Introduction

1 The concept and essence of accounting for income and expenses of future periods.

2 Regulatory regulation of accounting for income and expenses of future periods

3 Inventory and documentation of write-off of deferred expenses

4 Accounting for income and expenses of future periods

Introduction

The chart of accounts for the accounting of financial and economic activities of enterprises and the Instructions for its application establish that deferred expenses belong to the “Production Costs” group, are the property of the organization and are recorded in the “Deferred Expenses” account. Analytical accounting for this account should be organized by type of expense. Deferred income includes future receipts of debt for shortfalls identified in the reporting period for previous years; the difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the value of the valuables accepted for accounting when shortages and damage are identified.

The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the fact that expenses and income of future periods have their own accounting specifics, in contrast to the accounting of expenses and income that are currently taking place. In order to avoid making mistakes when accounting for the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, you need to know this specificity.

The purpose of this work is to study the accounting of expenses and income of future periods.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been identified:

Consideration of future expenses, their types and accounting features;

Study of future income and the accounting features of each type of income.

1 Concept, essence of accounting for income and expenses of future periods

The concepts of “deferred expenses” and “deferred revenue” are one example of the discrepancies between generally accepted accounting principles and current practice because they do not fully correspond to the definitions of an asset and a liability. As a result of this, their inclusion in the Balance Sheet is somewhat questionable, but by their nature they cannot be included in the Financial Results Report, because it reflects the income and expenses of the reporting period. However, such costs and income do exist and should be properly accounted for. This will be discussed in this consultation.

The essence of expenses classified as “deferred expenses” is defined in PBU 18 “Balance”. Namely: deferred expenses reflect expenses that occurred during the current or previous reporting periods, but relate to the following reporting periods. S. Golov calls such expenses “unexhausted (unconsumed) expenses” and at the same time indicates that “unexhausted expenses” are reflected in the balance sheet asset...”.

A more detailed list of deferred expenses is given in the explanations to account 97 “Deferred Expenses” of the Chart of Accounts. Such costs include costs associated with pre-production work in seasonal industries; with the development of new production facilities and units; rental payments paid in advance; payment of an insurance policy; payment for a trade patent; subscription to newspapers, magazines, periodicals and reference publications, etc. The debit of account 97 “Deferred expenses” reflects the accumulation of expenses of future periods, and the credit reflects their write-off (distribution) and inclusion in the expenses of the reporting period. In addition to the expenses listed in the Chart of Accounts, we are also talking about prepayment for the use of the Internet and mobile communications.

The provisions on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation (clause 56) provide that “Expenses incurred in the reporting period, but relating to subsequent reporting periods, are reflected in the statements as a separate item as deferred expenses and are subject to attribution to production or distribution costs during the period to which they relate."

In the chart of accounts for accounting for future expenses, account 97 “Deferred expenses” is provided. The debit of this account reflects expenses that are subject to inclusion in the cost of products (works, services) of the reporting period (during the period) to which they relate.

Deferred expenses include costs associated with preparatory work in seasonal industries and the seasonal nature of production; costs for production development, start-up and commissioning costs; expenses for repairs of fixed assets (when the company does not create a repair fund or reserve for repairs); rent expenses paid to the landlord in advance; subscription fees to newspapers, magazines and other sources of information; costs associated with cultural and technical work, etc.

The company sets its own deadline for writing off deferred expenses for each group.

The “Deferred Expenses” account is intended to summarize information about expenses incurred in a given reporting period, but relating to future reporting periods.

According to clause 73 of the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation, income received in the reporting period, but relating to the following reporting periods, is reflected in the accounting period, but relating to the following reporting periods, is reflected in accounting and reporting as a separate item as deferred income. These incomes are subject to inclusion in the results of economic activities upon the onset of the reporting period to which they relate. These include the difference between the amount recovered and the book value of missing valuables from the guilty parties, exchange rate differences, etc. Deferred income is accounted for in account 98 “Deferred income” and, as necessary, is written off to financial results from the debit of account 98 to the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

2 Regulatory regulation of accounting for income and expenses of future periods

In accordance with the Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts, approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n, account 97 “Expenditures of future periods” is intended to summarize information on expenses incurred in a given reporting period, but relating to future reporting periods. A similar definition of deferred expenses (FPR) is given in clause 65 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).

Thus, accounting for expenses as deferred expenses is a way of distributing expenses already incurred. Therefore, deferred expenses must comply with the definition of expenses given in PBU 10/99 “Expenses of an organization” (reduction of economic benefits as a result of disposal of assets). Operations related to the disposal of assets listed in clause 3 of PBU 10/99, including prepayments or advances, cannot be taken into account as deferred expenses.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the conditions for recognizing expenses (clause 16 of PBU 10/99), according to which expenses are recognized in accounting if:

Expenses are made in accordance with a specific agreement, the requirements of legislative and regulatory acts, and business customs;

The amount of expenditure can be determined;

There is a certainty that a particular transaction will result in a reduction in the economic benefits of the entity.

As an interesting curiosity, one can cite the Resolution of the FAS VSO dated April 22, 2003 No. A33-12803/02-С3н/Ф02-1010/03-С1, in which the high court decided that PBU 10/99 “Organization expenses” does not regulate accounting issues expenses of future periods.

In accordance with the Instructions for the chart of accounts, the expenses reflected in this account, according to their economic content, can be divided into two groups:

a) preparatory expenses related to income that will (may) be received in the future. These are expenses for the development of new production facilities, mining and preparatory work, preparation for seasonal work, etc.

b) expenses of the current period, for example, for repairs of expensive equipment. For such expenses, reflection according to Account 97 is nothing more than “smoothing out” unevenness due to the arbitrary distribution of a significant amount of expenses over several periods.

Please note that the Instructions do not mention periodic or ongoing expenses, such as the cost of obtaining a license for a type of activity, paying for insurance, or the cost of rights to use software transferred for a limited period. Also, reference to advances on rental payments disappeared from the Instructions.

