Physical weight and monetary weight of the products of a resource-based firm
" Table 3-1 shows the transportation characteristics of a resource-based firm that produces baseball bats, using five tons of wood to produce three tons of bats. The firm is engaged in activities associated with "weight loss" in the sense that the products produced are lighter, than the resources being delivered. The monetary weight of the resources used is defined as the physical weight of the resource (5 tons) multiplied by the transport tariff ($1 per ton per mile) or $5 per mile. The same calculations show that The monetary weight of output is 3 tons times $1, or $3 per mile. A firm is considered resource-based because the monetary weight of raw materials delivered is greater than the monetary weight of output.
Table 3-1
Forest (F) Distance from forest (x)
Total transport costs (the sum of the costs of logistics and product sales) are minimized in the forest, because the weight of resources in monetary terms ($5) exceeds the weight of the final product in monetary terms ($3). Weight loss work is done at the source of the raw materials.
Rice. 3-1. Total transportation costs of a resource-based firm
In Fig. Figure 3-1 shows the firm's transportation costs. If x is the distance from the forest to the enterprise, then the costs of logistics are:
PC = w. x/ xx, (3-1)
those. weight of resources in monetary terms (weight w., multiplied by tariff /.), multiplied by the distance between the forest and the enterprise. The slope of the input cost curve corresponds to the monetary weight of the resource, so PC increases by $5 per mile, from zero in the forest to $50 in the market 10 miles away. If xm is the distance between the forest and the market, then the costs of marketing products are:
DC= wgx tg x (xm - x), (3-2)
i.e., the weight of products in monetary terms (weight w multiplied by tariff /0), multiplied by the distance from the enterprise to the market. The slope of the distribution cost curve corresponds to the monetary weight of the product, so DC decreases by $3 per mile, from $30 in the woods (10 miles from market) to zero in the market.
As shown in Fig. 3-1, total transport costs are equal to the sum of the costs of logistics and the costs of marketing products. Total transport costs are minimal in the forest ($30). If a firm moves production 1 mile away from the forest in the direction of the market, then distribution costs are reduced by $3 (product weight in monetary terms), and logistics costs increase by $5 (resource weight in monetary terms) , in connection with which transport costs increase by 2 dollars. Total transport costs are minimized in the forest, because the weight of the resource in monetary terms exceeds the weight of the product in monetary terms. A resource-based firm locates close to its source of raw materials.

A.E.Sutyagin ® 2012

Modern society, having risen to a high technical and technological level, is faced with the fact that existing commodity-money relations (“the invisible hand of the market”) have ceased to properly manage the economic development of society. Despite the fact that our planet is replete with the necessary resources to ensure the normal life of all humanity, the practice of rationing resources through monetary methods leads (and has led) to the opposite results.

“Over time... humanity has faced the contradictions of ever-increasing needs and the inability of the biosphere to provide them without collapsing. This directly confronts humanity with the fact of a global environmental catastrophe with further socio-economic development» [ 6 ].

Conceptresource-based economy appeared and was developed thanks to the work of engineer Jaco Fresco and his Venus project. In the modern senseResource-based economy is an economy that develops thanks to the correct accounting of consumed resources (energy return on investment , material return on investment see below). The efficiency of such an economy is based, first of all, on resource management technology.The ideas of a resource-based economy are inextricably linked with the use of renewable energy sources, and those that do not pollute the environment.

In the field of creating favorable (biopositive ) human habitat ideas of a resource-based economy embodied in the conceptsustainable construction .

"Undersustainable construction means the creation and responsible maintenance of healthy built environments based on the efficient use of natural resources and ecological principles."[ 4 ].

« The goal of sustainable construction and design is to create healthy living, sustainable cities, sustainable regions and countries, sustainable societies, or ensure sustainable development of society.". TErminstable used as the opposite of the termcatastrophic in relation to the concept “Man - Nature” (or “Nature - Man”).

Creationbiopositive environment habitat is both a process and a goal of sustainable development. Next, we will try to figure out what parts the concept is formed frombiopositive environment A.

Our review will not be exhaustive, since views on the artificial human environment in the modern world are still being formed and require serious mathematical and scientific justification.

1. Home as part of the environment

A house, as a material object, is part of the material (natural) environment. A house consists of objects of the material environment and influences the nature surrounding it. Thus, the house is a consumer (sink) of natural resources. A processor of these resources. And as the disappointing experience of humanity shows, it is a gravedigger of these resources. The cultural layers of ancient cities are a “cemetery” of material resources ever used by man. They lie in layers of many meters and remind us of the titanic work that man has done to process and use parts of planet Earth for his needs. Will the entire planet one day be covered with such a “cultural” layer?

Buildings serve as a shelter for people and shelter them from the elements of nature. A home is a roof for many. The home is part of a social action. Let's remember the basilica - a type of ancient building that was used as a place of trade, legal proceedings, and, in later times, for worship. That is, they were a public place. The functions of the building are identical and follow from the function of the public purpose of the building (social idea). This can be found in the doctrine of the three kinds of existence of Plato: there are eternal ideas, changing concrete things and spaces in which things exist.

If a social need (social idea) arises, then a building is born - a material object. If the public function of a building changes or is exhausted, then the building is rebuilt or destroyed.

The area in which the sphere of interaction between society and nature intersects, in which intelligent human activity becomes a determining factor in development is callednoosphere . As we would like to consider, the noosphere is the new highest stage of the evolution of the biosphere.«... INIn the biosphere there is a great geological, perhaps cosmic force, the planetary action of which is usually not taken into account in ideas about the cosmos... This force is the mind of man, his directed and organized will as a social being.”[ 3 ].

Reasonable activity presupposes the reasonable use of natural and energy resources at human disposal. Recently, it has been proposed to use energy and resource equivalents rather than monetary equivalents as an assessment of the viability of projects:

EROI – energy return on investment (energy return on investment) - how much energy must be invested to get one unit of energy output.

M ROI – materialreturn on investment (material return on investment) - how much material (resources) must be invested to get one unit of output.

There is also a combinationEROI AndM ROI - E.M. ROI.

For more information about this, see.

Resource saving is the reduction of material costs for the production of the final product of use to the amount consumed by a living creature in its natural habitat.

Thus, the development of the human race becomes more sustainable - this is the meaning of the termsustainable development .

Recently, quite a lot have been built in the worldgreen buildings. Let's list some of them:

● High rise building The Pearl River Tower (Guangzhou, China), height 310m.

● High rise building 340 on Park (Chicago, USA), height 205m.

● High rise building The Bahrain World Trade Center (Manama, Bahrain), height 240 m.

● High rise building The Hearst Tower (New York, USA), height 182 m.

● High rise building Bank of America (New York, USA), height 288 m.

● High rise building Cooperative Insurance ( CIS Tower (Manchester, England), height 118m.

