic conditions. However, integral indicators of quality of life can also be presented in collapsed form. In this case, the values ​​of complex indicators built into its structure are replaced by one indicator, the value of which correlates with it. Intra-country estimates are characterized by significant detail in the parameters studied. In the conditions of Russian realities, the difficulty of assessing the quality of life of the population is determined by its territorial characteristics. The territory of the Russian Federation occupies 17098.2 thousand square meters. km., which is divided into 9 time zones and located in 3 climatic zones: temperate, arctic and subarctic. In an export-oriented raw material economy, different natural resource potential largely determines the level of development of individual regions, thereby already contributing adjustments to the quality of the country's population.

An additional factor is the heterogeneity of regions in terms of their socio-demographic, national, cultural and other characteristics, predetermined by historical characteristics. Therefore, ignoring these facts when assessing the quality of life reduces its information content. However, it should also be taken into account that the study of quality of life relates to the problem of studying and managing complex social processes that are difficult to formalize. That is, we are talking about a system of socio-economic relations in which the most important parameters do not always correspond to the specific requirements of modeling.

10.Qualitative indicators

Indicators of working conditions. Indicators of working conditions in the practice of international statistics include the following information, closely related to the demographic characteristics of the population:

1) working age limits;

2) the established and actual duration of the working week (by industry and sector of the economy); 14.

3) duration of paid leave;

4) indicators of working conditions directly at the workplace (level of dust, noise, vibration, various types of radiation; monotony of work, uncomfortable posture, the need to move around a lot, etc.).

Indicators reflecting the level of occupational diseases, occupational injuries and mortality at work are directly dependent on working conditions. These include:

a) accident frequency rate, which is determined by dividing the number of accidents by the average number of employees;

b) an indicator of the average duration of disability, which is the ratio of the total number of days of disability to the number of victims in accidents;

c) accident severity coefficient, which is calculated as the ratio of the total number of days of incapacity to work to the total number of man-days worked;

d) the mortality rate from accidents, defined as the ratio of the number of deaths at work to the total number of victims or to the average number of employees for this period;

Indicators of living and leisure conditions. The study of living and leisure conditions is based on an analysis of the areas of use of income received and the share of expenses for various goods and services in total expenses.

Analysis of the structure and level of consumption of the main types of goods and services per capita or family is based on the criterion of the rationality of the structure of family expenses, proposed by the German statistician E. Engel in the 19th century: with an increase in family income, the share of expenses for food decreases, and the share of expenses for satisfying cultural needs decreases. and other intangible needs increases significantly.

The level of consumption of certain types of food, clothing, footwear, provision of housing, furniture and other durable goods and various types of services is usually calculated on an annual basis per person or family and analyzed over a certain period of time, and also compared with scientifically based data. national consumption standards, as well as with corresponding indicators of other countries.

Personal income is used either to cover current expenses or for savings. Current household expenses include costs for food, drinks and tobacco; clothes and shoes; housing, heating and lighting; furniture, home equipment and home care; health care costs; for transport and communications; for education, culture, physical education and sports, recreation and tourism; for other services and material goods.

It should be emphasized that this grouping of current expenditures for each country has its own characteristics depending on the prevailing statistical practice.

Property and monetary savings are often also included as indicators of material well-being, since current income does not always accurately reflect the level of real consumption.

Savings of the population represent the difference between income and current expenses. Savings can be in cash or in kind. Cash savings represent either an increase in money in the hands of the population, or an increase in investments in financial institutions, or an increase in investments in securities (stocks, bonds, certificates, etc.). Savings in kind are expressed in the form of an increase in the value of land owned by the population, fixed capital (housing, outbuildings, transport, etc.) and material reserves.

However, often international comparisons based on the criterion of the share of savings in income are very conditional due to differences in inflation rates and the difficulty of taking into account differences in the quality of both consumed and accumulated goods.

When characterizing housing conditions, international statistics primarily highlight the owner of the home. For this purpose, the entire housing stock is divided into owned, rented and municipal. Due to the fact that some owners have multiple residential properties, the statistics also distinguish between primary residences (where the user spends most of their time) and secondary residences.

When studying the quality of housing, groupings are used by number of floors, wall material, ceiling height, and the degree to which it is equipped with household amenities. For own housing, the size of the plot of land owned by it is indicated.

To generalize the housing supply of the population, indicators such as the number of people living in housing that does not meet the established standard and its share in the total population are used; number of rooms per resident. At the same time, the standard of housing provision in Western countries assumes the presence of one room for each resident plus one common room.

As for the provision of the population with various durable items, international statistics calculate the number of durable items on average per 100 families, or per 1000 people. This applies to cars, refrigerators and freezers, televisions and telephones, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and floor polishers, etc.

Characteristics of the population's consumption of the most important types of food and non-food products are made by determining the average annual per capita consumption of meat, poultry, fish, eggs, bread and bakery products and other products both for the entire population and for individual socio-professional groups. At the same time, food consumption is considered not only from the point of view of quantity, but also from the point of view of the calorie content of consumed products, as well as their content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins.