In the above definition, the nature of the connection between expenses and future periods remains unclear. When are expenses deferred? The answer to this question is given in paragraph 19 of PBU 10/99. It divides expenses associated with future income into two types:

a) Expenses directly related to future income generation. Obviously, these include preparatory expenses of a production nature.

b) Expenses related to future income indirectly, unclearly.

According to paragraph 19 of PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization", expenses are recognized in the income statement, taking into account the relationship between expenses incurred and income (the principle of matching income and expenses). It follows that deferred expenses should include expenses that directly determine income that will (may) come in the future. As already noted, these are preparatory expenses directly related to production.

In addition, according to paragraph 19 of PBU 10/99, expenses can be reasonably distributed between reporting periods when

Expenses determine the receipt of income over several reporting periods

When the relationship between income and expenses cannot be clearly defined or is determined indirectly.

Thus, the method of accounting for expenses that are indirectly (indirectly) related to future income depends on the professional judgment of the accountant. Such expenses can be allocated, but only if there is a convincing justification for their connection with future income. If the connection between incurred expenses and future income is not convincingly justified, the incurred expenses should be accounted for as current period expenses without distribution.

According to clause 94 of the Methodological Guidelines for the accounting of industrial production (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n), the cost of materials released for production, but relating to future reporting periods (preparatory work in seasonal production, mining and preparatory work, development new enterprises, production facilities, workshops and units (start-up costs), for the preparation and development of production of new types of products and new technologies, land reclamation), is credited to the account of deferred expenses. The cost of materials supplied may also be included in this account in other cases when there is a need to distribute costs over a number of reporting periods.

According to clause 26 of PBU 14/2000 “Accounting for intangible assets” PBU 14/2000 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 16, 2000 No. 91n), payments for the granted right to use intellectual property objects, made in the form of a fixed one-time payment, including royalties are reflected in the accounting records of the user organization as deferred expenses and are subject to write-off during the term of the contract.

In accordance with clause 12 of PBU 2/94 “Accounting for agreements (contracts) for capital construction”, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 20, 1994 No. 167, the contractor’s expenses associated with obtaining (concluding) construction contracts, which can be separately allocated , and there is confidence that the contract will be concluded, may relate to this contract and, before its conclusion, be accounted for as deferred expenses.

In accordance with clause 11 of PBU 17/02 “Accounting for expenses for research, development and technological work” (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 19, 2002 No. 115n), write-off of expenses for each completed research, development and development work , technological work is carried out in one of the following ways:

Linear method;

The method of writing off expenses in proportion to the volume of products (works, services).

The period for writing off expenses for research, development and technological work is determined by the organization independently based on the expected period of use of the results of research, development and technological work, during which the organization can receive economic benefits (income), but no more 5 years. In this case, the indicated useful life cannot exceed the life of the organization.

According to paragraphs 18 and 19 of PBU 15/01 “Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of servicing them” (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated August 2, 2001 No. 60n), in order to evenly (monthly) include the amounts of interest or discount due in As income on bills issued, the drawer organization can preliminarily take them into account as deferred expenses. Similarly, for the purpose of uniform (monthly) inclusion of the amounts due to the lender of income on sold bonds, the issuing organization may preliminarily take into account these amounts as deferred expenses.

In the Letter of the DNP of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated April 20, 2000 No. 04-02-05/6, the opinion was expressed that the fee for encumbering rights to real estate can be included in the financial results of the organization either at a time or by attributing such costs to the “Expenses” account future periods" and their subsequent write-off in accordance with the accounting policies adopted by the organization during the term of the real estate lease agreement. At the same time, if the subject of the agreement is the lease of land, the fee for encumbering rights to real estate should be charged to financial results at a time, taking into account that such agreements are concluded for a long period (usually 49 years).

In accordance with clause 12 of Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated February 17, 1997 No. 15 “On the reflection in accounting of transactions under a leasing agreement”, in the case of a repurchase before the expiration of the leasing agreement, early accrued payments are debited to the “Deferred Expenses” account, and if the lessee decides to use its own sources - to the debit of the accounts of the organization's own sources ("Retained earnings (uncovered loss)") in correspondence with account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", subaccount "Debt on leasing payments".

If, under the terms of the leasing agreement, the leased property is accounted for on the balance sheet of the lessee, then the payments transferred ahead of schedule are debited either to the “Deferred Expenses” account, or, if the lessee decides to use its own sources, to the debit of the accounts of the organization’s own sources in correspondence with account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets." At the same time, the specified amount is taken into account as a debit to account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, subaccount “Debt on leasing payments” in correspondence with account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, subaccount “Lease obligations”.

Balances on account 97 are reflected in the balance sheet as an asset of the organization. An asset is generally recognized as a resource controlled by an entity that has the potential to produce economic benefits in the future (see IFRS Principles for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements).

The objective criterion of “the ability to bring benefits” (as well as the conditionality of income on expenses) is given in the Concept of Accounting in a Market Economy of Russia (approved by the Methodological Council on Accounting under the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation on December 29, 1997). The concept is not a normative document, but it formulates the general principles of accounting used in countries with market economies.

A property is considered to provide future economic benefits to the organization when it can be:

a) used separately or in combination with another object in the process of production of products, works, services intended for sale;

b) exchanged for another piece of property;

c) used to pay off accounts payable;

d) distributed among the owners of the organization.

Obviously, the “assets” formed from “smoothed” expenses do not satisfy any of the listed conditions. Accounting for “smoothed” expenses on account 97 leads to the appearance of fictitious assets in the balance sheet and to a distortion of the balance sheet structure, which negatively affects the reliability of the financial statements. In addition, this method of accounting contradicts the requirement of prudence (clause 7 of PBU 1/98 “Accounting Policy of an Organization”), according to which, when generating information in accounting, a certain prudence in judgments and estimates should be exercised so that assets and income are not overstated , and liabilities and expenses were not underestimated.