● Residential building Urban Cactus (Rotterdam, Netherlands)

The use of a number of environmental technologies led to the inclusion of these buildings in the categorygreen :

● AND the use of wind turbines located in specially designed openings within the building. Currently, the installation of such turbines provides up to 15% of the building’s energy consumption.

● Installation of special glazing that regulates light reflection and heat loss of the building.

● Installation of solar electric panels and solar collectors (for heating water).

● Installation of devices on the roof of the building for collecting rain and melt water, which is usually used for watering plants (located both inside the building and on the street around the building). In addition, the resulting water can be used for cooling and air conditioning systems of the building.

● Special ventilation systems that purify not only the air coming in from the street, but also the air going out. Cleaning is carried out, among other things, from carbon dioxide.

Analyzing the riggedgreen buildings It is possible to highlight the basic technical and technological principlebiopositive buildings - minimization or complete absence of energy consumption from external sources (zero Energy consumption). In this we can trace the main trend in the development of biopositive technologies - the creationenergy independence habitat.

2. Biopositive technologies for building construction

Another name for biopositive technologies is Natural Technologies.

These are technologies that require a minimum amount of energy and/or use renewable energy sources. Subdivided:

● Standard technologies with optimization of construction work, minimizing energy consumption (directly and/or through resources).

● Technologies that use local (non-transferable) energy sources or natural influences (local energy sources).

● Traditional local technologies.

● Community work: joint work of residents of one settlement.

This list can include reconstruction as a type of biopositive technology for the construction of buildings. If, of course, the reconstruction is carried out at the lowest possible cost and with a significant improvement in the functional qualities of the building.

Separately, the following areas can be highlighted as part of biopositive technologies:

● Use of harmless waste for the manufacture of individual building elements.

● Construction on inconvenient areas:

●● careers

●● technogenic zones

●● former technological and military buildings

●● unused technological “voids” (under bridges, retaining walls, inter-truss space, etc.)

● Nbiomass spray.

● Punderground construction: to accommodate the maximum possible engineering equipment and auxiliary premises.

● Use of natural landscape elements:

caves, recesses, slopes, ravines, depressions, hills, etc.

● Creation of artificial landscape elements:

●● embankment

●● forest plantations

●● gabions

We should not forget that it is unwise to use biopositive technologies just for the sake of using them. In everything you need to be guided by common sense.

For example, internal relationships and limitations must be taken into account:

● adobe walls - a dry environment.

● straw walls - biodamage.

● paper - fire protection.

3. Biopositive technologies for the functioning of buildings (Biopositive space-planning solutions).

Basic principle of operationbiopositive the building consists of two interconnected parts;

Firstly: A biopositive home should create a safe and favorable environment for human life and health.

Secondly: At the same time, do not have a negative impact on the natural environment.

These principles can be implemented in different ways:

● Correct layout (layout) of the house, orientation of the building relative to the Sun and the prevailing direction of the winds.

● Aboutno harmful emissions or emissions during operation.

● Use of building equipment until final physical wear and tear. Using functional parts of old equipment (without significant modification) to perform useful functions. Absence of the concept of “moral aging”.

● Differentiated insulation of buildings. Recently, due to the “thoughtless” use of new technologies, the problem of “over-insulation” of buildings has arisen, which has led to an unreasonable increase in construction costs. Maintaining a healthy cool microclimate (12-13ºC at night, 16-18 ºC during the day).

● Use of part or all of a building for other functions (dual use). Part of the building (or the entire building) is used for public or additional technical and technological functions. For example: a building - a retaining wall, using the roof of a building for the terrace of another building (or a roof-garden), a roof-reservoir for collecting rainwater, etc.).

Separately, there is the issue of giving the buildingsmart functions. There is a sufficient amount of literature on this topic. Let us dwell on a number of aspects of using this approach.

Installation and operation of systemssmart House must not conflict with the general requirementbiopositivity - minimizing resources and energy costs for the construction and operation of the building. At the present stage, the level of energy consumption for the manufacture of smart home equipment is still high enough to speak about the unconditionally “green” nature of “smart” technologies. There is also a humanitarian and ethical problem of “smart” technologies - reducing the level of human control over making decisions regarding one’s own life. In the opinion of the author of the article, from a historical perspective, the full-scale use of “smart” technologies can lead to the degradation of humanity as an intelligent species. Similar problems are now being dealt with in England by Dr.philosophy Hugh Price, astrophysicist Martin Risom and one of the founders of Skype Ian Tallin. They began to study the issue of the future enslavement of people by intelligent machines.

There are interesting examples of implementationbiopositive technologies.

Bill Molaison (and even earlier the German engineer and architect Otto Frei) proposed using trees and shrubs as load-bearing and enclosing parts of the building (the so-calledpermaculture ).

Ga group of Norwegian architects is developing residentialbiopositive houses as part of an ecosystem. The project was namedmetabolic the house, and according to the developers, should function like a living organism (automatically regulate humidity, temperature, heat balance, reduce indoor pollution, monitor the well-being of the people living in it, etc.). After the end of its service life, its structures are included in the natural process of decomposition.

4. Biopositive materials

Basic requirements: no harmful emissions or releases into the environment.

1. Natural (local)

The main feature is that it is located either on the construction site itself or within walking distance from it.

● clay

● raw clay

● priming

● gypsum

● biomass spray

2. Naturally renewable

● tree

● straw

● cane

● waste products of the animal world

3. Artificially - renewable

● wood (as a processed product)

● planting trees as columns.

● Building calcium walls on a metal mesh in sea water

4. Materials - recyclable

● partly concrete

● partly brick

● glass

● recycled aluminum

● waste paper (cardboard, paper)

● recycled wood (chipboard, OSB - a matter of energy efficiency

5. Structurally - recyclable

the use of entire elements of old structures for subsequent use both in the same quality and as new elements with new functions;

● prefabricated slabs, etc. elements (20-30% reusable)

● wooden structures (almost 100% recyclable)

● steel elements (50-70% reuse)

● disassembled brickwork (partially)

● elements of monolithic structures, partially reinforcement

Non-biopositive materials:

non-renewable energy-consuming materials (reinforced concrete, steel, primary aluminum, a number of plastics).

5. Construction bionics.

Construction bionics(aka the principle nature-likeness ) is called the applied science of applying organizational principles in architectural and construction practice,functions and structures of living nature.

Forerunnerconstruction bionics considered scientific workSwiss professor of anatomyHermann von Meyer (Hermann Von Meyer) written in the middleXIXcentury. Von Meyerexamined the bone structure of the femoral head in the placewhere it bends and enters the joint at an angle. Von Meyer discovered that the head of the bone is covered with an intricate network of miniature bones, thanks to which the load is amazingly redistributed throughout the bone. This network had a strict geometric structure, which the professor documented.

