Financial investments on the balance sheet areassets that have certain characteristics clearly defined by current legislation. An accountant must distinguish financial investments from other assets.

Financial investments in the balance sheet structure

In the structure of the balance sheet, financial investments are assets recorded in lines 1170 and 1240. Line 1170 is located in the first section of the balance sheet “Non-current assets”, and line 1240 in the second section (“Current assets”). In line 1170 the amounts of long-term financial investments are recorded (for a period of more than a year), and in line 1240 - short-term (for a period not exceeding a year).

In accounting, a breakdown of financial investments by the period for which they are formed must be carried out, as this is provided for by the instructions for using the chart of accounts (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n, hereinafter referred to as Order 94n) and PBU 19/02.

The main part of the financial investments reflected in lines 1170 and 1240 of the balance sheet is recorded in accounting in the form of a debit balance of the account. 58, on which financial investments are recorded. To it is added the debit balance of financial investments in accounts 55 and 73 (in terms of deposits and loans to employees of the enterprise, respectively). In addition, the amount of debit balances of accounts 58, 55, 73 must be reduced by the credit balance accounts 59 (formation of reserves for financial investments).

IMPORTANT! It is advisable to account for assets reflected in accounts 55 and 73, classified as financial investments, in separate sub-accounts depending on the investment period. Then, when creating a balance, there will be no problems filling out lines 1170 and 1240.

Let's take a closer look at what assets are reflected in account 58.

Account 58 “Financial investments”

Order 94n established the following list of subaccounts of account 58:

• 58.1 - shares and shares;
• 58.2 - debt securities;
• 58.3 - loans provided;
• 58.4 - contributions under a simple partnership agreement.

However, the law does not prohibit enterprises from independently establishing a list of subaccounts in accordance with the goals of their accounting policies. At the same time, Order 94n clearly states that the enterprise is obliged to ensure a breakdown of financial investments into long-term and short-term.

Therefore, if the enterprise has financial investments with a period of up to 12 months or more than 12 months, it is necessary to organize their separate accounting, which allows separating the amounts of long-term financial investments from short-term ones.

Postings for transactions with financial investments in account 58 may look like this:

Accounting for financial investments in accounts 55.3 and 73.1, standard transactions

Account 55.3 reflects the enterprise's deposits - funds provided to financial institutions for the purpose of receiving interest income. They can also be short term or long term. Account 73.1 reflects loans provided by the enterprise to its employees.

Here are some typical entries when accounting for financial investments in accounts 55.3 and 73.1.

		Operation description
Account 55.3 “Deposit accounts”
		Funds were transferred to the deposit account
		Interest accrual on deposit
		Interest is transferred to a deposit account (if the company does not withdraw it)
		Interest transferred to the company's current account
		Closing the deposit
Account 73.1 “Settlements with personnel for loans provided”
		A loan was issued from the company's cash desk to an employee
		The loan is transferred to the employee’s card
		The company has accrued interest on the loan issued to the employee (if the loan agreement provides for this)
		Withholding interest or loan amount from the employee's salary
		Repayment of a loan by an employee to the company's cash desk
		The company has written off the employee’s loan debt (if such a decision has been made)

Accounting for interest on financial investments

Operations for the provision of loans are reflected using subaccount 58.3 “Loans provided”. Such financial investments must be formalized by loan agreements. Essential information in the agreement is the amount and term of the loan, as well as the amount of interest accrued on such obligations.

Typical wiring may look like this:

Results

Financial investments in the balance sheet are reflected on lines 1170 and 1240. At the same time, in accordance with the current accounting legislation, it is necessary to organize separate accounting of short-term and long-term financial investments.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 10, 2002 N 126n
"On approval of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Financial Investments" PBU 19/02"

In pursuance of the Program for reforming accounting in accordance with international financial reporting standards, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1998 N 283 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1998, N 11, Art. 1290), I order:

2. Recognize as invalid the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of January 15, 1997 No. 2 “On the procedure for reflecting transactions with securities in accounting” (the order was registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on June 10, 1997, registration No. 1324).

3. Put this order into effect starting with the financial statements for 2003.

Registration N 4085

Application
to the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
dated December 10, 2002 N 126n

Position
on accounting "Accounting for financial investments" PBU 19/02

With changes and additions from:

September 18, November 27, 2006, October 25, November 8, 2010, April 27, 2012, April 6, 2015

I. General provisions

1. These Regulations establish the rules for the formation in accounting and financial reporting of information about the organization’s financial investments. An organization is further understood as a legal entity under the laws of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and state (municipal) institutions).

This Regulation is applied when establishing the specifics of accounting for financial investments for professional participants in the securities market, insurance organizations, and non-state pension funds.

2. For the purposes of these Regulations, in order to accept assets for accounting as financial investments, the following conditions must be simultaneously met:

the presence of properly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization’s right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;

transition to organizing financial risks associated with financial investments (risk of price changes, risk of debtor insolvency, liquidity risk, etc.);

the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of a financial investment and its purchase value as a result of its exchange, use in repaying the organization’s obligations, an increase in the current market value and so on.).

3. Financial investments of an organization include: state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, bills); contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies); loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of claims, etc.

For the purposes of these Regulations, contributions from a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement are also taken into account as part of financial investments.

The organization's financial investments do not include:

own shares purchased by the joint-stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;

bills issued by the organization-promissory note to the organization-seller when paying for goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered;

investments of an organization in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) for the purpose of generating income;

precious metals, jewelry, works of art and other similar valuables acquired for purposes other than normal activities.

4. Assets that have a tangible form, such as fixed assets, inventories, as well as intangible assets are not financial investments.

5. The accounting unit for financial investments is selected by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these investments, as well as proper control over their availability and movement. Depending on the nature of the financial investments, the order of their acquisition and use, the unit of financial investments can be a series, batch, etc. homogeneous set of financial investments.

6. The organization maintains analytical accounting of financial investments in such a way as to provide information on the accounting units of financial investments and the organizations in which these investments are made (issuers of securities, other organizations in which the organization is a participant, borrowing organizations, etc.) .

For government securities and securities of other organizations accepted for accounting, analytical accounting must contain at least the following information: name of the issuer and name of the security, number, series, etc., nominal price, purchase price, expenses associated with acquisition of securities, total quantity, date of purchase, date of sale or other disposal, place of storage.

An organization can generate in analytical accounting additional information about the organization’s financial investments, including by their groups (types).

7. Features of the assessment and additional rules for disclosing information on financial investments in dependent business companies in financial statements are established by a separate regulatory act on accounting.

II. Initial assessment of financial investments

8. Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost.

9. The initial cost of financial investments acquired for a fee is recognized as the amount of the organization’s actual costs for their acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees).

The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments are:

amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;

amounts paid to organizations and other persons for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets. If an organization is provided with information and consulting services related to making a decision on the acquisition of financial investments, and the organization does not make a decision on such acquisition, the cost of these services is included in the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other expenses) or an increase in the expenses of a non-profit organization of that reporting period when the decision was made not to purchase financial investments;

remuneration paid to an intermediary organization or other person through which assets were acquired as financial investments;

other costs directly related to the acquisition of assets as financial investments.

When purchasing financial investments using borrowed funds, the costs of received loans and borrowings are taken into account in accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Expenses of the Organization” PBU 10/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 N 33n (registered with the Ministry of Justice Russian Federation May 31, 1999, registration N 1790), and the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for loans and credits and the costs of servicing them” PBU 15/01, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated August 2, 2001 N 60n (according to letter of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation dated September 7, 2001 N 07/8985-UD the order does not require state registration).

General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring financial investments, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of financial investments.

11. If the amount of costs (except for the amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller) for the acquisition of such financial investments as securities is insignificant compared to the amount paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller, the organization has the right to recognize such costs as other expenses of the organization, including the reporting period in which the specified securities were accepted for accounting.

12. The initial cost of financial investments made as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of an organization is recognized as their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

13. The initial cost of financial investments received by an organization free of charge, such as securities, is recognized as:

their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. For the purposes of these Regulations, the current market value of securities is understood as their market price, calculated in the prescribed manner by the organizer of trading on the securities market;

the amount of funds that can be received as a result of the sale of received securities on the date of their acceptance for accounting - for securities for which the market price is not calculated by the organizer of trading on the securities market.

14. The initial cost of financial investments acquired under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.

If it is impossible to determine the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization, the value of financial investments received by the organization under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost at which similar financial investments are acquired in comparable circumstances.

15. The initial cost of financial investments contributed to the contribution of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the partners in the simple partnership agreement.