To study the level of education and culture of the population, the UN Statistical Commission recommends a number of indicators. These include:

a) the number of illiterates and their share in the total number of people above the “age of literacy” (this age is determined by each country depending on specific conditions);

b) the number of school-age children not attending school;

c) the number and structure of students in primary and secondary schools;

d) number of university students per 100 thousand inhabitants;

e) book circulation per 100 thousand inhabitants, as well as a number of other indicators.

Health indicators include:

a) the number of health care institutions and their capacity, which is measured either by the number of visits per shift or the number of hospital beds;

b) provision of the population with medical personnel (number of doctors per 1000 residents, both in general and in individual specialties; training of medical personnel);

c) performance indicators of medical institutions (number of patients in hospitals; number of cured patients; mortality in medical institutions, etc.);

d) the total amount of healthcare financing from all sources.

11.Integral indicator of level and quality of life

As an integral indicator of the level and quality of life of the population at different times, it was proposed to use national income per capita, the share of food expenses in total household expenses, the relative mortality rate, defined as the ratio of the number of deaths of persons aged 50 years and older to the total number of deaths, average life expectancy of the population, an indicator of free time, put forward on the basis of the famous statement of K. Marx that free time in the future will become a measure of social wealth.

The use of aggregate economic indicators for these purposes is based on the assumption that countries that are more economically developed have a higher level of social development. Often, the basis for cross-country comparisons is GDP or NI per capita, expressed in the currency of one of the countries, either in US dollars or in PPP currencies.

However, all these indicators have various shortcomings, associated either with differences in the calculation methodology adopted in different countries or with difficulties in their interpretation. In this regard, attempts have been made to develop comprehensive indices for determining the level of development of a particular country and the standard of living in it.

An example of such an index is the “tension indicator” proposed by Russian statisticians. Its components are: 1) the degree of provision with consumer goods; 2) crime level; 3) the degree of dissatisfaction of the population with a complex of unresolved socio-political, economic and environmental problems. Based on these data, an index was calculated in more than 100 cities and in all regions of the country. 17.

The index value from 0 to 0.4 indicates social stability; from 0.4 to 0.8 – about social tension; from 0.8 to 1.4 – about local conflicts; from 1.4 to 2.0 – about social explosions in the region; over 2.0 – about massive social explosions.

In international statistical practice, a comprehensive index was one of the first (in 1970) to be proposed by the UN Research Institute for Social Development. This index was called the social development index and included 16 important (9 social and 7 economic) interdependent indicators. The authors of the study concluded that at per capita income levels of no more than $500, social development exceeded economic development.

Subsequently, Maurice D. Morris developed an index of physical development of quality of life, taking into account three indicators:

· life expectancy upon reaching the age of 1 year;

· infant mortality rate;

· spreading literacy among the adult population.

The cumulative index was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the remaining values, which were assessed on a scale from 1 point (worst option) to 100 (best option). Morris's results indicated an insignificant relationship between the value of the quality of life index and the per capita GDP indicator.

Some countries with a high per capita GDP had a low score on the index and vice versa. For example, Sri Lanka with a GDP per capita of $302 per day in 1981. had a quality of life physical development index twice as high as Saudi Arabia with a per capita income of $12,720. This example demonstrates the possibility of a significant improvement in the quality of life even before the start of a significant increase in per capita income.

In 1987, the Washington Committee on the Population Crisis published the International Distress Index. The index was a composite index based on 10 indicators characterizing the well-being of people depending on their financial situation, demographic situation, health and social structure. Calculations showed that at that time the most unfavorable living conditions were in Angola and Mozambique, and the most favorable in Switzerland and Luxembourg. In 1990, UNDP attempted a comprehensive assessment of the socio-economic development of countries and for the first time published the Human Development Index (HDI). is a scale from 1 to 0. A high level of development is considered an indicator from 0.8 and above, an average - from 0.5 to 0.799 and a low - below 0.5.

It takes into account three types of data: life expectancy, level of education (adult literacy and overall rates of participation in primary, secondary and tertiary education) and standard of living, measured by real purchasing power. The index represents expert assessments when assessing the quality and standard of living.

For example, the American non-profit organization “Committee on the Demographic Crisis”, based on official statistics, the results of questionnaires and expert assessments for 1989, conducted a study of quality of life in the 100 largest cities in the world. Quality of life was assessed on a 10-point scale with the following partial indicators: cost of food (proportion of family expenses on food), housing conditions (number of residents per room), quality of housing (proportion of houses and apartments with running water and electricity), communications (number of telephones per 100 inhabitants), education (proportion of children in school), health care (infant mortality per 1000 live births), public safety (number of murders per year per 100 thousand inhabitants), silence (external noise level), traffic (average speed in rush hour), air purity.

In the United States, a simplified approach to calculating the integral indicator of quality and standard of living using the poverty index is actively used. The latter represents the sum of the inflation and unemployment indices.

In the second half of the 80s. The international organization United Nations Development Program (UNDP) proposed the Human Development Index (HDI) as a general indicator of the quality of life of the population.