In 1866, a Swiss engineerKarl Kuhlman (Carl Cullman) provided a theoretical basis for von Meyer’s discovery, but 20 years later, load distribution using curved natural structures was used by Eiffel in his famous creation.

A number of researchers refer to bionic architecture and the workAntonio Gaudi (Anthony Gaudi).The architectural forms of the buildings of the famous Spanish (Catalan) architect really echo the forms of living nature.

Another Spanish architectSantiago Calatrava ( Santiago Calatrava Valls)began to apply the bionic principle not only to create nature-like forms of buildings, but also used it to design load-bearing structures.

It should also be noted that the English architectNicholas Grimshaw ( Nicholas Grimshaw)with his projectEden covering the botanical garden in Cornwall (UK), as well as SirNorman Foster ( Norman Foster)with the project "Cucumber" - Mary-Ex Towers (30 St Mary Ax)in the center of London (UK).

Construction bionics began to gain popularity in the 60-80s of the last century. However, it has not yet become widespread due to the lack of technical and economic advantages over traditional designs. At presentbionics is in the process of formation, and its research component prevails over practice. Within the framework of the biopositive concept, bionic structures should be used only if they do not contradict the principles of biopositive construction: minimizing energy and material resources.

A related direction, although not repeatingbionics, worth the practice of erectiontraditional national dwellings in modern construction.

Traditional national dwellings perfectly meet the principles of biopositive construction. Let's list the main ones:

● Izba - wooden dwelling of Russians

● Wigwam - the home of the Indians of North America

● Hogan - tree-dirt dwelling of the Navajo tribe

● Thatched huts - South American Indians

● Saklya - stone structure of Georgia

● Sarif - stone hut in Iraq

● Icelandic turf houses

● Adobe housing - residents of Central Asia

● Yurt - the dwelling of the nomadic peoples of the steppe part of Eurasia

● Al Kaimah - jute summer house - United Arab Emirates

● Chalet - Switzerland

6. Engineering equipment of buildings

In the last decade there has been a tendency to equipbiopositive buildings with technologies that have received a general definition -smart House . Undersmart home This means the sum of technologies: air conditioning, automatic switching on and off of lights, automatic shading of windows, tracking the building by turning it towards the sun, equipping the building with the latest telecommunication technologies, etc. It is also possible to install equipment in the building to determine and maintain the normal psychophysical state of living in people's house. The issues of giving furniture and household devices adaptive functions in relation to humans are discussed.

However, in our opinion, the engineering equipment of the house will develop in the directionnatural technologies:

● The use of natural sources of energy (including location-bound), or energy not involved in basic processes (“idle” energy).

● The use of space-planning solutions that minimize the length of engineering systems in the house.

● Mminimization of electric motors in home equipment.

● ANDthe use of the gravitational principle in the movement of liquids and gases involved in home systems.

● Pnatural refrigerators (so-called glaciers).

● Use of geothermal heat in winter and geothermal cold in summer.

● Use of permeable (“breathable” materials).

7. Life cycle of a building

Life cycle building (structure) is the entire period of existence and functioning of the building from the beginning of design until the moment of disposal.

Periodslife cycle building:

I –The whole range of design and engineering works.

II –Development of technology and organization of work.

III –Erection (construction) of a building.

IV – Pre-operationaldevelopment of the building.

V –Operating the building according to its intended purpose.

VI –Maintaining the operational suitability of the building by carrying out scheduled maintenance and major repairs.

VII –Decommissioning of the building.

VIII –a) Complete dismantling (disposal) of the building with renovation of the building site until it is brought to the level of the natural environment of the area where the building was located.

b) Reconstruction of the building, either restoring the same operational functions, or giving the building new operational functions.

With the end of the periodVIIIThe life cycle of the building ends, and perhaps a new life cycle begins.

When analyzing the life cycle of a building, the following must be taken into account:

● How muchenergy and raw materials will be used, how much solid, liquid, gaseous waste will be generated at each stage of the life cycle. At the same time, it is possible to take into account the volume of secondary pollution and costs: for example, the energy required for firing bricks or recycling waste.

● Compare the environmental impact of using a particular material, component, or technology within a specific project.

● Find resource-effective biopositive materials or products.

● Evaluate acceptable limits of environmental performance of building materials and components for a specific project.

● Select a material, component or technology whose use is preferable due to its environmental impact.

Environmental Impact Categories:

● general climatic impact(total emissions to air, water and soil)

● binding (oxidation) of atmospheric oxygen

● photochemical smog

● destruction of biological diversity

● land and water toxic emissions

● depletion of natural resources

● violationland use

● depletion of water resources

Each material, technological process and consumed resources are sorted into specified categories in order to assess the total impact on nature in the present and during operation.

The main factors to consider when building biopositively are:

● Building disposal

● Moving the entire house or parts of it to a new location

● Extending the life cycle of a building

● The increasing role of reconstruction (ecological restoration)

● ● ●

A series of environmental and systemic crises that have shaken humanity recently have forced us to look for new, balanced approaches to life. Usagebiopositive principles in the construction of buildings will preserve the Earth for future generations.

● ● ●

LITERATURE

1. Ragnarsdottir K. V., Sverdrup H. U., Koca D., 2011b. Assessing long term sustainability of global supply of natural resources and materials, Chapter Number X, 20-46. In; Sustainable Development.

2. “Resource-based economic growth, past and present,” Gavin Wright and Jesse Czelusta, Stanford University, June 2002.

3. V.I. Vernadsky. "Autotrophy of humanity."

4. Second conference “Construction and the environment”. Materials. Paris, 1997.

5. V.A.Kondratenko. “Thermal protection of external walls: excess or necessity?”, “Building Engineering” magazine No. 8, 2006.

6. The concept of sustainable development and security issues. 2001. (Ursul A.D., Romanovich A.L.).

7. S.A. Podolinsky “Human labor and its attitude to energy distribution” M.: Belye Alva, 2005,ISBN 5-7619-0194-3.

8 . A.N. Tetior. "Sustainable development of the city."

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

UDC 332.146.2

problems of improving the quality of economic space in resource-oriented regions of the Russian Federation

n. T. Avramchikova,

Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Finance and Credit E-mail: [email protected]

m.n. Chuvashova,

Postgraduate student of the Department of Finance and Credit E-mail: sadmari@rambler. ru Siberian State Aerospace University

The article defines the role and significance of the quality of economic space for regional development, identifies the specifics of the economic space of resource-oriented regions, and reveals the problems of forming an economic space in regions of this type. The main conceptual provisions for the formation of economic space in resource-oriented regions have been developed, ensuring the implementation of regional economic policy in accordance with the typification of regional economic spaces and highlighting the specific features of resource-oriented regions. The study identified the main directions for improving the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions, suggesting qualitative transformations of the territorial structure in regions of this type and helping to increase their competitiveness, which is an urgent need in the conditions of economic globalization.