The use of account 97 is acceptable for smoothing out large periodic operating expenses, such as scheduled equipment repairs, the cost of some licenses, i.e. expenses with a known maturity and which are an integral part of the normal production process. Reflecting such expenses in full in the current period may lead to incorrect conclusions about the deterioration of the financial condition of the organization when comparing the financial results of the current period with the results of previous periods.

However, it would be more acceptable for the reliability of reporting to pre-form reserves for the mentioned expenses and write them off against reserves. It is this approach that meets the requirement of prudence.

In any case, large "sudden" expenses or expenses with an indefinite maturity should not be included in deferred expenses, nor should minor recurring expenses. It is irrational (even for a small enterprise) to write off payments in the amount of 1,300 rubles over 5 years. for a license to operate.

Accounting for income received for deferred periods Income received in the reporting period, but relating to subsequent reporting periods, is reflected in the balance sheet as a separate item as deferred income (clause 81 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation).

Deferred income includes future receipts of debt for shortfalls identified in the reporting period for previous years; the difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the value of the valuables accepted for accounting when shortages and damage are identified (Chart of accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 N 94n).

3 Inventory and documentation of write-off of deferred expenses

In accordance with clause 27 of the Accounting Regulations, before drawing up annual financial statements, an inventory of property and liabilities is mandatory (except for property, the inventory of which was carried out no earlier than October 1 of the reporting year). Inventory of amounts listed in the deferred expenses account is carried out in the manner established by the Methodological Instructions for Inventorying Property and Financial Liabilities (Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13, 1995 N 49), as well as on the basis of the procedure approved by the organization in the order on accounting policies . The inventory commission appointed by order for the organization, based on documents, establishes the amount to be reflected in the deferred expenses account and attributed to production and distribution costs (or to the relevant sources of funds of the organization) within a documented period in accordance with the documents, calculations and accounting policies available to the organization . The results of the inventory are recorded in form N INV-11 “Act of inventory of future expenses”, established by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated August 18, 1998 N 88 “On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for recording cash transactions and recording inventory results.” This act is drawn up in two copies. One copy is transferred to the accounting department to enter its results into the comparison sheet in accordance with the deadlines established in the order for the inventory; another copy remains with the employee of the organization who oversees the execution of documents according to which these deferred expenses arose.

Based on the inventory results, the store revealed a shortage of goods at sales prices in the amount of 100,000 rubles. Trade margin – 10,000 rubles. The financially responsible person acknowledged the shortage and agreed to pay it off. Money to repay the debt for the shortfall is deposited in the cash register.

The following entries will be made in accounting:

Debit 94 Credit 41 90,000 rub. – the shortage of goods is written off;

Debit 41 Credit 42 10,000 rub. – trade margin reversed;

Debit 73-2 Credit 94 90,000 rub. – for the amount of the deficiency to be recovered from the guilty party;

Debit 73-2 Credit 98-4 10,000 rub. – the difference between the selling price and the actual cost of the missing goods;

Debit 50 Credit 73-2 100,000 rub. – the amount for damages has been deposited into the cash register;

Debit 98-4 Credit 91-1 10,000 rub. – income is reflected in the form of the difference between the amount collected and the actual cost of the missing valuables.

In this case, not the entire shortage - 100,000 rubles - is recognized as deferred income, but only the potential profit that was included in the missing goods. The shortfall amounted to 100,000 rubles, and the financially responsible person agreed to pay it. However, 90,000 rubles. the organization paid the supplier for these goods, but if these goods were sold, the trading organization would receive 10,000 rubles. arrived. Therefore, under the current circumstances, future income is 10,000 rubles.

From the definition of deferred expenses it follows that the procedure for writing them off must be established by the organization’s administrative document. Accepted methods for determining such an order should be reflected in the accounting policies of the organization. If a method of writing off incurred expenses relating to future periods is used that is not specified in the accounting policy, it is necessary to adopt the appropriate administrative document (for example, an order for the organization signed by the manager).

Regardless of the current situation, an accounting document must be drawn up to document the amount of the write-off (credit to the Deferred Expenses account). Such a document must have the required details: date of preparation; basis for compilation; correspondent account to which the write-off will be made; the period over which expenses are distributed; write-off amounts for individual months of the established period; position and signature of the person who compiled the document.

Synthetic accounting of deferred expenses is carried out using the following entries in the accounting accounts: debit of account 97 “Deferred expenses” credit of accounts for inventory and production costs (10, 13, 23, 25, 26, etc.) - the amount of actual expenses incurred; debit account 20, 23, 25, 26, etc. credit to account 97 - for the amount of previously incurred expenses attributable to the cost of products (works, services) in a given reporting period. D-t inc.97 Invoice inc.60, 71, 76, etc. - reflects the amounts of expenses incurred in the current period, but relating to future periods D-t inc.20, 26, 44, etc. Invoice account 97 - deferred expenses are written off in the reporting period to which they relate, in the manner established by the organization.

Account 97 also shows the costs of repairing fixed assets, which is carried out at the beginning of the year: D-t account 97 K-t account 02, 10, 70, 69, etc. - the amount of costs for repairing fixed assets is reflected. Dt. 20, 23, 25, 26, 44, etc. Kt. 97 - attributed to expenses the amount of expenses for the repair of fixed assets. Accounting for deferred expenses is carried out by debiting account 97 “Deferred Expenses” from the credit of the corresponding material, settlement and other accounts. Monthly or at other times, expenses recorded on the debit of account 97 are written off to the debit of accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 44, 99. The timing of writing off deferred expenses, as well as the corresponding costs or other sources to which these expenses are written off, are regulated by legislative and other regulations or determined by the organizations themselves. For example, expenses for the repair of fixed assets, recorded at the beginning of the year on account 97, are written off monthly either in proportion to the volume of production by month, or in proportion to the planned costs of repairing fixed assets, or evenly by month. Of the total composition of future expenses, a separate calculation item under account 20 “Main production” reflects only the costs of preparation and development of production. The remaining expenses are written off from account 97 to the debit of collection and distribution (25, 26) or other accounts.