17. Securities that do not belong to the organization by right of ownership, economic management or operational management, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the agreement, are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the agreement.

III. Subsequent assessment of financial investments

18. The initial cost of financial investments at which they are accepted for accounting may change in cases established by law and these Regulations.

19. For the purposes of subsequent assessment, financial investments are divided into two groups: financial investments for which the current market value can be determined in the manner prescribed by these Regulations, and financial investments for which their current market value is not determined.

Organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, can carry out a subsequent assessment of all financial investments in the manner established by these Regulations for financial investments for which their current market value is not determined. At the same time, these organizations may decide not to reflect the impairment of financial investments in accounting in cases where calculating the amount of such impairment is difficult.

20. Financial investments for which the current market value can be determined in the prescribed manner are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their valuation as of the previous reporting date. The organization can make this adjustment monthly or quarterly.

The difference between the assessment of financial investments at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments is attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other income or expenses) or an increase in income or expenses of a non-profit organization in correspondence with the financial investment account.

21. Financial investments for which the current market value is not determined are subject to reflection in accounting and financial statements as of the reporting date at their original cost.

22. For debt securities for which the current market value is not determined, the organization is allowed to attribute the difference between the initial cost and the nominal value during their circulation period evenly, as income is due on them in accordance with the terms of issue, to the financial results of the commercial organization ( as part of other income or expenses) or a decrease or increase in expenses of a non-profit organization.

23. For debt securities and granted loans, an organization can calculate their valuation at a discounted value. In this case, no accounting entries are made.

The organization must provide evidence that the calculation is reasonable.

24. Financial investments are reflected in the balance sheet as of the reporting date at a cost determined based on the requirements of these Regulations.

If the current market value is not determined for an object of financial investment previously valued at the current market value, such object of financial investment is reflected in the financial statements at the value of its last valuation.

IV. Disposal of financial investments

25. The disposal of financial investments is recognized in the accounting records of the organization on the date of termination of the conditions for their acceptance for accounting, given in paragraph 2 of these Regulations.

Disposal of financial investments takes place in cases of redemption, sale, gratuitous transfer, transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, transfer on account of a contribution under a simple partnership agreement, etc.

26. When disposing of an asset accepted for accounting as a financial investment for which the current market value is not determined, its value is determined based on an assessment determined in one of the following ways:

at the initial cost of each accounting unit of financial investments;

at the average initial cost;

at the original cost of the first financial investments acquired (FIFO method).

The application of one of the specified methods for a group (type) of financial investments is based on the assumption of consistency in the application of accounting policies.

Advertisement accounting of financial investments.

28. Securities may be valued by the organization upon disposal at the average initial cost, which is determined for each type of securities as the quotient of dividing the initial cost of the type of securities by their quantity, consisting respectively of the initial cost and the amount of balance at the beginning of the month and the securities received in during a given month.

29. Valuation at the historical cost of the first financial investments acquired (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that securities are written off within a month or another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. the first securities to be written off must be valued at the original cost of the securities of the first acquisitions, taking into account the original cost of the securities listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the valuation of securities in balance at the end of the month is made at the original cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of the securities sold takes into account the cost of the earlier acquisitions.

30. When disposing of assets accepted for accounting as financial investments for which the current market value is determined, their value is determined by the organization based on the latest assessment.

31. For each group (type) of financial investments during the reporting year, one assessment method is used.

32. The assessment of financial investments at the end of the reporting period is carried out depending on the accepted method for assessing financial investments upon their disposal, i.e. at the current market value, at the original cost of each accounting unit of financial investments, at the average original cost, at the original cost of the first financial investments acquired (FIFO method).

33. Examples of the use of valuation methods when disposing of financial investments are given in the appendix to these Regulations.

V. Income and expenses on financial investments

34. Income from financial investments is recognized as income from ordinary activities or other income in accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” PBU 9/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 N 32n (registered with the Ministry of Justice Russian Federation May 31, 1999, registration N 1791).

35. Expenses associated with the provision of loans by an organization to other organizations are recognized as other expenses of the organization.

36. Expenses associated with servicing the financial investments of an organization, such as payment for bank and/or depository services for storing financial investments, providing an extract from a securities account, etc., are recognized as other expenses of the organization.

VI. Impairment of financial investments

37. A sustained significant decrease in the value of financial investments for which their current market value is not determined, below the amount of economic benefits that the organization expects to receive from these financial investments under normal conditions of its activities, is recognized as depreciation of financial investments. In this case, based on the organization’s calculations, the estimated value of financial investments is determined, equal to the difference between their value at which they are reflected in accounting (accounting value) and the amount of such reduction.

A steady decline in the value of financial investments is characterized by the simultaneous presence of the following conditions:

at the reporting date and at the previous reporting date, the accounting value is significantly higher than their estimated value;

during the reporting year, the estimated value of financial investments changed significantly only in the direction of its decrease;

As of the reporting date, there is no evidence that a significant increase in the estimated value of these financial investments is possible in the future.

Examples of situations in which impairment of financial investments may occur are:

the issuing organization of securities owned by the organization or its debtor under a loan agreement has signs of bankruptcy or is declared bankrupt;

execution of a significant number of transactions in the securities market with similar securities at a price significantly lower than their book value;

absence or significant decrease in income from financial investments in the form of interest or dividends with a high probability of a further decrease in these income in the future, etc.

38. If a situation arises in which depreciation of financial investments may occur, the organization must check the existence of conditions for a sustainable decrease in the value of financial investments.

This check is carried out for all financial investments of the organization specified in paragraph 37 of these Regulations, for which there are signs of impairment.

If the impairment test confirms a sustained significant decline in the value of financial investments, the organization creates a reserve for impairment of financial investments in the amount of the difference between the book value and the estimated value of such financial investments.

A commercial organization forms the specified reserve at the expense of the organization’s financial results (as part of other expenses), and a non-profit organization - through an increase in expenses.

In the financial statements, the value of such financial investments is shown at book value minus the amount of the formed reserve for their depreciation.

A check for impairment of financial investments is carried out at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of impairment. The organization has the right to carry out this check on the reporting dates of the interim financial statements.

The organization must provide confirmation of the results of this inspection.

39. If, based on the results of an audit for impairment of financial investments, a further decrease in their estimated value is revealed, then the amount of the previously created reserve for impairment of financial investments is adjusted towards its increase and decrease in the financial result of a commercial organization (as part of other expenses) or an increase in expenses for a non-profit organization .

If, as a result of checking for impairment of financial investments, an increase in their estimated value is revealed, then the amount of the previously created reserve for impairment of financial investments is adjusted towards its decrease and increase in the financial result of a commercial organization (as part of other income) or decrease in expenses for a non-profit organization.

40. If, based on available information, the organization concludes that a financial investment no longer meets the criteria for a sustainable significant decline in value, as well as upon disposal of financial investments, the estimated value of which was included in the calculation of the reserve for impairment of financial investments, the amount of the previously created reserve for impairment for the specified financial investments is included in the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other income) or a decrease in expenses in a non-profit organization at the end of the year or the reporting period when the disposal of the specified financial investments occurred.

VII. Disclosure of information in financial statements

41. In financial statements, financial investments must be presented with a division depending on the maturity period (maturity) into short-term and long-term.

42. In the financial statements, at least the following information is subject to disclosure, taking into account the materiality requirement:

methods for assessing financial investments upon their disposal by groups (types);

the consequences of changes in the methods of assessing financial investments upon their disposal;

the value of financial investments for which the current market value can be determined, and financial investments for which the current market value cannot be determined;

the difference between the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments by which the current market value was determined;

for debt securities for which the current market value has not been determined - the difference between the initial value and the nominal value during the period of their circulation, accrued in accordance with the procedure established by paragraph 22 of these Regulations;

value and types of securities and other financial investments encumbered with collateral;

the value and types of retired securities and other financial investments transferred to other organizations or persons (except for sale);

data on the reserve for impairment of financial investments, indicating: the type of financial investments, the amount of the reserve created in the reporting year, the amount of the reserve recognized as other income of the reporting period; reserve amounts used in the reporting year;

for debt securities and granted loans - data on their valuation at discounted value, on the value of their discounted value, on the discounting methods used (disclosed in the notes to the balance sheet and the income statement).

Application
to the Regulations
on accounting "Accounting for financial investments" PBU 19/02,
approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
dated December 10, 2002 N 126n

Examples of using valuation methods when disposing of financial investments

1. Method of assessing the initial cost of each accounting unit of financial investments

The cost of retiring financial investments is equal in this case to their original cost.