Key words: economic space, resource-oriented region, typification of economic space, territorial structure, economic growth.

Specifics of the economic space of resource-oriented regions and problems of its formation

Economic space develops the initial ideas about the territory and is defined as a saturated territory containing many objects and connections between them: settlements, industrial enterprises, economically developed and recreational areas, transport and engineering networks, etc. Each region has its own internal space and connections with outside space.

It is well known that the main wealth of any country is its territory and population, they are also the main attributes of the state. The success of economic development of the region and the country as a whole largely depends on the order of organization and placement of industrial production facilities on its territory.

Analysis of domestic and foreign developments in the field of regional studies allowed

Table 1 Gross domestic product per capita in resource-oriented regions in the Russian Federation compared to developed countries of the world, thousand dollars.

The authors conclude that the necessary conditions for the effective development of an economic space at the regional level are its rational territorial structure and the accelerated development of economic enclaves, the innovative activity of which contributes to the spread of innovations in the zones of their influence and ensures smoothing of disparities in the level of socio-economic development of the region as a whole. , ensuring economic growth.

In Russia, the economy of resource-oriented regions has a focal type of development, and innovation processes in it, accordingly, are of a pronounced local nature. The main problems of socio-economic development of a resource-oriented region, due to its specifics, are:

The vastness of the territory and low population density, which prevents the uniform distribution of productive forces in the economic space of the region;

Concentration of natural resource potential in underdeveloped and inaccessible areas of the region;

Limited number of economically active population;

A focal type of development of the industrial complex, the presence of sharp disproportions in the level of socio-economic development of the territories;

The conditionality of economic growth, as a rule, due to the development of raw materials industries;

Limited investment and financial resources and the need for their targeted linkage to growth points in the regional economy;

High differentiation in the level of income and quality of life of the region's population.

From the point of view of relations with the federal center, the main problems remain:

Dirigiste policy of equalizing the level of socio-economic development of regions, which does not adequately provide regions with economic freedom;

Insufficient decentralization in management methods, which provide for the transfer of certain areas of jurisdiction of the Russian Federation to the regional level;

Low efficiency of the ongoing state regional economic policy, which does not generate incentives for the subjects of the Federation to invest in science and technological developments.

An analysis of the state of socio-economic development of resource-oriented regions, located mainly in Siberia, in comparison with macro- and mesoeconomic indicators in the world economy is given in Table. 1.

Based on the data presented in table. 1, it follows that the intensity of economic development of the regions of Siberia, which are mainly (with a few exceptions) resource-oriented, in terms of the level of production of gross regional product (GRP) per capita, lags significantly behind world indicators. Thus, in 2011, in the regions of Siberia, GRP per capita amounted to 7.9 thousand dollars, which is 77.8% less than in high-income countries and 6% less than the world average ( this gap from the Russian average is 34.2%).

Based on the data presented in table. 2, it follows that the largest share in the total number of subjects of the Russian Federation (almost 52%) is occupied by subjects classified according to the indicator under study into the group “up to 100 thousand rubles.” GRP per capita” (43 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, where over 45% of the country’s population live, have this level of intensity of production of material goods). Thus, research shows that the largest number of Russian regions in terms of GRP per capita have values ​​lower than the world average.

Territory 2005 2010 2011

High income countries 29.0 35.2 35.5

World average 5.4 7.5 8.4

Russia 11.8 11.7 12.0

Siberia 2.1 7.1 7.9

table 2

Grouping of regions of the Russian Federation by size of gross regional product

per capita in 2011

Groups of regions of the Russian Federation Regions Share of groups, °%

according to GRP per capita, thousand rubles. Number In % of total Population GRP

Up to 100 9 10.8 5.4 4.2

101-200 43 51,8 45,1 34,9

201-300 21 25,3 31,3 28,5

301-400 5 6,1 6,6 10,3

401 and above 5 6.0 11.6 22.1

Total... 83 100 100 100

Table 3

Main development indicators of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in comparison with the Siberian Federal District and national average indicators in 2011 at current prices

Object of study and GRP indicator Volume of shipped goods of own production, work and services performed Retail trade turnover

Russian Federation, GDP, total, billion rubles. (including per capita, thousand rubles) 54,586.0 (381.8) 35,052.6 (245.1) 19,082.6 (133.5)

Siberian Federal District, total, billion rubles. (including per capita, thousand rubles) 4,795.6 (252.4) 3,121.9 (161.8) 2,064.1 (107.2)

Krasnoyarsk Territory, total, billion rubles. (including per capita, thousand rubles) 1,188.8 (419.5) 990.2 (353.6) 361.6 (127.6)

in a resource-oriented region (Krasnoyarsk Territory) in comparison with similar data for the Siberian Federal District and Russia as a whole. The research data are presented in table. 3.

Based on the results of the analysis, we can conclude that the Krasnoyarsk Territory has per capita indicators higher than the Russian average: in terms of GRP (GDP) - 1.1 times, in terms of the volume of shipped goods of its own production, work performed and services - 1 ,4 times. Compared to similar indicators in the Siberian Federal District, the excess is 1.7 and 2.2 times, respectively, which indicates the presence in this resource-oriented region of unused reserves to improve the quality of the economic space and the efficiency of its development.

Basic provisions of the conceptual approach to the formation of the economic space of resource-oriented regions

The main provisions of the conceptual approach to the formation of the economic space of resource-oriented regions are based on the interaction of management theories and regional economics with an assessment of the effectiveness of the result obtained and are as follows:

In carrying out regional economic policy in accordance with the typification of regional economic spaces and highlighting the specific features of resource-oriented regions;

In improving the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions by changing the territorial structure, ensuring the location of production and transport communications in accordance with the specifics of the regions and taking into account natural and climatic conditions;

In developing criteria for assessing the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions;

In substantiating the influence of economic growth in resource-oriented regions as a determining factor in the formation of economic potential to improve the quality of the economic space.

Within the framework of this conceptual approach, as well as based on the results of studies conducted to identify factors and problems affecting the improvement of the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions, the basic principles that ensure improved quality of management decisions are summarized and systematized:

The principle of scientific validity is the development and improvement of criteria for assessing the quality of economic space, taking into account the achievements of the theory of regional economics, testing new tools for assessing the data obtained, using the capabilities of modern information technologies;

The principle of ensuring the quality of the economic space of the region;

The principle of innovation activity is the region’s receptivity to innovation, the presence in developing industries of a growth pole for knowledge-intensive and high technologies and the spread of innovation impulses to the zones of its influence;

The principle of subsidiarity in territorial management is the delegation of part of the powers of executive authorities of the federal center to the regional level in order to more effectively execute them.