4 Accounting for income and expenses of future periods

Account 98 “Deferred Income” is intended to summarize information on income received (accrued) in the reporting period, but relating to future reporting periods, as well as upcoming receipts of debt for shortfalls identified in the reporting period for previous years, and the differences between the amount subject to recovery from the guilty parties, and the value of the valuables accepted for accounting when shortages and damage are identified.

Sub-accounts can be opened to account 98 “Deferred income”:

98-1 "Income received for future periods",

98-2 "Gratuitous receipts",

98-3 “Upcoming debt receipts for shortfalls identified in previous years”,

98-4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables”, etc.

Subaccount 98-1 “Income received for future periods” takes into account the movement of income received in the reporting period, but relating to future reporting periods: rent or apartment payments, utility bills, revenue for freight transportation, for passenger transportation on a monthly basis and quarterly tickets, subscription fees for the use of communication facilities, etc.

On the credit side of account 98 “Deferred income”, in correspondence with the accounts for cash or settlements with debtors and creditors, the amounts of income related to future reporting periods are reflected, and on the debit side - the amounts of income transferred to the corresponding accounts upon the onset of the reporting period to which these incomes are included.

Analytical accounting for subaccount 98-1 “Income received on account of future periods” is carried out for each type of income.

Subaccount 98-2 “Gratuitous receipts” takes into account the value of assets received by the organization free of charge.

The credit of account 98 “Deferred income” in correspondence with accounts 08 “Investments in non-current assets” and others reflects the market value of assets received free of charge, and in correspondence with account 86 “Targeted financing” - the amount of budget funds allocated by a commercial organization for financing expenses. Amounts recorded on account 98 “Deferred income” are written off from this account to the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”:

for fixed assets received free of charge - as depreciation is calculated;

for other material assets received free of charge - as production costs (sales costs) are written off to accounts.

Analytical accounting for subaccount 98-2 “Gratuitous receipts” is maintained for each gratuitous receipt of valuables.

Subaccount 98-3 “Upcoming debt receipts for shortfalls identified in previous years” takes into account the movement of upcoming debt receipts for shortfalls identified in the reporting period for previous years.

The credit of account 98 “Deferred income” in correspondence with account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” reflects the amounts of shortages of valuables identified in previous reporting periods (before the reporting year), found guilty by persons, or the amounts awarded for collection on them court. At the same time, account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” is credited with these amounts in correspondence with account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” (sub-account “Settlements for compensation of material damage”).

As the debt for shortfalls is repaid, account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” is credited in correspondence with the cash accounts while simultaneously reflecting the received amounts on the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” (profits of previous years identified in the reporting year) and debit account 98 “Deferred income”.

Subaccount 98-4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty persons and the cost of shortages of valuables” takes into account the difference between the amount recovered from the guilty persons for missing material and other valuables and the value listed in the organization’s accounting records.

In the credit of account 98 “Deferred income” in correspondence with account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” (sub-account “Settlements for compensation for material damage”) the difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the cost of shortages of valuables is reflected. As the debt accepted for accounting under account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” is repaid, the corresponding amounts of the difference are written off from account 98 “Deferred income” to the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Financial distribution account 98 “Deferred income” must reflect assets received in a given reporting period on account of future reporting periods, but with the condition:

1) that assets can never be claimed back by counterparties (correspondents). If such a possibility exists, then we should talk about accounts payable, and not about income of future reporting periods. And in fact, an organization, having received income for future periods, as a rule, invests it in its turnover and, therefore, the assets covering the received future income have already changed their form, could well turn into losses, which means they will be in liabilities income already received, sources of own funds are shown, and the asset may correspond to a “emptiness”;

2) that assets for deferred income, even if they correspond to “emptiness,” must cover the passive item “Deferred Income” with something else. However, the compilers of the chart of accounts abandoned this previously immutable rule and allow cases when, instead of assets already received, they enter into accounting assets that are still expected to be received. This is a significantly new feature of the current chart of accounts.

Let's consider four sub-accounts, which, in essence, are fundamentally independent accounts.

Account 98.1 "Income received for future periods"

This is the traditional deferred income account. The credit of this account should record received assets, which, according to the rule of matching income with expenses, can and should be recognized as income not for this reporting period, but for future reporting periods. The main criterion for recording these incomes under the credit of subaccount 98.1 “Income received on account of future periods” is that the assets received on account of these incomes will not be claimed back by counterparties (correspondents).

The debit of account 98.1 “Income received for future periods” reflects the amounts attributed to accounts 90 “Sales” and 91 “Other income and expenses.” Account 90 “Sales” should be credited for the amount of income from ordinary activities, and account 91 “Other income and expenses” - for the amount of income.

Account 98.2 "Gratuitous receipts"

Traditional accounting practice involved recording assets received free of charge, usually under a gift agreement, by debiting the account for the asset that was donated and by crediting, in relation to this chart of accounts, account 83 “Additional capital”. This was logical, since, according to the static theory of balance, in this case the capital of the enterprise increases, but its income does not increase. The previous chart of accounts was based on precisely this concept.

The compilers of the new chart of accounts in this case assume, according to the dynamic concept, that assets received free of charge are the income of the enterprise, and not just an increase in capital. They proceed from the fact that the newly received, albeit gratuitously, assets will be used by the recipient organization to generate income, and, therefore, a gift is income, but income from such a gift can only be received in the future. Hence the use of account 98 “Deferred income”.

Taxation practices also influenced the decision. Over the past ten years, tax authorities have classified assets received free of charge as taxable income. And the entire cost of the gift was subject to income and property taxes.

In the new chart of accounts, in this case we are faced with another feature: the capitalization of a gratuitously received asset does not go directly from account 98.2 “Gratuitous receipts,” but through intermediate accounts.