2. Valuation method based on average initial cost

The cost of securities being written off is determined by multiplying the number of retired securities (for example, shares of OJSC "S") by the average initial cost of one security of this type (shares of OJSC "S"). The average initial cost of one security of a given type is calculated as the quotient of dividing the cost of securities of a given type by their quantity, respectively, consisting of the cost and quantity of the balance at the beginning of the month and of securities received in that month.

Example 1

(data are provided for one type of securities)

		price per unit, thousand rubles.	amount, million rubles		price per unit, thousand rubles.	amount, million rubles		price per unit, thousand rubles.	amount, million rubles
Balance on the 1st

1) Average initial cost of one security:

(10.0 million rubles + 5.0 million rubles + 6.6 million rubles + 9.6 million rubles)/290 =

107.6 thousand rubles.

2) Value of the balance of securities at the end of the month:

130 x 107.6 thousand rubles. = 14.0 million rubles.

3) Cost of retiring securities:

31.2 million rubles. - 14.0 million rubles. = 17.2 million rubles.

160 x 107.6 thousand rubles. = 17.2 million rubles.

This method can also be applied within a month for each date of disposal of securities within the month, using the estimate of the balance of securities determined by the average initial cost method on the date of the previous transaction (the so-called moving average initial cost method).

3. Method of valuation at the original cost of the first financial investments acquired (FIFO method)

Valuation of securities using the FIFO method is based on the assumption that securities are sold within a month in the sequence of their receipt (purchase), i.e. the securities that first went on sale must be valued at the original cost of the first ones acquired, taking into account the value of the securities listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the valuation of securities in balance at the end of the month is carried out at the actual cost of the most recent acquisition, and the cost of sale (disposal) of securities takes into account the cost of the earlier acquisition.

The cost of retiring securities is determined by subtracting from the sum of the value of the balance of securities at the beginning of the month and the cost of securities received during the month the value of the balance of securities at the end of the month.

Example 2

		price per unit, thousand rubles.	amount, million rubles		price per unit, thousand rubles.	amount, million rubles		price per unit, thousand rubles.	amount, million rubles
Balance on the 1st

1) The value of the balance of securities at the end of the month based on the value of the latest receipts:

(80 x 120 thousand rubles) + (50 x 110 thousand rubles) = 15.1 million rubles.

2) Cost of retiring securities:

31.2 million rubles. - 15.1 million rubles. = 16.1 million rubles.

3) Unit cost of retiring securities:

16.1 million rubles/160 = 100.6 thousand rubles.

This method can also be applied within a month for each date of disposal of securities within the month, using the estimate of the balance of securities determined by the FIFO method as of the date of the previous transaction (the so-called rolling FIFO method).

Financial operations represent actions aimed at solving a specific problem in organizing and managing monetary relations that arise during the formation and use of funds of funds. One of the main features of the classification of financial transactions is the target orientation of their action. On this basis, investment transactions are distinguished in financial transactions. These operations are associated with investments in the acquisition of financial investments (financial assets) and investment projects.

The organization's investment policy provides for two investment options:

– portfolio investments – capital investments in a group of projects related to the acquisition of securities;

– real capital-forming investments – capital investments in property.

The first group of investments are financial investments.

Financial investments are called investments in securities and other financial instruments.

Investments– these are cash, deposits, shares, shares and other securities, technologies, machines, equipment and any other property (all types of property and intellectual assets) invested in objects of entrepreneurial and other activities in order to make a profit and achieve a positive social effect.

Financial instruments represent any fixed-term agreement that results in the purchase and sale of a financial asset on certain terms and conditions previously agreed upon by the parties.

Financial asset is a commodity that is bought and sold on the financial market. Financial assets (securities) are monetary documents that certify the ownership or relationship of the owner of the document in relation to the person (issuer) who issued such a document. Securities as a market product, these are securities that can independently circulate on the market and be the object of purchase and sale and other transactions, and also serve as a source of regular or one-time income.

A financial asset, like any ordinary product on the capital market, can be characterized from various positions. This product has fewer features compared to consumer products. In particular, there are four main characteristics of a financial asset: price, value, profitability, risk.

Existing investment opportunities vary in terms of return and risk. Among the least risky are investments in bank deposits and government securities. It is also possible to invest in the authorized capital of other organizations, both directly and by purchasing their shares on the secondary stock market.

Accounting legislation provides for certain requirements for maintaining records and reflecting business transactions related to the formation and movement of financial assets, which cannot be ignored in financial management.

Investments of funds in financial assets for the purpose of generating income are considered in accounting as an independent object - financial investments. The procedure for maintaining accounting records of financial investments is regulated by PBU 19/02 “Accounting for Financial Investments,” approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 24, 2003 No. 105n.

8.1. Conditions for recognizing financial investments and primary documents

In PBU 19/02, the category “financial investments” is defined by highlighting the criteria for their recognition, i.e., criteria whose compliance with a specific fact of economic life allows one to classify it as forming the financial investments of an organization. According to clause 2 of PBU 19/02, in order to accept assets for accounting as financial investments, the following conditions must be simultaneously met:

Availability of properly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization’s right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;

Transition to organizing financial risks associated with financial investments (risk of price changes, risk of debtor insolvency, liquidity risk, etc.);

The ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of a financial investment and its purchase value as a result of its exchange, use in repaying the organization’s obligations, an increase in the current market value and so on.).

Financial investments include:

State and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, promissory notes);

Contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and independent companies);

Deposits of the organization - a partner under a simple partnership agreement;

Loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit organizations, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of claims, etc.

The most common type of financial investments are investments in securities - the purchase of shares, bonds, bills, certificates of deposit and savings certificates, etc.

Financial investments do not include:

Own shares purchased by a joint stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;

Bills of exchange issued by the organization-drawer of the bill to the organization-seller in settlements for goods sold, products, work performed and services rendered;

Investments of an organization in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use for the purpose of generating income;

Assets that have a tangible form, such as fixed assets, intangible assets, inventories.

As a rule, many Russian organizations operate rather passively on the stock market and financial investments do not occupy a very large share of the asset structure. This is due to the lack of free working capital for investing in the activities of other organizations. However, the conditions of the modern market dictate the need for investment activities of organizations, including in terms of financial investments.

Financial investments are classified according to various criteria:

IN dependencies with authorized capital distinguish between financial investments for the purpose of forming authorized capital (shares, investment certificates) and debt (bonds, mortgages, deposit and savings certificates, treasury obligations, bills);

By forms of ownership distinguish between government and non-government securities;

IN depending on the period for which financial investments are made, they are divided into long-term and short-term. TO long-term include financial investments whose return period exceeds one year. Costs for the acquisition of shares of other organizations or other participation in their authorized capital in all cases are classified as long-term investments, since the return period for these funds is, as a rule, not defined. TO short-term Financial investments include investments in deposits, loans, bonds and other securities, the maturity of which does not exceed one year.

The nominal value of a financial investment is the value specified in the financial instrument, accepted in the contract, recorded in the register or printed on the security. The nominal value of equity instruments shows the amount of the share capital that they represent, and the nominal value of debt instruments shows the amount of the borrower's obligations, which he undertakes to repay. The purchase and sale of financial investments does not change the nominal value; it remains constant throughout the entire period for which the investment is registered.

The price announced by the issuer (organization) at which securities are offered for sale during the initial placement on the market is the placement cost or issue price. The latter may be higher or lower than the nominal value of financial investments. If the issue price exceeds the nominal price, this means that the security is placed at a premium, resulting in the generation of issue income; otherwise, if the par value exceeds the placement cost, the issuer incurs a loss.

The value at which a financial instrument is subsequently circulated on the market (sold and bought) is the market or current value of financial investments, which is determined at a particular point in time by the nominal value, the liquidity of investments and the amount of income generated.

The main primary documents for accounting for transactions with financial investments are the following:

Agreement;

Transfer and acceptance certificate;

Certificate of issue security;

Depository account statement;

Extract from the register of shareholders, etc.

The contract is concluded in cases and taking into account the requirements established by Russian legislation, and above all in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. As a rule, a written form of agreement is used; for some types of agreements it is mandatory. Some contracts, for example the purchase and sale of securities, must be registered in accordance with the established procedure with specialized companies. In the terms of the agreement, the parties determine the main rights and obligations arising under the transaction: cost, procedure for payment and transfer of the subject of the agreement, terms, force majeure circumstances and other conditions.

The transfer and acceptance certificate is a document evidencing the transfer of material assets from one person to another. The fact of transfer and receipt is certified by the signatures of responsible persons on each side and sealed with the seals of legal entities. As a rule, the transfer and acceptance certificate is drawn up in accordance with the concluded agreement and contains detailed characteristics of the property being transferred. For example, the act of acceptance and transfer of a bill of exchange indicates its issuer, bill amount, series and number of the bill of exchange, date and place of repayment.