Course work

Level and quality of life of the population

Introduction

1. Level and quality of life: essence, basic concepts and criteria

1.1. Standard of living: essence, minimum social standards

1.2. Quality of life indicators

1.3. Quality of life criteria

2. Level and quality of life in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1. Trends in the socio-economic development of the region

2.2. Standard of living of the population of Minusinsk

Conclusion

List of used literature

Applications

Introduction

The current stage of radical economic reforms is accompanied by fundamental transformations in the social structure of Russian society. The pace of socio-economic transformations differs sharply in the regions of the Russian Federation. Against the backdrop of the comprehensive Russian crisis in society, there was a deep decline in the standard of living of the bulk of the Russian population.

In the system of macro-parameters, “personal income” is one of the most general indicators of the country’s economic development and the growth of people’s well-being. The basis of the law - the trend of continuous growth of the people's well-being is that improving life is an urgent need for economic development itself. Population income is the basis for increasing living standards, and at the same time acts as a source of improvement and development of production for the further growth of people’s living standards.

Monitoring of the social and labor sphere is necessary, which is a state system of continuous monitoring of the actual state of affairs in the social and labor sphere for timely identification and systematic analysis of changes occurring in it, prevention of negative trends leading to the formation and development of various centers of social tension, as well as for short-term forecasting of the development of the most important processes in this area. One of the main areas of monitoring the social and labor sphere is monitoring the income and standard of living of the population. It is intended to become an important tool for developing state social policy.

Our well-being directly depends on the correct social policy of the state, which, in turn, depends on whether there is enough information and how fully it shows the problems in modern Russian society.

1. Level and quality of life: essence, main indicators and criteria

1.1 Standard of living: essence, minimal social

standards

The ultimate goal of social development is to improve the standard of living of the population.

Standard of living is an economic category and social standard that characterizes the degree to which people’s physical and social needs are met. The main components of the standard of living are: health, nutrition and income of the population, housing conditions, household property, paid services, cultural level of the population, working and leisure conditions, as well as social guarantees and social protection of the most vulnerable citizens.

Social guarantees are a system of obligations of society to its members to satisfy the most important needs. The state, by giving guarantees, declares that society undertakes to create conditions for each member of society to realize their economic activity and generate income.

Social protection is a system of measures carried out by society to ensure the necessary financial and social status of citizens.

These components are characterized by quantitative indicators, indicators and indices and are formalized into a system of indicators of living standards.

In the process of reproduction, mutual economic and social factors such as health, education, housing, nutrition, social security and others are mutual. The decisive role for the population is the standard of living, and for production - labor efficiency.

GDP and national income per capita, as well as social labor productivity are indicators of the general economy, and the standard of living is an indicator of social development.

The existing understanding of the essence of “standard of living” focuses on the fact that the standard of living is important not in itself, but in relation to the needs of the population.

Specifically, the analysis of the standard of living is determined by the content of such values ​​as: the consumer basket and the cost of living. In general terms, the standard of living of a country or region based on the average life expectancy of the population, the level of unemployment, structural personal consumer expenditures and consumption of staple foods in calories. The level of qualifications of workers, the number of students per 1000 people, etc., as well as the level of development of social infrastructure (for example, the number of hospital beds per 1000 people, the presence of schools, cultural and sports facilities, housing, etc.) are taken into account .)

The standard of living must be considered in conjunction with general economic indicators, as well as indicators connecting general economic indicators and the standard of living - income of the population, consumer demand, trade, prices, state budget, credit. For example, incomes of the population are key factors determining the standard of living.

It is necessary to identify components of the standard of living - certain types of human needs, the satisfaction of which is a major part of the standard of living as a whole (for example, nutrition, health, education). The set of components covers the entire sphere of human needs.

From these, a system of indicators of living standards is formed. According to the UN recommendation, the standard of living is measured by a system of indicators characterizing health, consumption levels, employment, education, housing, social security and others.

The productivity of workers, the price of labor, as well as its implementation in labor, that is, the production of consumer goods, depend on the standard of living. Development occurs in the direction of central overall performance. An increase or decrease in the standard of living of the population and labor productivity inevitably moves the economy forward or backward.

In many countries, to assess the standard of living, they use the “welfare of society” indicator, which symbolizes the minimum level of consumption and is an indicator of the poverty line.

The subsistence minimum is a cost estimate of the total consumption of a person or family, determined on the basis of the minimum consumer basket. The “basket” gives the structure of consumption, expenses of the poor, and contains a set (minimum standards) necessary for physiological survival. This set and the living wage itself depends on the level of socio-economic development of the country and is adopted by the principle of distribution. Currently, this economic category does not make sense, since more than 40 million Russian citizens (30%) are far below the poverty line.

At the current level of production, it not only cannot raise the poverty line, but also make up the difference between the “bottom” and the minimum consumer budget.

The consumer budget is the balance of income and expenses of the average family, characterizing the standard of living of various groups of working families.

The minimum consumer budget is formed on the basis of consumption traditions, market conditions for consumer goods and represents the subsistence level, calculated from average per capita income. Therefore, this is a comparatively higher standard of living.

To calculate the minimum subsistence level, the contents of the food basket are used.

The food basket (a set of food products for one person per month) is calculated on the basis of minimum food consumption standards that correspond to physical needs, kilocalories and ensuring compliance with traditional basic nutrition skills.

The cost of the minimum consumer basket, that is, its content in monetary terms, represents the minimum consumer budget.