So, if assets, for example fixed assets, were received free of charge, then the accountant must make entries:

Debit 01 "Fixed assets" Credit 08.4 "Purchase of fixed assets"

Debit 08.4 "Purchase of fixed assets" Credit 98.2 "Gratuitous receipts"

The main difficulty arises in connection with the assessment of the assets received.

In this case, it is not important at what value the donor took them into account, or at what value he indicates in the accompanying documents, but what is important is that the valuation must be given at the market value on the day of receipt of these funds, that is, at the time of transfer of ownership of them .

As the fixed assets received free of charge are used, they will be depreciated and entries will be made for the amount of monthly depreciation:

Debit 20 “Main production” (and/or other cost accounts)

Credit 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"

This entry is common and traditional. However, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation clarified that if fixed assets were received free of charge, then there is no depreciation in this case, and the accountant has no reason to accrue it. But if this entry is not made, then the cost of finished products will be underestimated and the enterprise will have additional taxable income.

The tax authorities say that this entry can be made if the accountant wants, for the needs of the enterprise, for example, to reduce profits paid on dividends, but its results should not affect the amount of taxable profit.

At the same time, an entry is made for the amount of accrued depreciation on fixed assets received free of charge:

Debit 98.2 "Gratuitous receipts" Credit 91.1 "Other income"

If working capital, for example, materials, are received free of charge, then an entry is made:

Debit 10 “Materials” Credit 98.2 “Gratuitous receipts”

When writing off materials for production, two entries are made:

Debit 20 "Main production" (or other cost accounts) Credit 10 "Materials"

Debit 98.2 "Gratuitous receipts" Credit 91.1 "Other income"

Thus, upon receipt of the “gift,” it is received, but is not yet considered income, although it is recognized as income for future reporting periods, but it will be declared income only when materials are written off for production.

The paradox is that if such property is stolen even before it is written off for production, then precisely at the moment the theft is activated, according to the spirit of the instructions to the chart of accounts, it will have to be recognized as income.

And finally, if we are faced with targeted financing, then, first of all, it is necessary to capitalize the money:

Debit 51 "Current accounts" Credit 86 "Targeted financing"

Debit 86 "Targeted financing" Credit 98.2 "Gratuitous receipts"

Account 86 “Targeted financing” is closed in this case. But the further system of records repeats what we said regarding the accounting of non-current and working capital received free of charge.

Account 98.3 "Upcoming debt receipts for shortfalls identified in previous years"

It is assumed that the balance of the accounts on which the assets are reflected is currently correct, that is, the shortage is not reflected in the accounting as a result of the inventory. A typical example. The shortage, identified in one of the previous reporting periods, was written off as losses by decision of the court of first instance. However, a higher court ruled in favor of the organization, and the accountant now again notes the emergence of previously written off receivables.

Account 98.4 "The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables"

This subaccount acts as a regulating counterpart to account 73.2 “Calculations for compensation for material damage.” And, strictly speaking, it has almost nothing to do with future income.

The differences between subaccounts 98.3 “Forthcoming debt receipts for shortfalls identified in previous years” and 98.4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortfalls of valuables” boil down to the fact that in the first case, the shortfall previously written off as a loss is simply compensated , and the entire amount is considered income, and in the second case, only the markup is considered income.

Analytical accounting for account 98 “Deferred income”

Analytical accounting is carried out in the context of each of the four accounts considered.

In essence, any of them has a purely independent meaning and only by the will of the compilers of the chart of accounts, these very diverse operations were combined under the name of account 98 “Deferred income”.

In general, it must be said that when reflecting income for future reporting periods, it is necessary to maintain object-based accounting, where each case is an object:

· or receipt of money against future income;

· or gratuitous receipt of each object allocated under a donation agreement;

· or for each case of shortages of previous reporting periods;

· or for each case of shortage of valuables identified in a given reporting period.

For tax purposes, income is recognized in the reporting (tax) period in which it occurred, regardless of the receipt of funds, other property (work, services) and (or) property rights (clause 1 of Article 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Consequently, all income that is reflected in accounting as deferred income and will be recognized as income in subsequent reporting periods is also not accepted for tax purposes. The only exceptions are gratuitously received property or property rights, which, in accordance with subparagraph 8 of Article 251, are included in non-operating income, but according to accounting rules are reflected in account 98 “Deferred income”.

Property received free of charge upon receipt is not included in the tax base:

· within the framework of targeted financing;

· from an organization, if the authorized (share) capital (fund) of the receiving party consists of at least 50 percent of the contribution of the transferring organization;

· from an organization, if the authorized (share) capital (fund) of the transferring party consists of at least 50 percent of the contribution of the receiving organization;

· from an individual, if the authorized (share) capital (fund) of the receiving party consists of at least 50 percent of the contribution of this individual.

Received property is not recognized as income for tax purposes only if, within one year from the date of its receipt, the specified property (except for cash) is not transferred to third parties.

The assessment of income when receiving property (work, services) free of charge is carried out at market prices, determined taking into account the provisions of Article 40 of the Tax Code, but not lower than the residual value - for depreciable property and production (purchase) costs - for goods (work, services). Information on prices must be confirmed by the taxpayer - the recipient of the property (work, services) documented or through an independent assessment.

Costs incurred by the organization in the reporting period, but related to the following reporting periods, are reflected in the balance sheet as a separate item as deferred expenses and are subject to write-off to the debit of the accounts:

20 “Main production” - costs related to the main production (that production whose products (works, services) were the purpose of creating an enterprise or organization);

23 “Auxiliary production” - deferred expenses of auxiliary workshops and ancillary production;

25 “General production expenses” - future expenses for servicing the main and auxiliary production of the enterprise;

26 “General business expenses” - administrative and business expenses of the enterprise, related by their nature to expenses of future periods;

44 “Sales expenses” - deferred expenses associated with the sale (sale) of products, etc.

Expenses are written off during the period to which they relate in the manner established by the organization in each specific case (evenly, in proportion to the volume of production, etc.), based on calculations made after payment has been made or the completion of work performed.