A certificate of an issue-grade security may occur in transactions with documentary securities, i.e. those that exist in the form of a document. In the documentary form of issue-grade securities, the certificate and the decision to issue securities are documents certifying the rights secured by the security.

A security certificate is a document issued by the issuer and certifying the totality of rights to the number of securities specified in the certificate. The owner of securities has the right to demand from the issuer the fulfillment of his obligations on the basis of such a certificate. The certificate of an issue-grade security must contain the following mandatory details:

Full name of the issuer and its legal address;

State registration number of issue-grade securities;

Type of securities;

Indication of the number of issue-grade securities certified by this certificate;

Indication of the total number of issued securities with this state registration number;

Procedure for placement of issue-grade securities;

The issuer's obligation to ensure the rights of the owner if the owner complies with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation;

Issuer's stamp;

Signatures of the issuer’s managers and the signature of the person who issued the certificate;

Other details provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation for a specific type of securities.

The following securities can exist in documentary form: shares and bonds of organizations, bills of exchange, government bonds, etc. Issue-grade securities of organizations (shares, bonds) and the state can exist in non-documentary form.

Some of the securities traded on the market exist in the so-called book-entry form, i.e., the owners of such securities cannot receive them “in hand” in the form of a document. Information about the transfer of ownership of such securities is received by the organization in the form of extracts from the register or statements from a securities account, since the rights of owners to emissive securities of uncertificated form of issue are certified in the register maintenance system - by entries on personal accounts with the register holder or in the case of registration of rights to securities in the depository – by entries in securities accounts in depositories.

An extract from a securities account contains: details of the securities account and depositary, information about the security (quantity, characteristics), name of the owner, date of transfer of ownership, information about the document on the basis of which the change of owners occurred.

An extract from the register is provided for a specific date at the request of the security holder and contains information about the registrar, owner, number of securities, and characteristics of the securities. The extract is certified by the signature of the official and the seal of the registrar.

In accordance with the established rules, all securities stored in the organization must be registered in the securities book, which provides the following details: name of the issuer; nominal price of the security; purchase price; number and series; total amount; date of purchase; Date of sale; counterparty (buyer or seller).

The securities accounting book must be bound, sealed with the organization's seal and signed by the manager and chief accountant, and the pages must be numbered.

Corrections to the securities accounting book can be made only with the permission of the manager and chief accountant, indicating the date of the corrections.

In the case of maintaining a securities ledger using computer technology, the resulting information can be generated in the form of an output document on machine-readable media. Printing of information from machine-readable media is carried out as necessary or at the request of regulatory authorities, but at least once a year.

When forms (certificates) of securities are stored in the depository, they continue to be listed in the accounting records of the owner organization with the details of the depository to which they were transferred for storage indicated in the analytical accounting.

The construction of analytical accounting should provide the ability to obtain data on short-term and long-term assets in the context of each accounting object. At the same time, accounting for financial investments within a group of interrelated organizations, about the activities of which consolidated financial statements are prepared, is kept separately on account 58 “Financial investments”, since this is of particular importance when preparing consolidated statements.

8.2. Organization of accounting of financial investments

Financial investments are accepted for accounting in the amount of actual costs for the investor. For the amount of actual investments, the organization will receive the income due in the form of dividends on shares, interest on bonds, income on investments in the authorized capital of other organizations, etc.

According to PBU 19/02 “Accounting for Financial Investments”, financial investments are taken into account at their original cost. The initial cost of financial investments acquired for a fee is the amount of actual costs for their acquisition, excluding VAT and other refundable taxes.

The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments are:

Amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;

Amounts paid to specialized organizations and other persons for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets;

Remunerations paid to intermediary organizations with the participation of which these assets were acquired;

Expenses for paying interest on borrowed funds used to purchase assets before they are accepted for accounting;

Other expenses directly related to the acquisition of assets.

If the main part of the expenses for acquired financial investments consists of expenses paid under the contract to the seller, then the remaining expenses for the acquisition of these investments can be recognized by the organization as other expenses, i.e., accounted for in account 91 “Other income and expenses”, and not in the account 58 “Financial investments”.

The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments may decrease or increase taking into account exchange rate differences that arise in cases where payment is made in rubles in an amount equivalent to an amount in foreign currency before the assets are accepted as financial investments for accounting purposes.

The method of forming the initial cost of securities, as well as the criterion of materiality, must be fixed in the accounting policy of the organization. The initial cost of financial investments received free of charge, such as securities, is recognized as:

Their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. The current market value of securities is understood as their market price, calculated in accordance with the established procedure by the organizer of trading on the securities market;

The amount of funds that can be received as a result of the sale of received securities on the date of their acceptance for accounting - for securities for which the market price is not calculated by the organizer of trading on the securities market.

The initial cost of financial investments made as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of an organization is recognized as the value agreed upon between the founders (participants), unless otherwise provided by Russian legislation.

Accounting for financial investments is carried out on the active balance sheet account 58 “Financial investments”. The debit of the account reflects the amount of increase in financial investments (Table 8.1), and the credit of the account reflects the write-off of these amounts. According to the contents, the account has the following sub-accounts:

58-1 “Units and shares” - to account for the presence and movement of investments in shares of joint-stock companies, authorized (share) capitals of other organizations;

58-2 “Debt securities” - to account for the presence and movement of investments in state and municipal securities;

58-3 “Loans provided” - to account for the availability and movement of monetary and other loans provided by the organization to legal entities and individuals;

58-4 “Deposits under a simple partnership agreement” - to account for the presence and movement of contributions to common property under a simple partnership agreement;

58-5 “Deposits” - for accounting for funds invested by the organization in bank and other deposits;

58-6 “Other financial investments” - to account for the rights of claim acquired by the organization in the manner of their assignment and on other grounds.

Table 8.1Typical correspondence of accounts for the capitalization of financial investments

Analytical accounting in account 58 “Financial investments” is carried out by type of financial investment and the objects in which these investments are made (organizations that sell securities, other organizations in which the organization is a participant, borrower organizations, etc.). The construction of analytical accounting of financial investments should also provide the ability to obtain data on long-term and short-term investments.

After financial investments are accepted for accounting, their value is subject to periodic adjustment, which is carried out directly for investments that have a market value, and indirectly for investments for which the market value is not determined. In the first case, the organization is obliged to reflect financial investments in the balance sheet at market prices. To do this, they are revalued, and the difference between the market value and the previous balance sheet valuation (market or initial, when acquiring objects in the reporting period) is charged to the accounts of other income and expenses. In the second case, instead of revaluation, a reserve for depreciation of financial investments is accrued, since a sustained significant (below the value of economic benefits) decrease in the value of financial investments for which their current market value is not determined is recognized as depreciation of financial investments.

PBU 19/02 provides examples of situations in which depreciation of financial investments may occur:

The appearance of signs of bankruptcy at the organization issuing securities or at its debtor under the loan agreement;

Conducting a significant number of transactions with securities on the securities market at a price significantly lower than their book value;

Absence or significant decrease in income in the form of dividends (interest).

In such situations, the organization is obliged to create a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments. The amount of the reserve is equal to the difference between the value at which financial investments are reflected in accounting (accounting value) and the estimated value of financial investments.

Information on reserves for depreciation of investments in securities is reflected in account 59 “Reserves for depreciation of investments in securities.” The organization forms the specified reserve at the expense of financial results (as part of other expenses) (Table 8.2). If the value or profitability increases, the previously accrued reserve is reduced until the original value is completely restored.

Table 8.2Reflection in accounting of transactions for accrual and write-off of reserves for depreciation of financial investments

According to clause 38 of PBU 19/02 in the financial statements, the value of financial investments for which an impairment reserve has been formed is shown at their book value minus the amount of the reserve.

The assessment of financial investments upon their disposal is carried out immediately at the time of disposal. Disposal of financial investments takes place in cases of redemption, sale on the secondary securities market, gratuitous transfer, transfer as a contribution to the authorized capital of another organization, transfer as a means of payment in payment for supplied valuables, work performed and services rendered, etc.

Proceeds from the sale of securities in accordance with PBU 9/99 are recognized as other income or income from ordinary activities. If the income received is the subject of the organization’s activities (recognized as income from ordinary activities), then it is reflected in the credit of account 90 “Sales”, otherwise the revenue is recorded in the credit of account 91 as other income (Table 8.3).

Financial investments for which the current market price is determined are valued based on their latest valuation.