The formation of the provisions of a conceptual approach to the formation of the economic space of resource-oriented regions ensures the development of methodological guidelines to improve its quality and contributes to the efficiency of management decision-making.

main directions for improving the quality of economic space

resource-oriented regions

Carrying out regional economic policy in accordance with the typification of regional economic spaces and highlighting the specific features of resource-oriented regions. Considering the presence of territorial differentiation in the socio-economic situation of the development of regions of the Russian Federation, it is advisable to pursue a regional policy that should take into account the fairly pronounced specifics of their development. In the course of the study, the authors determined the typification of the economic spaces of resource-oriented regions using the example of the regions of the Siberian Federal District using an integral assessment of the socio-economic development of the regions based on the state of industrial production, the level of employment of the population, the standard of living and the budgetary and financial situation. The typification of the economic space of the regions of the Russian Federation according to their level of development can be presented in the following form:

1) regions with a developed economic space - this group includes regions with a high degree of agglomeration and a high level of industrial development, scientific and technological progress and intensification of production. They have a large contingent of qualified specialists and workers, large and expensive industrial production assets, and a significant research and development base (especially in the military-industrial complex). A sufficient level of combination of market relations with their state regulation allows these regions to have their own financial resources to activate “growth points” and perform “donor” functions for unprofitable subjects of the Federation. This group of regions is called upon to act as “generators” of economic and organizational progress, with their help it is possible to ensure Russia’s strategic competitiveness in the global economic system

This group includes a subgroup of high-tech regions with leading industries - high-tech mechanical engineering and the chemical industry. These regions have a high level of industrial production and, as a rule, a positive balance of budget flows between the regions and the federal center. Among the resource-oriented regions of the Siberian Federal District, this subgroup includes Omsk, Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions. The subgroup of raw materials regions includes regions specializing in the extraction and production of high-quality types of primary raw materials and construction materials, in basic industries - fuel and energy and metallurgy. In the Siberian Federal District, such regions are the Kemerovo, Irkutsk regions and Krasnoyarsk Territory.

State regional policy in regions of this type should be aimed at ensuring the greatest freedom and competition of commodity producers, intensifying economic activity, taking into account existing favorable conditions. This involves the massive attraction of capital into the production sector, into high-tech manufacturing industries. Developed regions are called upon to be leaders of active structural transformations on the principles of a neo-industrial type economy, the formation of knowledge-intensive, highly productive

economic and resource-saving, as well as export and import-substituting industries, service types of services;

2) regions with an underdeveloped economic space - underdeveloped (economically backward) regions include regions with extremely low intensity and low parameters of economic activity, with a one-sided (non-diversified) economic structure, with a sharp lag behind the main regions in the development of the production base, social sphere and market infrastructure, with high unemployment and low living standards, with the highest subsidization of territorial budgets among the subjects of the Federation. This subgroup of the resource-oriented regions of the Siberian Federal District includes the Republics of Tyva and Khakassia. An active regional policy in relation to regions of this type should provide for their accelerated economic growth and social recovery. It consists of implementing a set of measures for state support, aimed primarily at implementing non-capital-intensive (quickly payback projects and programs), reducing budget subsidies and reducing the gap in the levels of economic and social development with the national average.

For economically backward regions, the tasks of preventing a decline in the standard of living of the population and minimizing negative consequences, counteracting the trend of worsening demographic situation and manifestations of depopulation are relevant. The main ways to solve these problems are the implementation of centralized investments from federal sources in new construction, mainly in the field of industry, infrastructure (production and social), as well as stimulation of private investment in certain sectors of the economy (including the agro-industrial complex) through preferential loans and taxes, etc. etc. (i.e., these regions require strengthening the mechanisms of state regulation of the economy, including the intensification of territorial integration);

3) regions with an economic space that is in a stage of depression - regions of this type are characterized by:

Relatively high level of economic potential;

A significant share of industry and, in many cases, its leading industries in the structure of the economy;

Increased qualifications of local labor resources.

However, as a result of the low competitiveness of their core industries, unstable supply and sales relations or reorientation of the strategic course (for example, the development of the military-industrial complex), these regions were recently characterized by a deep and persistent economic recession, high unemployment, low investment activity, low levels of financial security and real income population, its sharp social stratification. In the Siberian Federal District, such a region is the Altai Territory.

One of the main objectives of regional policy is the strengthening of financial stability on the basis of budgetary federalism and the settlement of financial relations with the federal center. The main instruments of state support for depressed regions are:

Preferential loans from centralized sources or compensation of part of the interest rate on loans from commercial banks when implementing effective projects and programs;

Introduction of incentive payments to enterprises for creating new jobs;

The use of increased depreciation rates for the active part of fixed assets, etc.

It is also relevant to encourage the growth of private investment in the economy with their involvement in predominantly the most competitive projects - the basic links of structural transformations;

4) regions with a crisis economic space - this type of economic space includes regions that have been subjected to the destructive effects of natural or man-made disasters, regions of widespread socio-political conflicts and deep economic upheavals, etc. Currently, there are no regions of this type in the Siberian Federal District.

Summarizing the presented typification, we can conclude that for developed regions the emphasis is on enhancing private entrepreneurship, for underdeveloped and crisis regions - on government support, while for

In depressed regions, the optimal combination of both directions and management mechanisms is optimal.

Changing the territorial structure of a resource-oriented region, ensuring the location of production and transport communications in accordance with its specifics and taking into account natural and climatic conditions. In the process of development and economic use of the territory, the territorial structure of the economic space is formed, which includes the following types of organization: focal and dispersed; uniform-nodal and agglomeration-nodal. The most important components of a single economic space are national (all-Russian) markets for goods and services, labor and capital. Most countries of the world have a heterogeneous economic space, within the boundaries of which special parts are distinguished: enclaves and exclaves, while an enclave is understood as a separate area, which in relation to the surrounding territory is distinguished by specific conditions (free and offshore zones), and an exclave - as separated from main territory part. The structure of spatial theories of regional economics consists of theories of regional development, theories of interregional economic relations, and classical theories of location.

The territorial structure of the economic space is a series of economic systems divided into regions of various ranks. The spatial division of labor loses its geographic features and transforms from territorial to technological or functional. The condition for the territorial division of labor and its prerequisite are the refusal of the territory to provide itself with everything necessary and specialization in the production of any product for exchange.

The territorial organization of production and the territorial distribution of productive forces are carried out and improved as human society develops. The spatial aspect of development is especially important for Russia, which has a large extent and significant regional and settlement characteristics. The Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies 1/6 of Russia; over ten nationalities live on its territory, and therefore the spatial

The development aspect is very important to him. In market conditions, the distribution of productive forces has its own patterns and characteristics.

The territorial division of labor determines the specialization of regions in sectors of the economy, the concentration and development of which there is especially effective. This is due to the use of cheaper (compared to other regions) natural, labor and other resources, benefits from location, local socio-economic conditions and factors. The objective prerequisites for the territorial division of labor are the differentiation of geographical conditions and the achieved level of development of productive forces in different regions of the country.