Amount to be distributed;

Corresponding account to which the write-off will be made;

The calendar period to which deferred expenses are allocated;

Amounts written off for individual months of the calendar period in which the expenses occur.

Expenses incurred by the enterprise are recorded in account 97 without any value added tax.

Analytical accounting for account 97 is carried out by type of expenses for future periods. To do this, a separate analytical account is opened for each type of future expenses.

Primary document	Contents of operations	Corresponding
		debit	credit
Development table - calculation of depreciation of fixed assets	Depreciation was accrued for fixed assets involved in mining preparation and seasonal work during the development of new types of products	97	02
Calculation of amortization of intangible assets	Depreciation was accrued on intangible assets used in mining and seasonal work, during the development of new types of products	97	05,04
Demand-invoice (form No. M-11), limit-fence card (form No. M-8)	Materials were written off at book price or actual cost for carrying out mining preparation, seasonal work, during the development of new types of products, etc.	97	10
List of distribution of expenses of auxiliary productions	Services of auxiliary production provided during work related to future periods are written off	97	23
Sheet of distribution of overhead costs	General production expenses related to work related to future periods are written off	97	25
General expenses distribution sheet	General business expenses related to work related to future periods are written off	97	26
Request-invoice (form No. M-11)	Finished products used in work related to future periods are written off	97	43
Certificate of work completed, services rendered, invoices of suppliers and contractors	Debt to suppliers or contractors for work performed or services rendered used in work related to future periods is written off	97	60,76
Payroll (form No. T-49), personal account (forms No. T-54, 54a)	Accrued wages to employees involved in work related to future periods	97	70
Payroll statement (form No. T-49)	Social tax has been accrued on wages to employees participating in work related to future periods	97	69
Advance report, official assignment for sending on a business trip and report on its implementation (Form No. T-10a), invoices, receipt order (Form No. M-4)	Travel and business expenses related to future periods are written off	97	71
Accounting certificate, statement of distribution of expenses for future periods	Part of the expenses of future periods attributable to the expenses of the current reporting period was written off	20, 23, 25, 26	97
Accounting certificate, statement of distribution of future expenses	In the current reporting period, part of the expenses of future periods attributable to expenses related to sales was written off	44	97

Deferred expenses are expenses incurred in the reporting period, but related to future reporting periods. The main part of future expenses in organizations consists of expenses for preparation and development of production. In addition, deferred expenses include: expenses for the repair of fixed assets in seasonal industries; expenses for rent of fixed assets or their individual parts (premises); advertising expenses; to purchase licenses; expenses related to payment for telephone and radio communication services transferred for subsequent periods, etc.

Accounting for future expenses is carried out by debiting active account 97 “Future expenses” from the credit of the corresponding material, settlement and other accounts (10, 50, 51, 69, 70, 76, etc.). Monthly or at other times, expenses recorded on the debit of account 97 are written off to the debit of accounts 20, 23, 25, 26, 44, etc. The timing of writing off expenses of future periods, as well as the corresponding costs or other sources to which these expenses are written off, are regulated by legislative and other regulations or determined by the organizations themselves.

Of the total composition of future expenses, a separate calculation item under account 20 “Main production” reflects only the costs of preparation and development of production. The remaining expenses of future periods are written off from account 97 to the debit of collection and distribution (25, 26) or other accounts.

To account for income received in the reporting period, but relating to future periods, use passive account 98 “Deferred income”. On the credit side, the accounts take into account income related to future periods, future receipts of debts, income arising as a result of the excess of the missing values ​​recovered from the culprits over their book value. The debit of the account reflects the write-off of future income to the accounts for property accounting, settlements, account 91 “Other income and expenses.”

The following subaccounts can be opened to account 98 “Deferred income”:

• 98-1 "Income received for future periods";
• 98-2 "Gratuitous receipts";
• 98-3 “Upcoming receipts of debts for shortfalls identified in previous years”;
• 98-4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables”, etc.

Subaccount 98-1 takes into account income received in the reporting period, but relating to future reporting periods - rent and apartment payments, utility bills, use of communications equipment, etc. The amounts of income received or accrued are reflected on the credit of account 98, subaccount 1 , and the debit of cash and settlement accounts; write-off of income for expenses of the current reporting period - by debiting subaccount 98-1 and crediting the corresponding cash or current accounts.

Subaccount 98-2 takes into account the value of assets received free of charge. Assets received free of charge are reflected at market value in the debit of property accounting accounts (08 “Investments in non-current assets”, 10 “Materials”, etc.) from the credit of subaccount 98-2. The amount of budget funds allocated to a commercial organization to finance expenses is recorded as a credit to subaccount 98-2 and a debit to account 86 “Targeted financing”.

Subaccount 98-3 takes into account upcoming receipts and debts for shortfalls identified in previous years. For the loan, subaccount 98-3 reflects the amounts of shortfalls identified in the reporting year for previous years, recognized by guilty persons or awarded for recovery from them by judicial authorities, in correspondence with account 94 “Shortages from loss and damage to valuables.” At the same time, account 94 is credited with these amounts and account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” and subaccount 2 “Settlements for compensation of material damage” are debited.

As the debt for shortfalls is repaid, subaccount 73-2 is credited and accounts for cash or other property are debited. At the same time, the paid debt is reflected in the debit of account 98, subaccount 3, and the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

In subaccount 98-4, the difference between the amount recovered from the guilty parties for missing valuables and their accounting value is taken into account. The identified difference is reflected in the credit of account 98, subaccount 4, and the debit of account 73, subaccount 2. When repaying the debt for the identified difference, subaccount 73-2 is credited and the accounts for cash or other property are debited. At the same time, the repaid part of the difference is written off to the debit of subaccount 98-4 and the credit of account 91.

Analytical accounting for account 98 is carried out by:

• - for subaccount 1 - for each type of income;
• - for subaccount 2 - for each gratuitous receipt of valuables;
• - for subaccount 3 - for each type of shortage;
• - for subaccount 4 - by type of missing values.