Table 8.3Reflection in accounting of transactions on disposal of financial investments

Financial investments for which the current market price is not determined are valued at the time of disposal in one of the following ways:

At the initial cost of each financial investment;

Based on average initial cost;

At the original cost of the first financial investments acquired (FIFO method).

Example 8.1

The following data is available on the availability and movement of financial investments for the period.

In this example, the average initial cost of one security price available on the organization’s balance sheet was 101.96 rubles in the reporting period. Accordingly, the cost of the disposed securities was 117,300 rubles, and the cost of the remaining securities at the end of the period was 530,200 rubles.

When using the FIFO method, disposed securities are valued (according to the above data):

200 pcs. + 500 pcs. + 100 pcs. + 350 pcs. = 1150 pcs. ? 100,000 = 115,000 rub.

The value of the remaining securities at the end of the period will be:

3850 pcs. ? 100 = 385,000 rub.;

1000 pcs. ? 110 = 110,000 rub.;

100 pieces. ? 120 = 12,000 rubles;

50 pcs. ? 90 = 4,500 rub.;

200 pcs. ? 105 = 21,000 rub.

Total 5200 pcs. for 532,500 rubles.

Valuation of securities under the FIFO method is based on the assumption that securities are sold during the month in the order in which they were received, i.e., the securities that first went on sale should be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the value of the securities listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the valuation of securities in balance at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of sales (disposal) of securities takes into account the cost of earlier acquisitions. The cost of sold (retired) securities is determined by subtracting from the sum of the value of the balance of securities at the beginning of the month and the cost of securities received during the month the cost of the balance of securities at the end of the month.

To write off the cost of issue-grade securities (shares, bonds), the FIFO method and the average initial cost method are used.

Inventory financial investments are carried out as part of a general inventory of the organization’s property and financial obligations. When checking the actual availability of securities, the following is established:

Correctness of registration of securities;

The reality of the value of securities recorded on the balance sheet;

Security of securities (by comparing actual availability with accounting data);

Timeliness and completeness of reflection in accounting of income received on securities.

When storing securities in an organization, their inventory is carried out simultaneously with the inventory of cash in the cash desk.

An inventory of securities is carried out for individual issuers, indicating in the act their name, series, number, nominal and actual value, maturity dates and total amount. The details of each security are compared with the data of the inventories (registers, books) stored in the accounting department of the organization.

Inventory of securities deposited in special organizations (bank, depository, specialized securities depository, etc.) consists of reconciling the balances of the amounts listed on the relevant accounting accounts of the organization with data from statements of these special organizations.

Carrying out inventories is mandatory in the following cases:

When transferring the organization’s property for rent, redemption, sale, as well as in cases provided for by law during the transformation of a state or municipal unitary enterprise;

Before drawing up annual financial statements, except for property, the inventory of which was carried out no earlier than October 1 of the reporting year;

When changing financially responsible persons (on the day of acceptance and transfer of cases);

When establishing facts of theft or abuse, as well as damage to valuables;

In case of natural disasters, fire, accidents or other emergencies caused by extreme conditions;

During the liquidation (reorganization) of an organization before drawing up a liquidation (separation) balance sheet and in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation or regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

When making an inventory of financial investments, they check the actual costs of securities and authorized capital of other organizations, as well as loans provided to other organizations.

Unaccounted for securities identified during the inventory are accounted for as the debit of account 58 from the credit of account 91 based on the data of the inventory list of securities and strict reporting forms (form No. INV-16). Shortages and losses from damage to securities are written off from account 58 to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”, uncompensated losses of securities associated with natural disasters, fires and other emergencies are reflected in the credit of account 58 and the debit of account 99 “ Profit and loss".

8.3. Organization of accounting for investments in the authorized capitals of other organizations (shares and shares)

Depending on the legal form of the organization in which funds are invested, investments can be mediated by:

A change in the composition of participants, formalized by re-registration of constituent documents;

Purchasing shares of an organization (if it is an open or closed joint stock company).

In the first case, a share is purchased that gives the right to participate in the organization’s profits and in its management. In the second case, securities are purchased - shares, which can be ordinary or preferred.

Ordinary shares They give both the right to participate in the management of the enterprise - the right to vote at the general meeting of shareholders, and to participate in profits - the right to receive dividends. Preference shares do not give their holder the right to participate in the management of the organization (with the exception of voting at the general meeting of shareholders on issues of reorganization and liquidation of the joint-stock company), but dividends on them have a certain amount and are accrued before accrual of dividends on ordinary shares. Dividends on preferred shares can be determined both as a percentage of their nominal value (announced at the time of issue) and in absolute terms (in a fixed amount of money).

Preferred shares may be convertible, i.e., the possibility of exchanging them for ordinary shares of the same joint-stock company in a certain ratio may be provided. There are also cumulative preferred shares, on which the joint-stock company can pay dividends not annually, but accumulate and pay them in one payment after several years.

Payment for shares or shares is possible both in cash and by transferring fixed assets, intangible assets, equipment, as well as tangible working capital to the authorized capital.

When transferring equity contributions (shares) in cash or materials (according to the balance sheet valuation) to the authorized capital, a direct entry is made to the debit of account 58-1 “Shares and shares” from the credit of accounts 50 “Cash”, 51 “Current account” or 10 “ Materials", 01 "Fixed assets" or with preliminary accrual of the contribution amount through account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors".

If the amount of the share (equity contribution) differs from the book value, several accounting entries are made. So, in account 01 “Fixed assets”, the amounts are first written off to subaccount 01-9 “Retirement of fixed assets” (from other subaccounts of account 01 “Fixed assets”) and depreciation from account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, then the amount of the residual value of fixed assets is recorded on the credit of subaccount 01-9 “Disposal of fixed assets” and the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, and on the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” the amount of fixed assets in the contractual value corresponds with the debit of subaccount 58-1 “Shares and stock".

Accounting for the acquisition of shares in the debit of subaccount 58-1 is carried out in correspondence with the credit of different accounts depending on the method of payment: direct transfer of funds from current or foreign currency accounts - credit of accounts 51 “Currency accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”; payment through settlement accounts - account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, provision in the order of payment with material assets - accounts 10 “Materials”, 43 “Finished products”, if payment is made at book value.

For shares listed on the securities market, there are some features in their reflection on the investor’s balance sheet. Investments in such shares must be reflected at market value when preparing the annual balance sheet if it is lower than their book value.

Example 8.2

At the beginning of the year, the value of the block of shares was 200,000 rubles. The current market value of the shares at the end of each quarter was: I – 215,000 rubles; II – 190,000 rubles; III – 205,000 rub.; IV – 210,000 rub.

The following entries will be made in accounting quarterly:

1. Dt invoice 58, Kt invoice 91 - for 15,000 rubles. (215,000–200,000);

2. Dt invoice 91, Kt invoice 58 - for 25,000 rubles. (190,000–215,000);

3. Dt invoice 58, Kt invoice 91 - for 15,000 rubles. (205,000–190,000);

4. Dt invoice 58, Kt invoice 91 - for 5,000 rubles. (210,000–205,000).

Thus, the book value of shares in the debit of account 58 will increase over the year as of the end of the fourth quarter by 10,000 rubles.

The sale of shares is reflected in accounting entries:

Dt account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors, Kt account 91 - for the sale price of shares;

Dt account 91, Kt account 58 - for the book value of the shares.

Additional expenses on the sale of shares are also written off to the debit of account 91.

The difference between the debit and credit turnover of account 91 shows the financial result from the sale of shares. This difference is written off from account 91 to account 99 “Profits and losses”.

There is also such a form of contribution to the authorized capital of other organizations as the transfer of the right of full economic management to fixed assets. The right of full economic management differs from the right of ownership in that it limits the possibility of disposing of property without the consent of the owner and gives him the right to participate in the profits from the use of this property.

When transferring fixed assets to full economic management, they are not reflected in account 58 “Financial investments”, since the organization does not incur any costs (does not assign ownership of these funds). The object continues to be listed on account 01 “Fixed Assets” separately, as transferred to full economic management. Depreciation continues to be charged on this object, but it is not included in the debit of account 25 “General production expenses”, but in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 2 “Other expenses”, thus reflecting the costs of investments and reducing them by these amounts income received from participation in the authorized capital of another organization.

Investments in the authorized capitals of other organizations of tangible working capital are accounted for according to the same scheme as the investment of fixed assets, intangible assets, and equipment.

Reflection of costs for the acquisition of shares in the debit of subaccount 1 “Shares and shares” of account 58 “Financial investments” can only be carried out using documents confirming the fact of acquisition of shares.