The territorial division of labor leads to the development of interregional ties between regions for the exchange of products and services. Along with the regional division of labor, there is a process of intraregional specialization, which is a reflection of the intraregional division of labor. This process is accompanied by the concentration of production and population in certain parts of the territory. As a result, industrial points, centers, nodes and territorial clusters arise at the intraregional level.

It should be noted that economic concepts of zoning and placement of productive forces have been developed abroad based on the identification of zones of gravity and market zones.

The idea of ​​economic zoning abroad is reflected in the concepts of “growth poles”, “central places”, “gravity zones” and in its implementation in practice in industrial parks, technology parks, and technopolises. This idea is initiated by the governments of foreign countries to implement territorial shifts in the distribution of productive forces and to carry out selective regional policies, especially for depressed and economically backward areas. This experience of regional development and the introduction of the territorial factor into the process of making federal and state decisions is a timely and urgent task for Russia.

The development of market relations has made adjustments to the theoretical foundations of the territorial organization of production in Russia. The policy of equalizing the development of regions has lost its effectiveness. Previous tools for managing regional development do not work, and often

their use leads to negative results. In market conditions, the gap in economic growth rates between individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation is an objective trend. The constant increase in this gap, despite interbudgetary transfers, becomes the main social contradiction, giving rise to political conflicts, i.e. the limit of the policy of equalizing territories has not yet been reached. The time has come to fundamentally change the attitude towards the concept of managing regional development and, following the demands of the market, move to a policy of polarized development (development focused on priorities).

Polarized development of regions suggests that it is possible to “pick up” the natural process of polarization of economic development and give it a balanced and manageable character. At the same time, it is necessary to form regions - engines of growth (supporting regions) that have an innovative and investment impact on the rest of the territory. With this approach, the following results will be achieved: the territorial integrity of the country and its individual regions will be preserved; there will be a reduction in the areas of crisis areas; a global region comparable to the world's global regions will be formed.

The development of the territorial structure is carried out on the basis of the country's urbanization and mainline transport. Both of these processes determined the increase in territorial concentration in its various forms: point (large cities), areal (urban agglomerations) and linear (chains of cities, megalopolises).

1. Urbanization. In the 20th century An urban revolution took place in Russia. Over the century, the number of cities has increased 2.2 times, but the main thing is to develop and multiply the number of large cities. The category of large cities acquires new properties in all subsystems: in the economic base, in the population, in the planning organization. Thus, a fundamental change in the territorial structure of the country and the distribution of the population is carried out. The growth of large cities is a global trend. They have potential that makes them engines of development for their regions and the country as a whole. The authors emphasize that big cities are not just leaders in socio-economic development,

makers of progress, creators of new things in all spheres of life (territorial organization is increasingly centered around cities, i.e. they are the focal points of territorial development).

Around large cities, satellite cities arise, giving rise to agglomerations - “constellations” of cities that have become a key form of modern settlement. Agglomeration is a means of increasing the share of economical short-term connections, which is very important for the vast and underdeveloped territories of Siberia. About 30% of the total number of new cities that arose in Russia during the 20th century were in the immediate surroundings of large centers, multiplying their potential. A new type of city has emerged - science cities, which are also primarily satellite cities of large regional centers. Critics of the recent past, when they write that it was in vain that a large number of new cities were created, while the old ones should have been developed, forget that the large centers of old Russia (except for St. Petersburg) did not have cities in their immediate surroundings. Consequently, the creation of new satellite cities was a necessity, because it ensured a natural transition to the agglomeration (post-urban) stage of settlement development. Active growth points were created in the form of large multifunctional centers, the potential of which was strengthened by satellite cities. It was thanks to them that successes were achieved in the development of education, culture and art, science and technology, nuclear energy, lasers, jet aircraft, etc. were created.

2. Mainstreaming. As is known, trunking is an increase in the speed and carrying capacity of all types of transport. In Russia (due to its vast expanses and distances), this tool for changing the territorial structure is very relevant. It was in Russia that powerful and high-speed modes of transport were created and the longest railways in the world were built to develop space. Further development of the highway system will make it possible to use its intercontinental position effectively and with great economic benefit for Russia. The Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Production SB RAS, having summarized the results of the developments of its own and other organizations, proposed a concept for the development of transport corridors in Russia, which involves

creation and development of three latitudinal and four meridional corridors, the use of which will significantly increase the competitiveness of the eastern regions of the country.

Agglomeration and centralization provide economic compression of space. Not compression by “culling” territories, but economic compression based on rational territorial organization. At the same time, growth points arise not only in “privileged” areas, but everywhere, ensuring an improvement in the quality of life of the population. As a result of using these tools for the development of the territorial structure, a supporting frame is formed, which is formed by a set of leading centers and highways connecting them - this is a dispersed concentration. The supporting frame combines two differently directed development trends: towards territorial concentration and towards dispersal. Our country has always been characterized by the development of urbanization both “in breadth” and “in depth”, predetermined by geographical and historical conditions. The fulfillment of central functions by cities forces them to disperse and strive for a more or less uniform coverage of the territory. The benefit from the economic compression of space, on the contrary, forces them to gather in territorial groups and form agglomeration clusters (it should be noted that the economic compression of space occurs quite actively in conditions of recovery, development, and not recession and crisis).

The completion of the creation and major overhaul of the territorial structure is one of the conditions for the revival of Russia, and the rationalization of the territorial structure is an important reserve for its development. Much depends on what model of economic development Russia will be able to implement: with an emphasis on raw materials industries or, conversely, on high-tech industries. Russia has great opportunities for each of both directions, and for their combination. Under all circumstances, especially taking into account the current situation, the primary industries now and in the foreseeable future will form the basis of the Russian economy. They provide the main products for export and foreign exchange earnings. Therefore, the use of the richest resources of the North will continue. This predetermines the need for close attention to the North in general, the definition

effective northern policy, which determines the relevance of the issues of development of resource-oriented regions of the country in general and the Siberian Federal District in particular.

As authoritative Russian scientists note, the construction of transcontinental transport routes, in which the world community is also interested, will make significant changes to the territorial structure of Russia. Connectivity and improving the quality of the economic space of the resource-oriented regions of Siberia, i.e. its agglomeration and highwayization, will ensure major shifts in the territorial structure.

Justification of the influence of economic growth of a resource-oriented region on improving the quality of its economic space. Solving the problem of improving the quality of economic space is directly related to overcoming autarchic tendencies, with the development of interregional connections for the rational use of the competitive advantages of territories in the interests of both regional communities and the state as a whole, promoting the economic growth of the region at any hierarchical level.