The minimum consumer budget, or subsistence budget, is calculated per capita and for its main socio-demographic groups in the Russian Federation as a whole and in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The subsistence budget is an indicator of the consumption of the most important material goods and services at a minimum level, calculated based on the minimum standards of consumption of the most important food products, goods and services. The most rational minimum consumer budget should maintain approximately the following proportions: food should be 41.1%, non-food products - 39%, services - 13.2%, taxes and fees - 2.7%.

1.2 Indicators of quality of life.

There are integral and partial approaches to understanding the quality of life. The integrated approach assumes the behavior of two types of assessments: objective (based on official statistical data, without the use of generalized information, based on various kinds of public opinion polls, etc.) and subjective (based on the opinion of the population).

I. V. Bestuzhev - Lada focuses the category “quality of life” on such an assessment of the degree of satisfaction of material needs, which cannot be directly quantified, but requires complex methods of indirect qualification on various scales. Therefore, an assessment should be made of the content of work and leisure and satisfaction with them, the level of comfort in work and life, the quality and fashionability of clothing, the quality of food, housing, living and environment, the functioning of social institutions, the quality of the level of satisfaction of the need for communication, knowledge, creativity and other needs aimed not only at self-preservation, but also at self-satisfaction and self-organization of the individual.

Population health, as a rule, can be one of the main criteria for the effective functioning of the economy, because its role is enhanced due to:

1. Increasing the role of the human factor in the national economy, where health acts as the main property of labor resources, characterizing the quality of the labor force used by society for the reproduction of material and spiritual benefits;

2. An increase in direct and indirect costs of society in production, where the health of the population is the subject and product of labor in many sectors of the national economy

3. The need to quantitatively measure the well-being of the population, in the assessment of which health manifests itself as a consumer good and as its main component.

D. Pringle uses a system of quality of life indicators based on the use of a number of statistical estimates characterizing the level of employment, health status of the population, crime rate, etc. At the same time, the author points out that many components of the quality of life are not quantitatively measured (for example, satisfaction ).

Other authors also include among such “unmeasurable elements” individual attachments and preferences, a person’s satisfaction with his ability to control any situation, etc. These and similar elements, combined together, make it possible to paint a picture of a person’s subjective perceived quality of life.

Having analyzed the available approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of “quality of life” of the population, the authors came to the conclusion that a holistic picture of the quality of life can be created by combining two groups of criteria into a whole.

The first group consists of estimates based on statistical information. With a certain degree of convention, these criteria can be called objective.

The second group consists entirely of assessments based on sociological surveys of the population, in which respondents are asked to express their attitude to certain aspects of their lives, so it seems quite justified to classify them as subjective.

In general, it is necessary to be careful when measuring quality of life using subjective indicators. The main reason for this approach is that, as M. Adamitz and K. Pornalk correctly believe, the conditions that give people’s judgments sufficient credibility include freedom and the opportunity to avoid mystification. Therefore, in order to avoid a mystified idea of ​​the surrounding reality, it is possible, in society, to achieve a certain level of development. This level presupposes the presence of a number of conditions, among which are the following:

· The basic material needs of consumption are satisfied to the extent that the stage of satisfying “refined, modified personal needs” begins. Spiritual and aesthetic needs should come to the fore

· A middle class of sufficient size has emerged in the country, concentrating a significant part of the nation’s intelligence, the well-being of which is beyond doubt;

· A person assessing the quality of life has a certain practice of using alternative options. It is known from research that the fewer alternatives a family or individual has for comparison. The less they value quality of life.

· Stability of the socio-political situation in the country, sustainable economic growth.

Modern Russian reality does not yet satisfy any of the listed conditions. Therefore, when studying the quality of life of the population of our country at the present stage, an approach that, with a certain degree of convention, can be called objective should prevail. Criteria and assessments of quality of life should be based on a system of indicators that objectively reflect the socio-economic situation.

1.3 Quality of life criteria

The study of the quality of life of the population involves supplementing criterion assessments with a system of scientific justification and systematic, organized observation. Data collection and analysis.

The diversity of the concept of “quality” of life is due to the variety of indicators. The latter can characterize a single element of quality of life or the entirety. Relevant indicators include:

1. Health

The ability to lead a healthy lifestyle at all stages of the life cycle;

The impact of health impairment on individuals;

2. Individual development through training

Children’s acquisition of basic knowledge and skills, as well as values ​​necessary for their individual development and successful activities as a member of society;

The ability to continue self-education and the ability to use these skills;

The use and development by individuals of their knowledge, skills and mobility required to realize their economic potential and, if desired, enabling their integration into the economic process;

The preservation and development of cultural development by the individual in order to contribute to the well-being of members of various social groups;

3. Employment and quality of working life

Availability of profitable work for those who strive to get it;

Nature of work activity;

Individual's satisfaction with their work life

4. Time and leisure

The ability to choose your pastime

5. Possibility of purchasing goods and using services

Personal opportunity to purchase goods and use services;

The number of people experiencing material deprivation;

The degree of equality in the distribution of goods and services;

Quality, choice and availability of goods and services produced in the private and public sectors;

Protecting individuals and their families when faced with economic hardship;

6. Personal safety and legal authorities

Violence, harassment, and harassment caused to an individual;

Justice and humanity of legal authorities;

The degree of trust an individual places in legal authorities;

7. Social opportunities and social activity.

The degree of possible participation in public life, in certain public institutions and decision-making. Statistical assessment of the standard of living of the population involves the use of a system of indicators that can measure the level and degree of satisfaction of people's needs for material goods (food, clothing, shoes, cultural and household items, in housing), household services in a broad sense (including transport, communications, consumer services, as well as medical services) and cultural services (including those provided by cultural institutions, art.