8.4. Organization of accounting for debt securities

The acquisition of debt securities as a type of financial investment is becoming increasingly important in the business turnover of an organization. Debt securities primarily include bonds and financial bills.

Synthetic accounting of debt securities is carried out in subaccount 58-2 “Debt securities”. At the same time, the presence of investments in both government and private debt securities is separately shown. According to the law, government securities include securities issued (issued) on behalf of the Russian Federation and municipalities (local governments).

Investments in government securities are considered the least risky, since the state acts as a guarantor in this case. Currently, the following types of bonds are traded on the government securities market:

Government short-term bonds (GKOs);

Federal loan bonds (OFZ);

State Savings Loan Bonds (GSLO Bonds);

Foreign currency loan bonds (OVVZ or OVZ).

Bond is a security that certifies the deposit by its owner of funds in the amount specified in the bond. The owner of the bond has the right to receive the nominal value of the bond and a fixed interest within a specified period. The terms of the issue may stipulate payment of interest in equal payments until the maturity date specified in the bond. Such bonds are called coupon bonds. Income on them is paid by paying coupons (tear-off parts of the bond).

Bonds can be registered or bearer. Depending on the maturity dates, bonds are divided into long-term and short-term. Long-term ones have a maturity of more than a year, and short-term ones have a maturity of less than a year.

Purchased bonds are entered into a special register indicating the numbers and interest rates on them. Bonds with a copy of the register are kept at the organization's cash desk.

Bonds are accounted for at the actual cost of acquisition in account 58 “Financial investments”, to which subaccount 2 “Debt securities” is opened. The organization's costs for purchasing bonds in most cases do not coincide with their nominal value. If a bond is zero-coupon (does not pay interest until maturity), then it is sold below par (the amount payable at maturity). A coupon bond is sold at a price higher than its face value because the price includes the amount of future interest (coupon) payments.

The difference between the nominal value and the actual costs of purchasing bonds and other similar securities (bills, etc.) must be attributed to the results of economic activities during their circulation period.

This difference is written off monthly in equal installments for the entire period remaining until the securities are redeemed and the invested funds are returned. The purpose of writing off differences is to equalize the nominal and book value of the bond by the time of maturity.

Example 8.3

The organization purchased bonds with a nominal value of RUB 800,000. with a repayment period of 10 years and an income of 10% per annum, i.e., the annual interest income will be 80,000 rubles. Purchase price – 1,000,000 rubles.

Thus, the difference between the nominal value and the purchase price will be:

1,000,000 rub. – 800,000 rub. = 200,000 rub.

This means that 200,000 rubles must be written off annually. / 10 years = = 20,000 rub. from 80,000 rub. income on bonds (60,000 rubles are attributed directly to profit).

The purchase of bonds is formalized first by posting: debit to account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” (sub-account “Investments in securities”) and credit to cash accounting accounts (50, 51, 52) depending on the form and currency of payment, settlement accounts (60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”). Then, when all the costs of purchasing bonds are taken into account, an entry is made to the credit of account 08 and the debit of account 58 “Financial investments”, subaccounts 1 or 2 depending on the repayment period.

The acquisition of bonds whose nominal value is denominated in foreign currency is recorded in ruble equivalent at the official exchange rate effective on the day of the transaction.

The accrual of interest (income) on bonds is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, subaccount “Interest (income) on bonds” and the credit of account 91.

When selling or redeeming coupon bonds, the income received from the sale (redemption) of the coupon (coupon income) and the financial result from the disposal of the security are determined separately.

If at the time of sale or redemption of a bond there is paid interest (income), taken into account at the time of receipt of financial investments in the account, the interest (income) received is reflected in the credit of account 58 “Financial investments”, subaccount “Funds received and costs incurred on bond interest ( income)" in correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses".

The resulting difference between the interest (income) received and paid for each individual bond issue is subject to write-off from account 58 “Financial investments”, sub-account “Funds received and expenses incurred on bond interest (income)”, to account 99 “Profits and losses” in the day the bond is sold or redeemed.

An investor's profit from transactions with zero-coupon securities can be reflected in accounting in two ways:

1) monthly in the amount of revaluation of financial investments;

2) the total amount at the time of sale or redemption of the security.

Most often, the first option is preferable for an investor.

Example 8.4

The organization purchased bonds for 100,000 rubles. at their nominal value of 80,000 rubles. The bond matures in 5 years. The interest on the bonds is 15% per annum and is payable at the end of the year.

The posting of bonds is documented by the entry:

Dt invoice 58, Kt invoice 51-100,000 rub.

At the end of the year, income on bonds was accrued in the amount of 15,000 rubles. (100,000 ? 15%), the difference between the purchase and nominal price of the bond was 20,000 rubles, and for one year - 4,000 rubles. The difference between the annual income on bonds and the annual difference between the purchase and face value will be 11,000 rubles. (15,000-4000).

At the end of the year, accrual of income taking into account these differences is reflected by correspondence:

Dt account 76, subaccount “Calculations for due dividends and other income” for the amount of annual income (15,000 rubles);

Kt account 58 - for the annual part of the difference between the purchase and nominal prices (4000 rubles);

CT account 91 - for the difference between income and the annual part of the difference (RUB 11,000).

Dt invoice 51, Kt invoice 76–15,000 rub. – the accrued amount of income is credited to the current account.

In the balance sheet at the beginning of next year, the value of the bonds will be reflected in the amount of 96,000 rubles. (100,000-4000).

Bills of exchange are taken into account in account 58 if:

The organization provided a cash loan, and the borrower issued a bill of exchange with an obligation (promissory note) or with an offer to another person (bill of exchange) to repay the borrowed amounts upon the maturity date specified in the bill of exchange; concluding a bill of sale agreement is unnecessary;

When purchasing a bill of exchange for cash, the contract for the sale and purchase of the bill of exchange is concluded not with the drawer of the bill, but with another organization transferring the bill of exchange by endorsement;

As an advance or in payment for products (works, services), a bill of exchange of a “third party” (a bill of exchange whose drawer is neither the buyer nor the seller) or a bill of exchange accepted by the payer was received from the buyer by endorsement.

The transfer and receipt of bills of exchange accounted for on account 58 as payment for products (works, services) is a commodity exchange (barter) transaction or repayment of debt through compensation. The rules for reflecting such transactions in accounting are established by clause 6.3 of PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization” and clause 6.3 of PBU 10/99 “Expenses of the organization”. These rules apply to transactions involving bills of exchange, taking into account two circumstances:

Transfer of ownership of the bill at the time of endorsement, and not the fulfillment by the other party of its obligations;

Impossibility of posting a bill of exchange at a value exceeding its face value.

If the buyer, in payment for products (works, services) purchased from the supplier, issues his own bill of exchange, i.e. a bill of exchange for which he himself is the obligated person, or a bill of exchange not accepted by the payer, then such bills of exchange are accounted for in the same account as receivables .

Transactions in debt securities denominated in foreign currencies may result in exchange rate differences if purchases and sales of securities are made at the same currency price. This difference is written off to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

8.5. Organization of accounting of loans provided

According to Art. 807 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under a loan agreement, one party (the lender) transfers into the ownership of the other party (borrower) money or other things determined by generic characteristics, and the borrower undertakes to return to the lender the same amount of money (loan amount) or an equal number of other things received by him of the same kind and quality. A loan agreement can be interest-bearing (with the payment of interest) or gratuitous.

In Art. 809 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation stipulates the procedure for paying interest under a loan agreement.

In a reimbursable loan agreement, the amount and procedure for paying interest are determined by the agreement. Interest under the loan agreement may be paid in the manner agreed upon by the parties. If such a procedure is not agreed upon, then interest is paid monthly until the day the loan is actually repaid.

For loans provided, the current market value is not determined - they are reflected in accounting and reporting at their original cost. An organization is allowed to calculate their valuation at present value. In this case, no accounting entries are made.

Cash and other loans provided to other organizations are recorded as the debit of account 58, subaccount 3 “Loans provided”, in correspondence with the credit of account 51 “Current accounts” or other accounts depending on the type of loan. The repayment of the loan is reflected in the debit of account 51 “Current accounts” or another account depending on the type of loan and the credit of subaccount 58-3 “Loans provided”. The amount of interest on the loan is reflected separately. The accrual of dividends (interest) on loans provided is reflected in the debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” and the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, and the receipt is reflected in the debit of cash or other accounts and the credit of account 76.

Loans provided by the organization, secured by bills of exchange, are accounted for separately in this subaccount.