The main purpose of controlling income and expenses of future periods is an objective study of the state of accrual and write-off of expenses and income of future periods, the completeness and timeliness of display of information in consolidated documents and accounting registers, the correctness of accounting for income and expenses of future periods in accordance with the adopted accounting policy, the reliability of the display of balances in the statements of a business entity and the timeliness of correction of deviations at the enterprise.

The tasks of on-farm control of income and expenses of future periods are presented in Fig. 12.6.

Rice. 12.6. V Tasks of internal control of income and expenses of future periods

Checking account balances 69 “Deferred Income” 39 “Deferred Expenses” allows you to establish the accuracy and completeness of the reflection of transactions on these accounts.

A study of concluded agreements and orders of the manager on the opening of these accounts will make it possible to determine the existence and legality of these agreements and orders, as well as accruals and write-offs of income and expenses of future periods.

Having checked the correctness of the documentation of transactions, the inspector establishes the reliability, legality of the accrual and write-off of these income and expenses, as well as the correctness of the reflection of these transactions in accounting and reporting. Assessing the state of synthetic and analytical accounting of income and expenses will help the controller check their balance among themselves. Checking the company's compliance with tax legislation on transactions related to the accrual and write-off of income and expenses of future periods will help verify the correctness of the reflection of tax calculations.

Objects of control The enterprise has income and expenses for future periods.

Deferred expenses, in turn, can be further detailed, for example, deferred expenses include expenses associated with the development of new organizations, production facilities, workshops and units, expenses associated with the payment of rent for the use of fixed assets, expenses for subscriptions to periodicals, and the reserve for future payments and payments may include expenses for the payment of additional pensions, expenses for vacations to employees, expenses related to warranty obligations.

Future income is funds already received or what will be received not in this reporting period, but in others, those ahead. That is, we can consider this in such a way that when the debtors repay their debts and the creditor enterprise receives its future income, or the products are shipped to customers and the selling enterprise receives money.

Source of information for on-farm control at the enterprise there are primary documents, namely accounting registers used to reflect business transactions, the general ledger, preliminary control acts, accounts, payment orders, invoices, limit cards, receipt orders, receipts, lease agreements, checks, patents, cash registers orders, expense reports and other documentation. Also accounting accounts, accounting registers and reporting forms Form No. 1 "Balance, Form No. 3 "Cash flow statement" and other documentation.

Income at the enterprise arises at the time of shipment of products, that is, when ownership of the products passes from the seller to the buyer and at the same time the right to demand payment for their cost arises. Therefore, in this case, there is no future income.

In relation to the future prospects for the shipment of products and the receipt of funds, then these issues are inherent in planning the activities of the enterprise, and not in accounting, intended to record the facts of business activities.

Verification of documents that confirm the accrual and write-off of income and expenses of future periods and provision of future payments and payments can be carried out by checking both one document and several documents that confirm the same or interrelated transactions.

Document control techniques apply to accounting documents, entries in accounting registers, submitted reports, statistical and operational materials. The object of documentary control is information that characterizes completed business transactions.

By using formal verification The controller can check the correct document, which should contain all the information necessary to substantiate the accounts.

By using arithmetic check The controller checks accruals and write-offs of income and expenses for future periods.

By using regulatory audit checks the legality of a particular operation.

Logical check allows you to identify possible thefts using actual results and related documents.

Also, to control income and expenses of future periods, you can check several documents and carry out:

- counter check (comparison of two copies of the same document located at different enterprises or departments). For example, our company writes off a significant amount of funds monthly for expenses incurred to pay lease payments for the use of fixed assets. The owner of the enterprise questioned the implementation of this operation, as well as the amount of monthly write-off. We can check this operation for help by submitting a request to the company from which we rent the object. This request will help to verify the information contained in the agreement, which is located at our enterprise, namely the amount of the rental payment, the rental period, etc.;

- mutual control (documents of different names and natures are compared, reflecting various aspects of the same operation). For example, the head of an enterprise can check the accuracy of the reflection of business transactions, namely the accrual and write-off of expenses incurred for subscriptions to periodicals;

- analytical check reporting and balance sheets (checking synthetic and analytical accounting).

Control at an enterprise depends not only on methods of checking documents, but also on a skillful combination of various methods, methods, and techniques for exercising control.

Control of income and expenses of future periods at the enterprise occurs in certain stages (Fig. 12.7).

Rice. 12.7. V

in accordance with fig. 12.7 at the first stage, general actions are carried out regarding the determination of the subject and object of control at the enterprise, in accordance with which regulatory legal acts, constituent documents, orders and other documents of a business entity are determined and analyzed, which reflect charges for writing off income and expenses of future periods, then there is a selection and accumulation of the necessary information. Next, the financial and statistical reporting of the business entity is studied, the administrative documents of the management body of the enterprise are studied, and the materials of previous control activities are examined.

Inspectors need to formulate problematic issues that need to be investigated and worked out, as a result of which conclusions will be drawn regarding the monitoring of income and expenses of future periods. After processing the research results, the form of presentation of the obtained verification data is determined and provided to the head of the enterprise, with the formulation and presentation of proposals for solving the problems posed.

So, internal control at an enterprise is a means of preventing theft and avoiding it in the future, which will be helped by the methodology and the stages of monitoring income and expenses of future periods. It has been established that with the help of an internal audit, the manager (owner) receives reliable and timely information about the object of the audit in order to make effective management decisions.

Future expenses- these are costs incurred by the organization in the previous and/or reporting periods, but subject to inclusion in the cost of products (works, services) in subsequent periods of the organization’s activities.

Dt 94 Kt 98-3 - reflects the amount of shortages of valuables recognized by guilty persons or sentenced to recovery by the court at the same time.

Dt 73-2 Kt 94 - the cost of material assets is attributed to the guilty person.

Dt 70 Kt 73-2 - the amount of the shortage is withheld from the wages of the guilty person.

Dt 50, 51 Kt 73-2 - the amount of the shortage is paid to the cash desk or to the current account.