Therefore, the indicators used to characterize the standard of living can, with some degree of convention, be divided into 3 types:

1) Synthetic cost indicators (GNP, consumption fund, total income of the population, etc.)

2) Natural indicators that measure the volume of consumption of specific material goods (provision of personal property, food consumption, number of passengers transported, etc.)

3) Indicators demonstrating the proportions and structure of welfare distribution (distribution of the population by income groups, indicators of concentration and differentiation of consumption income).

The All-Russian Center for Living Standards of the Population of the Russian Federation and its Regions classifies these as: Average per capita cash income (including average per capita income, average monthly salary, average pension), cost of living (including for food products, non-food products, paid services to the population, purchasing power, per capita cash income of the population) consumer expenditures of the population for the year.

The most important elements of life are housing, social services, characterized by the following main indicators: the average supply of housing per inhabitant, the degree of provision of the housing stock with modern amenities, the structure of the housing stock by type of ownership (state, municipal, cooperative, private), supply of water by public water supply to the population for municipal and domestic needs per resident, number of passengers - kilometers of public transport per resident. This should also include the main indicators of the development of education, healthcare, culture, and recreation.

Quite soon it was discovered that informal economic activity does not exist only in 3rd world countries. In 70 Informal economic structures began to appear in highly developed Western countries. From the publication of '79. articles by the American economist E. Feig, the shadow economy covers 1/3 of the official GNP.

In Russia, the shadow economy is especially relevant, firstly because the scale of shadow operations is, according to various estimates, 25-40% (or more); perhaps they have already exceeded this threshold, beyond which the shadow economy begins to act as an independent factor that disintegrates the economic system and taking upon itself the performance of its most important vital functions. Moreover, in recent years there has been a process of institutionalization of the shadow economy.

The very existence of the shadow economy entails a number of specific negative socio-economic consequences (decrease in real incomes and living standards of the population, decline in production potential, investment decline, lack of internal sources of savings, disorganization of the financial and monetary system, crisis in the sphere of socio-economic management). Thirdly, the shadow economy negatively affects the social stability of society and affects the future economic, social and political order.

The split of the economy into the legal and illegal sectors “has a negative impact on the economy as a whole, expressed in decreased productivity, ineffectiveness of the tax system, rising costs of utilities, a slowdown in technological progress and numerous difficulties in formulating macroeconomic policies.”

There is a paradox of informal earnings, which on average are the same as in the formal sector, or even higher. The main reason is that participants in the shadow economy are not homogeneous in terms of class. They propose to distinguish between formal workers, who work without contractual organization and legal protection, and informal entrepreneurs, who organize work under contracts with the formal sector. Earnings of informal workers are on average significantly lower than in the legal economy. But the earnings of informal enterprises, although unstable, can be significantly higher.

The key criterion in distinguishing between formal and informal work is the presence or absence of fixed remuneration.

There are 3 income groups for city residents:

A) Formal income - wages in the public and private sectors, transfer payments.

B) Legal informal income - from employment in primary (agricultural), secondary (work under contracts or independently - artisans, shoemakers, tailors), and tertiary (construction, transport, large and small trade).

C) Illegal informal income - from services and transfers.

The factors that determined the scale and extent of the spread of the shadow economy in Russia during the period of reforms are divided into two groups by researchers: “background”, inherent in the Russian economy since the existence of the USSR, and relatively short-term factors, operating for a certain period of time.

Number 1 includes traditions of opposition of citizens to the state, within the framework of which the behavior of citizens in relation to the state is not lawful, that is, they deceive the state in one form or another. These traditions are based on an economic phenomenon characteristic of Russia - the use of state property to increase the personal income of employees.

2 factor that arose with the destruction of the party and state structures of the USSR, a sharp decrease in the level and effectiveness of state protection of the legal property of collective farms.

All researchers analyzing the socio-economic role of the shadow sector and the consequences of its functioning in the economy can be divided into 2 groups.

Those who demand the suppression of the shadow economy and those who consider a possible selective approach to “shadow workers”, given the dual nature of their impact on the economy.

Positive functions are determined by the participation of a significant part of the population in it, which made it possible to compensate for the decrease or complete loss of income compared to the level of the pre-reform period. Employment in the shadow economy helped alleviate social tensions caused by economic reforms. In addition, this sector made a significant contribution to the saturation of the consumer market for goods and services in physical terms and had a downward impact on the consumer level.

The negative socio-economic functions of the shadow economy are concentrated in 2 main areas: the formation of an expanded economic base for organized crime and the preservation of state budget revenues.

As for the individual socio-economic consequences of the functioning of the shadow economy, here are the most important of them:

1. Decline in real incomes and living standards of the population. Over 33% of the population receives incomes below the subsistence level, which is greatly underestimated. This makes a significant part of the population a potential source of labor resources for the criminal environment, consequently reducing the standard of living of a part of the population that is practically excluded from participation in real economic processes.