It should be borne in mind that in accordance with clause 3 of PBU 9/99, the receipt and repayment of a loan provided to the borrower, i.e., the receipt of the principal amount of the loan, is not recognized as income of the organization. For accounting purposes, income includes only interest received for providing the organization’s funds for use (clause 7 of PBU 9/99).

In a non-monetary loan agreement (loan of material assets), the payment for the use of the relevant property is set in monetary form, i.e., it is practically the same percentage.

The amount of accrued interest under the loan agreement is reflected by the lender in the debit of account 58 and the credit of account 91, the receipt of interest is recorded in the debit of account 51 and the credit of account 58.

For the borrowing organization, the amounts of interest paid for the use of the loan are classified according to clause 11 of PBU 10/99 as other expenses and are subject to debit to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

If the borrower does not repay the loan amount on time, then interest must be paid on this amount, which is determined based on the bank interest rate existing at the place of residence (for citizens) or at the place of its location (for a legal entity). The amounts of accrued penalties are reflected in the debit of account 76, the subaccount “Calculations for claims” and the credit of account 91.

For tax purposes, the amounts of penalties due are included in the lender's other income only as they are recognized by the borrower or awarded by an arbitration court.

8.6. Organization of accounting of deposits under a simple partnership agreement

According to Art. 1041 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, two or more persons (partners) undertake to combine their contributions, skills and abilities to make a profit or achieve another goal that does not contradict the law (conclude a simple partnership agreement).

The partnership is created and operates on the basis of a constituent agreement, which is signed by all its participants. The agreement determines the size and composition of the partnership's share capital; the size and procedure for changing the shares of each participant in the share capital; size, composition, timing and procedure for making contributions from participants; liability of participants for violation of obligations to make contributions.

The law does not require a partnership to have a mandatory minimum share capital. At the same time, a certain share capital of the partnership must constitute the property base of its participation in civil circulation. It is this capital that is used to satisfy the claims of the partnership’s creditors in the first place.

By the time of registration of a general partnership, its participants are required to make at least half of their contribution to the share capital. And the rest must be paid within the time limits established by the constituent agreement. If a participant does not make a timely contribution to the pooled capital, then he must pay the partnership 10% per annum on the unpaid portion of the contribution and compensate for the losses caused. Full a partnership is recognized, the participants of which (general partners), in accordance with the agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for its obligations with the property belonging to them (Article 69 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

Monetary valuation of participants' contributions is made by agreement between them. The property contributed by the partners, which they owned by rights, as well as the products produced as a result of joint activities and the income received from them are recognized as their common shared property, unless otherwise established by law or a simple partnership agreement.

Maintaining accounting records of the partners' common property can be entrusted by them to one of the legal entities participating in the simple partnership agreement, which involves maintaining a separate balance sheet, drawing up and providing accounting, tax and other documentation to both partners and government agencies.

Contributions of partners in accounting are reflected as part of financial investments in the assessment provided for by the simple partnership agreement (or the requirements of current legislation). Depending on the term of the concluded joint activity agreement, deposits are divided into short-term (if the agreement term is less than 12 months) and long-term (if the agreement term is 12 months or more).

Contributions of partners to joint activities are taken into account by them in account 58 “Financial investments”, subaccount 4 “Deposits under a simple partnership agreement”. The transfer of property as a contribution is reflected in the debit of this account in correspondence with account 51 and other accounts for accounting for transferred funds.

The contributions of partners can be both cash and various types of property: fixed assets, intangible assets, raw materials, materials, products, work in progress, etc.

Example 8.5

The organization entered into a joint activity agreement with another company and transferred fixed assets with a residual value of 1 million rubles as a contribution to the joint activity. In accordance with the agreement, in a separate balance sheet of joint activities, these funds were valued in the amount of 5 million rubles. The following entries will be made in the accounting records of the enterprise that made the contribution:

Dt invoice 58-4, Kt invoice 01 - in the amount of 1 million rubles.

The return of funds from a joint activity upon termination of a simple partnership agreement is reflected in the debit of the accounts of the received property from the credit of account 58-4 in the assessment at which it was contributed, or, if other property is returned, in the assessment agreed upon by the participants upon liquidation of the joint activity.

Example 8.6

In connection with the termination of the joint activity, the organization returned the fixed assets previously transferred to the joint activity. The cost of funds under the agreement between the participants in the joint activity is estimated at 5 million rubles. During the use of funds in joint activities, depreciation was accrued in the amount of RUB 0.350 million. In accounting, these transactions will be reflected in the following entries:

Dt account 01 – in the amount of 4.65 million rubles.

Dt account 91-2 - in the amount of 0.35 million rubles,

CT account 58-4 – in the amount of 5 million rubles.

Profits and losses of a general partnership are distributed among its participants in proportion to their shares in the joint capital, unless otherwise provided by the constituent agreement or other agreement of the participants (Article 75 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). A partner in a partnership cannot be completely excluded from making profits or completely relieved of the burden of losses.

Questions and tasks

1. What is meant by financial investments?

2. Why are investments needed?

3. What conditions are necessary to accept financial investments for accounting?

4. Name the types of cost of financial investments.

5. What is a security and what types of securities are there?

6. What securities are overvalued?

7. Name the methods for evaluating securities.

8. When is a provision for impairment of financial investments created?

9. What is meant by the current market value of securities?

10. In what account are financial investments recorded? Does this account have subaccounts, if so, which ones?

11. In what cases is the disposal of financial investments recognized?

12. How is the accounting of shares organized?

13. Is the FIFO valuation method applicable to securities?

14. Define the concept of “bond”.

15. What types of bonds exist and how are they accounted for?

Tests

1. Financial investments in accounting are assessed:

a) at book value;

b) in the amount of actual costs;

c) at market value.

2. Financial investments are investments:

a) into non-current assets;

b) in securities;

c) in material assets.

3. When reflecting the cost of acquired long-term securities, an accounting entry is made:

a) Dt account 08, Kt account 50, 51, 52; Dt account 58-1, Kt account 08;

b) Dt account 50-3, Kt account 50-1, 51, 52;

c) Dt account 58-1, Kt account 50-1, 51, 52.

4. Financial investments include:

a) providing loans to other organizations;

b) profitable investments in material assets;

c) lending to buyers and customers.

5. The joint stock company bought back part of the shares from its own shareholders. The cost of the repurchased shares is reflected in the account:

a) 58-1 “Units and shares”;

b) 58-2 “Debt securities”;

c) 81 “Own shares (shares)”.

6. When additionally accruing the amount of excess of the par value of the purchased bonds over their purchase price by the amount of income, an accounting entry is made:

a) Dt account 58, Kt account 91 or 76;

b) Dt account 76, Kt account 91;

c) Dt account 76, Kt account 58 or 91.

7. The issue price of a share is the price:

a) at which the share is quoted on the secondary market;

b) at which the share is sold on the primary market;

c) at which preferred shares are converted into ordinary shares.

8. The book value of a share shows:

a) the amount for which shares are bought and sold on the stock market;

b) the amount of dividends per 1 share;

c) the security of the organization's shares with net assets.

9. Investments in government securities (made by transferring funds from a current account) are reflected in accounting by posting:

a) Dt account 86, Kt account 51;

b) Dt account 81, Kt account 51;

c) Dt account 58, Kt account 51.

10. The amounts of interest received under the loan agreement are reflected by the lender by recording:

a) Dt account 58, Kt account 91;

b) Dt account 51, Kt account 76;

c) Dt account 91, Kt account 58.

11. The reserve for impairment of investments in securities is reflected in the accounting records in the account:

a) 58 “Financial investments”;

b) 14 “Reserves for reduction in the value of material assets”;

c) 59 “Provisions for impairment of investments in securities.”

12. When calculating interest on long-term bonds purchased from company A, the following accounting entry is made:

a) Dt account 76, Kt account 91-1;

b) Dt account 76, Kt account 99;

c) Dt account 76, Kt account 98-1.

13. Costs associated with the sale of securities are:

a) commercial expenses;

b) other expenses;

c) production costs.

14. Accounting for an organization's investments in the authorized capitals of other organizations is kept in the account:

a) 80 “Authorized capital”;

b) 58 “Financial investments”;

c) 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”;

d) 81 “Own shares (shares)”.

15. The acceptance of financial investments (bills of exchange) from buyers and customers to pay off accounts receivable is reflected in the organization’s accounting records:

a) Dt account 58, Kt account 75;

b) Dt account 62, Kt account 58;

c) Dt account 58, Kt account 62.

Financial investments - state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, bills); contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies); loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of claims, etc.

A comment

The term "Financial investments" is used in accounting. Financial investments include securities, contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim, etc.

The accounting procedure for financial investments is determined by the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Financial Investments” PBU 19/02, approved. By Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 10, 2002 N 126n.