Within the framework of neoclassical theory, the mechanism of self-organization of economic space is realized through the flow of labor and financial resources. It is believed that regions at the stage of maturity are sources of capital, since their savings exceed investment opportunities. This situation is due to the following circumstances:

First, savings are growing at a faster rate than income;

Secondly, at the maturity stage, the labor supply stabilizes or even decreases due to the completion of the urbanization stage. Capital from developed regions is directed to less developed ones, since there are opportunities to obtain a higher rate of profit due to the low cost of labor and other production factors. In addition, regions lagging behind in development have the opportunity to increase labor supply due to the migration of the rural population to cities.

Thus, in accordance with the ideas of neoclassical economic theory, the most important component of the mechanism of self-organization of economic space is

capital migration, which allows accelerating the process of regional development and works towards smoothing regional inequalities.

Along with the migration of capital, the heterogeneity of the economic space, expressed as significant differentiation in income levels, also determines the migration of labor. At the same time, the direction of migration flows, as a rule, is opposite in relation to capital flows. Thus, the movement of labor is directed from poor regions to rich ones, which contributes to the growth of regional differentiation.

The integral effect of labor and capital migration depends on their relative mobility. If capital has high mobility and labor has low mobility, then the main influence on changes in the economic space will be from capital flows, and, consequently, lagging regions will show higher growth rates compared to developed ones. However, if capital is immobile and labor is mobile, then regions that have high income levels and labor shortages will have high levels of population growth and gross regional product.

The main objectives of economic development in the regions are:

Increasing expanded reproduction in industries;

Increasing the competitiveness of Russian industrial products in domestic and foreign markets;

Diversification of industrial production;

Accelerating development of industries producing products with a higher share of added value;

Priority development of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries, a significant increase in the share of innovative products in the total volume of industrial production and a number of other tasks.

It must be taken into account that industrial policy at the current stage of development is not sectoral, but regional in nature. Economic growth in the region is based on the formation of regional and local markets, effective regional economic complexes and “growth points”, the rapid development of which is ensured by

determines the effectiveness of development of a resource-oriented region.

However, it should be noted that to implement this policy, a certain degree of financial freedom of the regions is necessary, allowing them to quickly manage the region’s economy and formulate a development strategy for the future.

Let us consider the dynamic state of the economy of a resource-oriented region using the example of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 4).

Based on the data presented in table. 4, it follows that in the region under study there is a dynamic development of the economic space: sustainable growth rates of GRP, growth in the total volume of production of goods and services, including innovative goods. Investments in fixed assets and average monthly accrued wages also tend to increase. However, the region lacks the financial resources necessary to increase innovative receptivity, as evidenced by a decrease in 2011 of 39 billion rubles. balanced financial result compared to the previous year.

Conclusions from the study

As a result of the research, we can conclude that currently in the regional economic policy pursued by the federal center, there is a certain combination of interests of the center and the regions, which allows, to a certain extent, to ensure the growth rate of the regional economy in a number of subjects of the Federation.

At the same time, in order to improve the quality of the economic space of resource-oriented regions, intensify their innovative development in the implementation of regional economic policy on the part of the federal center, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of economic development of these regions and qualitative transformations of the territorial structure in regions of this type, which is an urgent need in the conditions of economic globalization .

In addition, it is necessary to take into account that one of the conditions for the development of a country with a federal government structure is the presence of financial independence of all subjects of the Federation, in the absence of which the subsidized subject of the Federation is subject to bankruptcy and foreclosure.

connection to the most economically powerful regions. It is precisely this formulation of the question that corresponds to the status of the Federation, which preserves and develops the market and each constituent entity within it.

Bibliography

1. Avramchikova N. T. Theoretical aspects of assessing the quality of economic space // Regional economics: theory and practice. 2012. No. 35 (266). pp. 2-13.

2. Avramchikova N. T. Prospects for the development of a region with a rarefied economic space in the context of globalization // Regional Economics: Theory and Practice. 2010. No. 5 (140). pp. 16-19.

3. Kistanov V.V. Association of regions of Russia M.: Economics. 2007. 139 p.

4. Lappo G. M. Cities of Russia. A geographer's view. M.: New chronograph. 2012. 504 p.

5. URL: http://ereport. ru/stat.

The resource-based economy of the Russian Federation has a number of specific differences from states that are net exporters of energy resources. The nature of the differences implies the presence of industry and related industries, for which the export-oriented resource industry can act as a driver of development.

Problems of a resource-based economy in the context of technology development:

1. The general low efficiency of large industrial enterprises, the poor development of marketing, production and sales technologies limit

effective use of market development potential.

2. The degradation of the production base, the trend towards which emerged in the period from 1998-2006, deprives Russian enterprises of the opportunity to quickly respond to market demands.

3. The conservative approach of customers to the formation of a portfolio of purchased product names and services does not encourage market participants to increase the technological effectiveness of production and invest funds in R&D.

4. The total number of related industries related to the fuel and energy industry is limited, and their development has a rather limited effect on the international competitiveness of the Russian economy.

Problems of a resource-based economy in the context of domestic and foreign policy:

1. Reputational risks arising from violation of relevant agreements by transit countries. High probability of accusations of “energy blackmail”

2. A separate reputational risk, expressed in the consolidation of a negative image of a net exporter of energy resources to the state, which may negatively affect investment decisions within the framework of international economic cooperation.

3. The risk of reducing the stability of the internal political system in the event of prolonged dominance of negative economic conditions due to extremism and politicization of the lobbies of relevant structures.

Problems of the resource economy:

1. Unevenness and low efficiency of budget policy.

2. Degradation of the production base, lack of incentives for the development of innovation.

3. Gradual loss of a favorable image, reduction of positions in the international arena.

4. High probability of local conflicts, to one degree or another motivated by the resource component.

5. Deterioration of the industrial culture and socio-psychological climate in the state.

Conclusion

Naturally, when discussing the volume of proven gas reserves, the question arises: how long will these reserves last? As for Russia, proven gas reserves theoretically ensure its production for 70-100 years. It is difficult to make a more accurate estimate because... the production time depends on the production rate (annual volumes), and they will definitely change and, in the medium term, will most likely increase. In addition, the total production time depends on the reserve recovery rate, and it strongly depends on the production technologies used (and, as a rule, increases over time as technologies improve).

On the other hand, it is obvious that the most efficient (i.e., with the lowest production cost and with infrastructure located relatively nearby) of the explored fields, as a rule, are already being developed, so if you remain within the limits of explored reserves, you can predict an increase in the cost of gas production at newly developed deposits. In addition, it is not entirely correct to make an assessment for the country as a whole, because Russia is a large country, it is unlikely that gas from the south of the European part of the country will be delivered to the Far East (and vice versa), so the assessment should be made for larger regions. At the same time, there are a number of considerations in favor of the fact that gas in Russia can be produced (and used) over a much longer period:

1. First of all, of course, it is necessary to remember about the forecast gas reserves in Russia (which are many times greater than the proven ones). It is obvious that gas exploration in the country will continue both by the state and by companies, and the volume of explored reserves will increase.