As the debt for shortfalls is repaid, the amounts received are taken into account as part of other income as the profit of previous years identified in the reporting year - Dt 98-3 Kt 91-1.

Analytical accounting for subaccount 3 is maintained for each type of loss and shortage from damage to valuables.

Subaccount 4 takes into account the difference between the amount recovered from the guilty persons for missing material and other assets and the value at which they are listed on the organization’s balance sheet.

This difference arises between the cost of missing valuables, allocated to subaccount 73-2 “Calculations for compensation of material damage”, and their value reflected on account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”, since the debit of account 94 takes into account:

• for missing or completely damaged inventory items - their actual cost;
• for missing or completely damaged fixed assets - their residual value;
• for partially damaged material assets - the amount of determined losses.

The shortage is attributed to the person at fault:

Dt 73-2 Kt 94 - for the accounting value of missing valuables;

Dt 73-2 Kt 98-4 - for the amount of the difference between the market value and the book price;

Dt 50.70 Kt 73-2 at the same time Dt 98-4 Kt 91-1 - compensation for the shortfall by the guilty party in the amount of the difference.

Analytical accounting for subaccount 4 is maintained for each type of loss and shortage from damage to valuables and for each guilty employee.

Synthetic accounting register - journal order No. 15.

When an organization uses an automated form of accounting using the 1C: Enterprise software product, the registers of synthetic accounting are the turnover of account 98 (General Ledger), analysis of account 98, balance sheet, etc. The analytical accounting registers are the turnover balance sheet for account 98, analysis of account 98 by sub-account, turnover between sub-accounts, account card 98, account card 98 by sub-account, etc.

An important role in shaping the financial results of a company's activities is played by expenses and income of future periods. The concept of deferred expenses includes costs used in the present reporting period, but the cost of goods, works or services will be reflected in the next periods of time of the company’s activities.

Deferred income - an increase in material and monetary savings due to the receipt of assets or repayment of debt. These business and production operations are carried out on different accounting accounts: 97th “Deferred expenses”, 98th “Deferred income”.

Relevance of account 97

In order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 24, 2010 No. 186n, changes were made on the use of account 97 “Deferred expenses” in accounting; the use of the account is considered optional. When conducting business, often, some company expenses can be distributed into the cost of production in stages.

The current PBU allows for an even distribution of costs, for this it is necessary to record accounting transactions on account 97. The chief accountant independently decides on the need to maintain an account. 97. This item of enterprise accounting must be specified in the Regulations on Accounting Policies.

Deferred expenses include:

• Preliminary work on the seasonal production process;
• Study of new production operations, equipment and devices;
• OS repairs throughout the current year (unless a reserve is planned);
• Payment for services for mandatory product certification;
• Purchasing a license, etc.

The debit of the active account 97 keeps records of the RBP, corresponding on Kt with accounts of a material and settlement nature: 10,50,51,70,69,76. At the end of the month or any other reporting period from account 97, these expenses are written off to Dt accounts 20,23,25,26,44.

BPO accounting

Example BPO accounting: an organization for business activities acquired a license in the amount of 51,300 rubles. The license was issued for 5 years, written off to cost evenly over 60 months, i.e. 51300/60 (months) = 855 rub. Accounting for the costs of obtaining a license is reflected in the following transactions:

BPR, indirectly or directly, is related to the future earnings of the enterprise. When allocating such costs, the accountant needs a clear justification for their connection with future income generation. Otherwise, it is better to account for expenses as ordinary production costs in reporting periods.

You need to know this: when compiling a balance sheet, RBPs used in one reporting period, but the entire amount is distributed in several, are reflected in one of the asset lines of the balance sheet: 1110,1150,1210,1260.

Advance, not deferred expenses

When determining production costs, you need to remember the clear distribution of these costs. There are expenses that are not included in the account. 97, they are advances:

1. R&D costs;
2. Subscription to printed publications;
3. Payments related to rent.

Accounting for deferred income

Deferred income is considered to be income that is formed on account 98 “Deferred income”. They are characterized by the following operations:

• Income that is received at the expense of subsequent stages of time (subaccount 98.1). For example: payment for renting an apartment, payment for cargo transportation, for passenger transportation on long-term tickets, etc.

Accounting for transactions on subaccount 98.1 is accompanied by the following transactions:

Dt76 Kt98.1 – rent accrued;

Dt98.1 Kt91.1 – financial result;

• Receipt for free use (subaccount 98.2). These include received assets other than cash. Related wiring:

Dt 08,10,41 Kt98.2 – capitalization of material assets;

• Receipts for shortfalls for previous years (subaccount 98.3). This sub-account keeps track of debt receipts during the reporting period for shortfalls for previous years; the accountant makes the following entries:

Dt94 Kt98.3 – shortage determined;

Dt76 Kt94 – write-off to the employee responsible for the shortage;

Dt98.3 Kt91.1 – increase in the amount of income not related to ordinary activities;

• The difference is the amount that needs to be recovered from the guilty workers and the book value for shortages of material assets (subaccount 98.4).

Dt98.4 Kt91.1 - acceptance into the company’s income of an amount in excess of the detected shortage;

Dt73.2 Kt98.4 – identification of the employees at fault for detected shortages of inventory items.

You need to know this: the balance sheet line “Deferred income” and the liability line “Retained earnings” closely interact with each other, forming an increase in profit that is owed to the owner of the enterprise.

Inventory of income and expenses of future periods

When checking income and expenses of future periods, the created inventory commission examines the accuracy of the primary documents that were included in business transactions.

The result of the BBP inventory is the completion of form No. INV-11 “Act of Inventory of Deferred Expenses,” which reflects the total amount of costs used for the reporting period, with the remaining amount for subsequent reporting periods. Drawing up the act - in 2 copies: the first remains in the accounting department, the second - in the commission.

These expenses and income must be documented and have economic justification. There needs to be a clear distinction between BPO and recurrent costs. The tax office relies on these arguments to recognize the correctness of accounting for expenses and income.