Financial investments are taken into account in accounting in the account. Some types of financial investments can be accounted for in the accounts of subaccount 3 “Deposit accounts” and subaccount 1 “Settlements on loans provided”. Depreciation of financial investments is recorded in the account.

What applies to Financial investments?

An organization's financial investments include: state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities in which the date and cost of repayment are determined (bonds, bills); contributions to the authorized (share) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and dependent business companies); loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim, etc. (clause 3 of PBU 19)

The organization's financial investments do not include:

Own shares purchased by a joint stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;

Bills of exchange issued by the organization-drawer of the bill to the organization-seller in settlements for goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered;

Investments of an organization in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) for the purpose of generating income;

Precious metals, jewelry, works of art and other similar valuables acquired for purposes other than normal activities.

Registration

Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost (clause 8 of PBU 19).

The initial cost of financial investments acquired for a fee is recognized as the amount of the organization's actual costs for their acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees) (clause 9 of PBU 19).

Types of financial investments

Financial investments are divided into two groups: financial investments for which the current market value can be determined and financial investments for which their current market value cannot be determined.

Small businesses, with the exception of issuers of publicly placed securities, as well as socially oriented non-profit organizations have the right to carry out a subsequent assessment of all financial investments in the manner established for financial investments for which their current market value is not determined (clause 19 of PBU 19).

Financial investments that can be used to determine the current market value

Financial investments for which the current market value can be determined in the prescribed manner are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their valuation as of the previous reporting date. The organization can make this adjustment monthly or quarterly.

The difference between the assessment of financial investments at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments is attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other income or expenses) or an increase in income or expenses of a non-profit organization in correspondence with the financial investment account (clause 20 PBU 19).

Financial investments for which their current market value is not determined

Financial investments for which the current market value is not determined are subject to reflection in accounting and financial statements as of the reporting date at their original cost (clause 21 of PBU 19).

Impairment of financial investments

A sustained significant decrease in the value of financial investments for which their current market value is not determined, below the amount of economic benefits that the organization expects to receive from these financial investments under normal conditions of its activities, is recognized as impairment of financial investments. In this case, based on the organization’s calculations, the estimated value of financial investments is determined, equal to the difference between their value at which they are reflected in accounting (accounting value) and the amount of such a reduction (clause 37 of PBU 19).

Additionally

Organizational reporting, which is prepared according to accounting rules.

An accounting (financial) report that shows the financial position of an organization at the reporting date, the value of its assets, equity capital and the amount of liabilities.

Shares (shares) purchased by a joint-stock (or other business) company from its shareholders (participants).

A document in which an organization defines accounting methods (accounting, tax)

Financial investments are a very effective way to get good profits. Of course, where big money circulates, it is impossible to do without risks and losses. Let's look at what financial investments are, what types of investments exist and what risks there are.

Accounting for financial investments

To obtain complete data on the availability and movement of an enterprise’s deposits in government securities, shares and bonds of third-party companies, as well as to obtain information about the issuance of loans from its assets to other organizations, 58 “Financial Investments” is intended.

The accountant monitors the movement of enterprise funds and carries out the transfer and issuance of these funds. He is guided by the accounting regulations, namely PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization”

The role of financial investments and what they include

Accounting statements are very important in the activities of an enterprise. Accounting for physical activity plays one of the main roles there. Without them, it is impossible to conduct economic activities in many enterprises. The first place in accounting is occupied by financial investments, because it is thanks to them that the largest influx of cash flows into the enterprise occurs, thereby increasing its well-being.

In simple terms, an investment fund is an investment of your assets. These include the following:

• investments of one company in the authorized capital of another;
• valuable bills of exchange;
• provision of cash loans by one enterprise to another;
• deposits, etc.

Financial investments are included in accounting as monetary losses for the investor. From the investment amount, the company will receive the required income in the form of dividends.

Conditions of existence and types of financial investments

We understand financial investments as cash injections into property, the acquisition of the opportunity to participate in the affairs of other companies. PVs are divided according to the following parameters:

Purpose of purchase:

• purchased for profit;
• received for subsequent resale.

By speed of receipt:

• long-term (received for a period exceeding 1 year);
• short-term (received for a period not exceeding 1 year).

For relations with the company's capital:

• received to form the capital of the company;
• received for subsequent investment in valuable documents.

Long-term injections of funds include funds invested in the development of other enterprises or aimed at purchasing shares of third-party companies. They also include long-term loans that were transferred to other companies in order to receive interest on the amount given.

Short-term injections include securities that are in considerable demand, all kinds of bonds and shares, short-term financial support for other companies and certificates of deposit.

Sources for obtaining financial investment include personal capital and funds temporarily received from outside.

Personal capital includes:

• funds raised from reserve capital;
• unspent profit;
• unspent allocations for the restoration of fixed assets.

Funds received from outside include:

• amounts received as a result of a loan or credit;
• advances;
• credit debt.

In order to accept assets as a financial fund, the following series of requirements must be simultaneously met:

• the company has properly executed financial papers, which confirm ownership of the financial assets;
• transfer of financial risks along with investments (risk of price increase or decrease, bankruptcy of the debtor);
• the ability to generate income for the company in the form of profit in the form of interest.

Tracking your financial investments

This type of investment is transferred to accounting in the total amount of costs for the investor. From this amount the company will receive the required income. PV are taken for accounting at the cost that was initially.

According to the available PV, the main part of the costs are the costs that were transferred to the seller. The remaining expenses for receiving injections can be regarded by the enterprise as other, and they will be taken into account in 91 “Other income and expenses”. And the accounting for investments considered basic will be taken into account on another account - on account 58, called “Financial Investments”.

Available expenses for purchasing assets are:

• the amount that was transferred to the seller under the relevant agreement;
• fees for the provision of services by third parties, as consultations on the transfer of assets;
• settlements with intermediary firms that accompany the transaction;
• interest on loans taken or credits for the acquisition of assets;
• other expenses that are associated with the purchase.

Initial cost of financial investment

The initial monetary value of FIs is the amount that was spent on their purchase, after deducting all applicable taxes. The value of the cash investments of an enterprise or firm received under an agreement when paying without cash is considered to be the value of the assets that were transferred. Their final cost is calculated from the usual price at which the company values ​​these funds under other circumstances.

The initial investment amount is based on their cost on the market. The extent to which assets depend on market cost is calculated based on what transactions are carried out with them. The company's cash injections include amounts aimed at paying interest on loans for the acquisition of assets before they are registered with the company's accountant.

Profit and expenses on financial investments

Benefits for these types of investments are considered income from any areas of activity or other income that comply with the accounting regulations.

Expenses that are associated with the issuance of loans and credits to other companies are considered other expenses of the organization and have a corresponding account. These expenses also include payment for services provided by the bank for storing cash investments, providing any paid information and completing the necessary documentation at the request of the depositor.

Assessment of risk factors for financial investments

Speaking about the topic of finance, the concepts of profit and risk are inextricably linked with each other. In this context, risks are understood as possible losses associated with financial investments. Before investing your funds in any assets, you need to carefully analyze and try to predict possible losses.

The risk associated with financial investments is divided into 2 groups:

Systematic

It depends on the current situation in the country.

Political and economic changes not only in our country, but also in the world as a whole are a big risk for financial investments. Rising and falling prices, exchange rate changes, interest rates and economic instability in general have a great impact on increasing the risks associated with monetary investments.

Unsystematic

This includes the risk of a decline in the prestige and economic component of the enterprise that was the object of financial investment. The company may go bankrupt, and its securities will significantly lose value or even become worthless.

The main stages of calculating the risks associated with investing your own funds in securities:

• the amount of income and the likelihood of receiving it are predicted;
• a possible deviation from the amount of possible income is predicted;
• the coefficient of possible deviation is calculated.

The longer the period over which risks need to be planned, the more difficult it is to obtain an accurate forecast.

The economy of our country is extremely unstable, and the longer the period for which you need to obtain a forecast, the greater the risk associated with monetary investments.

Conclusion

Financial injections and their accounting are a separate chapter in accounting and a separate expense item. Currently, all reputable companies and firms are investing their funds in order to further generate income. This is especially beneficial for deposits related to foreign currency. The exchange rates of the dollar and euro are constantly fluctuating, but if you catch the moment when one of these currencies is at its peak value, you can make a huge profit.

From all of the above, we can conclude that PVs are very profitable and bring considerable profit to the enterprise that makes these investments. This is considered the same type of income as, for example, profit from a sale, and is subject to all applicable taxes. But there are certain risks that must be calculated before injecting your funds.

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