2. Investment recession, lack of internal sources of accumulation. There is a process of reducing the volume of capital investments, placing them in the structure of investments in production. Disorientation of the financial and monetary system. In the conditions of imbalance in the modern Russian economy, there has been a massive flow of capital from the production sphere to the sphere of circulation, with the subsequent transfer of a significant part of it abroad.

3. Crisis in the sphere of socio-economic management. Having abandoned the methods of centralized management, the state has practically withdrawn from participation in the regulation of social and economic processes. The mechanism of embezzlement has been launched, not only secretly, but also legally. The mechanism of control of power by society has actually been eliminated. Neither parliament nor public organizations today control the structures of the executive power and do not interfere with the distribution of property and budget funds.

It is beneficial for entrepreneurs to hire cheap “illegal immigrants”, since they do not have to make contributions to insurance and social funds. This situation is beneficial for illegal workers, since they receive more income than at home.

The state does not receive taxes either from the companies that hired illegal workers, or, accordingly, from the illegal workers themselves.

It is impossible to develop a single recipe for combating the shadow economy. To develop recommendations, it is necessary to carry out a general economic analysis of its legal and tax policies, taking into account the ethnic specifics of the country, the features of its historical and economic development. At the same time, a reasonable economic compromise with shadow economic activity is often possible, since it is not possible to fully take it into account and only appropriate changes in tax legislation can stimulate its legalization.

2. Level and quality in the Krasnoyarsk region

2.1 Trends in the socio-economic development of the region

The Krasnoyarsk Territory ranks 13th in terms of population in the Russian Federation and first in the Siberian Federal District.

The change in the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (according to population census data) is shown in the diagram below:

Compared to the 1989 census, the population decreased by 72.6 thousand people. The number of people living in urban settlements increased by 29.7 thousand people, the number of rural residents decreased by 102.3 thousand people.

The change in population occurred due to natural decline (the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births), migration outflow of the population, due to changes in the methodology for recording the number of residents living in the territory of the ZATO, as well as administrative and territorial transformations.

Natural population decline begins to decline (from -5.9 to -3.9 people per 1000 people) due to an increase in the birth rate (by 2.2 people per 1000 people).

The region's population lived in 71 urban settlements (cities and urban-type settlements) and 1,649 rural settlements.

The majority of the population - 52.9% - are women and 47.1% are men.

For every 1000 women there were 1125 men, in 1989 - 1059.

For 1989 – 2002 the share of people of retirement age increased from 13.8% to 17.1%. At the same time, the share of children and adolescents (0 – 15 years old) decreased from 27.0% to 19.6%. A sharp decrease (by 45.8%) occurred in the age group of children under 10 years old (generations born in the last decade, when the birth rate was the lowest in the entire post-war history of the region). As a result, the dependency ratio on the working-age population has decreased. Moreover, this decrease occurred only due to a decrease in the child load indicator.

A particularly unfavorable ratio has developed in rural areas, where the situation is aggravated by the outflow of young people to cities: every fifth village resident is over working age.

The 2002 census counted 54 people aged 100 years and more than 51 of them were women and only three were men.

Population – 2925.4 thousand people. (2004), of which 1,422 thousand people are employed in the economy, the population density of the region is 1.3 people per km². The administrative center of the region is the city of Krasnoyarsk, where 917.2 thousand people live. Other large cities are Achinsk, Kansk, Norilsk. The urban population in the region is 75.9%.

National composition of the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: (based on the results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2002)

Russians – 88.9%

Ukrainians – 2.3%

Tatars – 1.5%

Germans – 1.2%

Azerbaijanis – 0.7%

Belarusians – 0.6%

Chuvash – 0.6%

Armenians – 0.4%

The Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the least populated regions of the country. Although the number of residents increased from 2516 thousand people. in 1970 up to 3105 thousand people in 1996, this process is proceeding slowly, as there is a significant migration to the western regions of the country. This movement especially increased in the period from 1993 to 1997, as the decline in production caused significant unemployment in the region and people were forced to move to areas with more favorable employment conditions in search of work.

During the period from 1999 to 2004, there was a decrease in the unemployment rate by 5%, with a decrease in the number of unemployed by 36.5%.

Unfortunately, there is an increase in the number of unemployed people from 56.6 to 71.6 thousand people, which is an increase of 26.5%, of whom were recognized as truly unemployed in 2004. 95.9%.

A distinctive feature of the current stage of development of Russia is that in addition to social poverty with traditional categories of the population - large families, single-parent families, single-parent families with children, single pensioners, disabled people - there is high economic poverty, when able-bodied citizens cannot provide themselves with a socially acceptable level of well-being due to the low level of income of the population.

The most common form of targeted social support for the population is benefits to families with children. Since August 1999, the payment of the monthly child benefit provided for by the federal law “On State Benefits for Citizens with Children” has been made targeted, that is, the specified benefit is provided to families with an average per capita income not exceeding the subsistence level in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

2.2 Standard of living of the population of Minusinsk

As of January 1, 2008, the state employment service registered 804 unemployed urban residents and 518 rural residents, which amounted to 67.3% of the number of unemployed as of January 1, 2007 in the city and 94.4%, respectively, in the region. Of these, 764 urban and 454 rural residents received unemployment benefits.

The number of citizens who turned to the employment service for assistance in finding a suitable job in the city decreased over the year by 617 people (or 13.8%) and amounted to 3,845 people as of January 1, 2008; in the region - by 180 villagers or by 10.4% and amounted to 1544 people.

Deregistered in 2007 - 2,735 city residents and 1,229 villagers, of which 73.5% in the city and 64.1% in the region found work; 7.3% in the city and 5.0% in the region are aimed at vocational training; 75 people in the city (2.7% of the total number deregistered) and 13 people in the region (1.1%) were granted early retirement.

Table 2.2.1

(as a percentage of the total number of unemployed)

In addition, enterprises in the city are planning to release 32 people, and 1 person in the region.

At the end of 2007 The need for workers declared by 74 employers in the city and 17 in the region was 220 and 120 people, respectively. Of these, 161 vacancies (73.2%) are in the city to replace blue-collar jobs and 92 (76.7%) in the region. The workload of the unemployed population registered with the employment service per one announced vacancy as of January 1, 2008 was 3.7 people in the city and 4.3 in the region. As of January 1, 2007 the load was 7.1 people in the city and 11.9 in the region.

Unemployment rate at the end of 2007 amounted to 1.9% in the city, 3.74% in the region.

In 2007 some large and medium-sized enterprises continued to operate on a part-time basis. 75 workers worked part-time or part-time, of which 43 were in the city (41 in 2006) and 32 (11 in 2006) in the region. There were 280 people in the city on forced leave at the initiative of the administration. The duration of administrative leave amounted to 47.5 thousand man-days, including 20.7 thousand man-days in the city, or 8.3 days on average per employee sent on leave; in the region - 26.8 thousand man-days. days or 12.5 days, respectively.

Table 2.2.2

Using part-time mode

by type of economic activity for 2007

Kind of activity	Number of people working part-time on the initiative of the administration	Number of employees who were granted vacations on the initiative of the administration
Human	average number		average number
City	Area	City	Area	City	Area	City	Area
Total Including: Manufacturing industries

The overall scale of forced underemployment due to administrative leaves and part-time (weekly) work in large and medium-sized organizations in the city in 2007. is estimated at 18.5 thousand man-hours, which is equivalent to 43 people being absent from work every day. In the region, respectively, 13.3 thousand man-hours and 32 people.

Table 2.2.3

Data on the amount of forced part-time employment of workers of large and medium-sized enterprises in 2007.

Type of economic activities	Unworked time due to short-time work	Duration administrative leaves
Total, man-hours	Hours per person working in this mode	Per average payroll employee, hours	Total, man-days	For one employee, cat. was on vacation, days	Per average payroll employee, days
City, total
Manufacturing industries
Health and social services
District, total
Manufacturing industries
Public administration, military security, mandatory social

Table 2.2.4

Workers' movement

Type of economic Activities	Accepted	Dropped out
Human	as a percentage of the average headcount	Human	Including, as a percentage of the average payroll
due to the reduction in numbers	at your own request
City, total
Manufacturing industries
Hotels and restaurants
Transport and communications
Financial activities
Public administration, military security, compulsory social security
Education
Health and social service provision
District, total
Agriculture hunting and forestry
Manufacturing industries
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
Public administration, military security, compulsory social security
Education
Health and social service provision

The hiring of workers in the city in 2007 compensated for the departure of personnel by 97.8%. Accordingly, in the region - by 90.2%.

Rice. 2.2. Distribution of unemployed by age

(in percentages)

Rice. 2.3. Distribution of the unemployed by duration of unemployment (as a percentage of the total number of unemployed at the end of the reporting period)

Standards of living

According to social protection departments to the population in the city and district in 2007, various types of assistance were provided in the city for 756 thousand rubles less than in 2006, in the district - 765 thousand rubles more.

Types of social assistance

In addition, 1,042 families in the city (1,800 children) and 404 (983 children) in the district received targeted assistance. There are 2,132 families under patronage in the city and 19 in the region. In total, 1,154 people were served in the city and 177 in the region in 2007.

The cost of living in the region as a whole for the fourth quarter of 2007, approved by Resolution of the Council of Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory No. 7-p dated January 14, 2008, was set at an average of 4,178 rubles per capita, including: working-age population - 4,544, pensioners - 2,962, children - 4,077 rubles. The cost of living in the central and southern regions of the region, including the city of Minusinsk, on average per capita for the fourth quarter of 2007 is 11.4% lower than in the region as a whole, including 12.0 less for the working-age population %, for a pensioner - by 6.4%, for a child - by 10.4%.

Dynamics of the cost of living by socio-demographic groups of the population in the Central and Southern regions and cities of the region (including Minusinsk) in 2007, rubles.

Per capita population	Including by socio-demographic groups of the population
Working population	Pensioners	Children
Average for 1 quarter
including
including: Food
non-food products
incl. fare
public utilities
other types of services
Average for 2nd quarter The cost of living
including cost of the consumer basket
including: Food
non-food products
incl. fare
public utilities
other types of services
expenses for mandatory payments and fees
On average for 6 months
Average for 3rd quarter The cost of living
including cost of the consumer basket
including: Food
non-food products
including fare
public utilities
other types of services
expenses for mandatory payments and fees
Average for 9 months
On average for IV quarter The cost of living
including cost of the consumer basket
including: Food
non-food products
including fare
public utilities
other types of services
expenses for mandatory payments and fees
Average per year

Average nominal wage, accrued to employees of large and medium-sized enterprises (excluding small businesses) in December 2007 in the city amounted to 15,841 rubles, in the region - 11,146 rubles and increased compared to November 2007 by 29.5% in the city, in the region - by 20, 4%. Average monthly salary for 2007 in the city amounted to 11,291 rubles, which is 23.5% more than in 2006. In the region - 8,659 rubles (21.2% more).

Real wage, calculated taking into account the consumer price index in December, was 118.2% for the city compared to December 2006, and 117.6% for the region.

Accrued social payments in 2007 the average per person per month was 173.2 rubles in the city, 42.7 rubles in the region.

The average number of employees in the surveyed circle of large and medium-sized enterprises in December 2007. in the city it was 14,190 people, in the district - 7,163 people. Average number of employees for 2007 The figure for the city was 14,377 people, which is 3.4% less than in 2006; for the district, it was 7,386 people (4.8% less).

Average accrued nominal wages for “pure” types of activities per 1 employee for 2007, rubles

(without social payments)

Activities	January December	For December
City	Area	City	Area
Total including: Agriculture, forestry Manufacturing industries Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water Construction Wholesale and retail trade, repair of vehicles, household products and personal items Hotels and restaurants Transport and communications Financial activities Real estate transactions, rental and provision of services Public administration, military security, compulsory social security Education Health and social service provision Provision of other utility, social and personal services

Rice. Dynamics of nominal average monthly wages for 2007

Growth (decrease) rate of nominal and real average monthly wages (without social payments) in the city of Minusinsk (percent compared to December 2005)

Growth (decrease) rates of nominal and real average monthly wages (without social payments) in the Minusinsk region

(percent compared to December 2005)

Conclusion

The most important priority of government policy in the social sphere is to increase investment in human capital, primarily education and healthcare. Since 2000, every year within the federal budget the amount of funds allocated to these areas has increased. In this regard, one of the most important measures in education will be to increase the efficiency of using funds allocated for education from budgets of all levels, to continue the experiment on introducing a unified state exam, and in healthcare - to dismantle the compulsory medical and social insurance program.

Important priorities of the Government's policy in the field of labor relations, employment and migration are the creation of modern labor legislation that meets the requirements of a dynamically developing market economy, harmonization of the interests of workers and employers, and the creation of a civilized system for resolving labor disputes. Important tasks are to implement it in practice and encourage employers to improve labor protection.

In the context of the current negative demographic trends (an aging population, a decrease in the share of the working-age population in the near future), the most important priority of government policy is to ensure a sustainable pension system for the population with an increase in the real income of pensioners.

In the field of social support, among the most important priorities of the Government were and remain reducing poverty, strengthening the targeting of social support, ensuring effective protection of socially vulnerable families who do not have the ability to independently solve social problems, increasing the efficiency of social services for the population, and solving problems of homelessness. In 2007, the Government's policy in this area was aimed at increasing real incomes and supporting low-income families - wages of public sector employees and pensions of pensioners were repeatedly indexed.

In the sphere of economic modernization, the priority areas are measures to increase the investment attractiveness of the Russian economy, a final solution to the land issue, continued reform of natural monopolies, creation of conditions for the widespread development of small businesses, and implementation of banking reform. To stimulate the process of investment inflow, it is necessary to take a set of additional measures to improve the investment climate.

The adoption in 2007 of a number of amendments to corporate legislation, the development of laws on bankruptcy and nationalization should strengthen the legislative foundations of the system for protecting the rights of owners.

The problem of quality of life is a priority for solving socio-economic problems of any level.

The analysis showed that the concept of “quality of life” is a complex derivative of historical, geographical, economic, social and other factors that determine a person’s position in society. In the practical application of the concept of quality of life, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “quality of life”, “lifestyle”, “conditions” and “standard of living”. Quality of life shows the effectiveness of people's lifestyle. The standard and living conditions are structural components of the quality of life.

In accordance with the concept of quality of life, the main socio-economic goals of the country's development are formulated - ensuring an adequate level and quality of life for the population and comprehensive development of the individual. The population is considered as a consumer of goods and services created in the country, and the quality of life is considered as an indicator of its provision with infrastructure services and a measure of satisfaction of spiritual, intellectual and aesthetic needs.

The quality of life of the population is influenced by government policy and regulation of economic processes.

State regulation of the economy requires high professionalism. Years of reforms have shown that during the transition to a market, competent regulation is especially important, since the state is the root cause of changes in the functioning of the economy. The decisions taken by the government influence the decisions taken at the micro level.

In general, it is difficult to overestimate the role of the state in the economy. It creates conditions for economic activity, provides social protection for low-income groups of the population and promotes the development of market relations, which has a positive effect on measuring the quality of life of the population.

Bibliography

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