True, due to the ongoing reorganization of the geological exploration system in the country and the presence of companies with excess gas reserves (compared to the world average), created back in Soviet times, in the medium term the pace of geological exploration may be low (after all, even now the pace of gas production exceeds the growth rate of reserves , but, on the other hand, from an economic point of view, there is no need to divert large funds into exploration while there are large reserves), but in the future the rate of increase in proven reserves will most likely increase.

In addition, it should be noted that forecast reserves provide an opportunity to increase proven reserves, primarily in Central and Eastern Siberia, the Far East and on the shelf.

2. Geological studies at depths greater than the traditional search depths for gas deposits (usually up to 4 km) provide positive data on the possibility of gas reserves there. Not long ago, a well was drilled in the Astrakhan region to a depth of almost 6 km and it produced an influx of gas from deep layers.

3. Finally, theoretically, there is the possibility, discussed by experts, of extracting methane from gas hydrate (this is primarily methane in a state associated with water in the solid phase) deposits, the existence of which was discovered by Soviet geologists almost 30 years ago.

From the above, we can conclude that the active use in discussions of the thesis about the depletion of gas reserves in Russia most likely has goals that differ from those officially declared by the adherents of this thesis. In addition, of course, the question of the uneven distribution of reserves and the cost of gas always remains open, and the principle of the need to reproduce reserves remains unchanged. It is obvious that a fundamental change in the organization of the geological exploration system in the country is currently taking place (this is provoked by the expected abolition of contributions to the VSMB and, consequently, a change in the system of financing geological exploration). It can be expected that systematic funding from the budgets of various levels of regional geophysical subsoil research and prospecting work will continue. As for exploration, it will be mainly financed by oil and gas companies and conducted by them at their own peril and risk. We can expect that a significant number of exploration organizations will be taken over by large companies.

Accordingly, after some time it may be difficult to obtain independent services for comprehensive geological exploration at a reasonable price (every time you will have to negotiate with large companies). On the other hand, the number of specialized service companies will grow (but to organize their work, an exploration operator company will be needed). But in general, the cost of geological exploration services will increase.

The value of promising areas and proven reserves is already growing steadily and will continue to grow. But we believe that this growth can be divided into two stages. At the initial stage, with an officially declared increase in the value of reserves, it will be possible to negotiate with companies that, under the threat of license revocation, will be looking for partners in field development, on a relatively small price for purchasing a field (part of it) under the obligation to invest in a field development project. At the next stage (after a few years), the declared value will be equal to the actual value and will increase significantly. In the near future, we can expect the state to create a more stringent system for monitoring the implementation of license agreements and a system for revoking licenses, which could lead to the revocation of licenses from a number of large and small companies, on the one hand, and their frantic search for partners and funds for exploration and development of deposits, on the other. sides. In the coming years, the procedure for classifying gas fields as fields of federal significance and their status, and the procedure for the formation and use of the federal fund of reserve fields will be determined, taking into account the interests of the state and not strengthening monopolistic tendencies in the industry. This, in particular, will require amendments to Chapter III “Peculiarities of the use of gas fields” (Articles 10-12) of the RF Law “On Gas Supply in the Russian Federation”.

At the moment, there are practically none, but measures should be developed and applied to stimulate and support gas production from fields with declining production levels and from small fields (for example, by differentiating taxes on mineral extraction depending on mining and geological conditions).

Note that now the majority of gas in Russia is produced from fields with falling production levels. In addition, in the context of rising gas prices and falling production volumes (with growing demand), it becomes relevant to stimulate the development of small local (with consumption near the production area) gas fields. In the course of liberalization of the gas market in Russia, it will be necessary to develop measures that will equalize the economic conditions for the management of independent organizations that will carry out prospecting and exploration at their own expense, with the business conditions of organizations that have received licenses to develop fields virtually free of charge (this is, first of all, of course, enterprises of the OJSC system Gazprom).

It is necessary to develop measures to stimulate the development of deposits that have already been explored and licensed, but are not being developed. In addition to tightening the system of control over compliance with the terms of license agreements, such measures could be:

1. Introduction of a tax of the “rentals” type depending on the area of ​​the site or the volume of reserves with a change in its value over time. The tax, for example, is levied regardless of the stage of development of the field, but can be attributed to the cost of the extracted raw materials.

2. Introduction of antimonopoly measures in subsoil use in accordance with Article 17 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Subsoil”. For example, establishing maximum sizes of subsoil plots, the number of plots and maximum reserves of mineral resources provided for use.

Topic 4. OPERATIONAL PLANNING OF ENTERPRISE RESOURCES

Control questions

1. What is meant by operational planning? What types of planning are there?

2. What is scheduling? What does it provide?

3. What operational planning systems are used in modern production? What is a planning system?

4. What methods of operational planning can be used in an enterprise?

5. What volume-calendar standards are used in planning?

6. What is meant by launch-release batch? What is the economic significance of the batch size of parts in production?

7. How is the optimal batch size determined? What main factors does it depend on?

8. How is the production cycle planned? How can you reduce it?

9. Where are advance standards applied? How are they determined?

10. What is the purpose of operational accounting? What types of accounting exist in enterprises?

11. What does production dispatching mean? How is it carried out in production?

1.Basic concepts of the resource-based approach.

2.Operational planning of material resources.

3. Operational planning of energy resources.

4. Operational planning of intellectual resources.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, modern economic literature saw a return to the resource-based approach with its updating over time. The subject of research of this approach is the relationship between the needs for internal resources and the capabilities of the enterprise to achieve its ultimate goals. The goal of any organization is to transform resources to achieve results. The main resources used by an organization are people (human potential), capital, materials, technology and information)

The commonality of the resource-oriented approach also predetermined the expansion of the types of processed (recycled) media, which began to include not only material resources (metal, chemicals, plant products, etc.), but also intangible resources (information, design and scientific developments, management processes, etc.).

All resources can be divided into four main groups: material, financial, energy, intellectual. These four groups of resources are independent sets that interact with each other in various ratios and combinations.

The goal of the resource-based approach is to identify physical, chemical, mechanical, commercial, social, environmental and other patterns about the nature of the transformation of processed media from one type to another in order to determine and use the most effective production processes.

To the tasks of the resource-based approach The following can be included:

Determination of enterprise resources and assessment of competitive advantages and disadvantages compared to competitors;

Determination of enterprise capabilities (enterprise potential);

Assessing the potential for the formation of resources and capabilities necessary to gain and maintain a competitive advantage.

Some researchers [N-G. Olwe] consider this approach balancing between the SWOT analysis model and Porter's five competitive forces model, as the enterprise tries to build its competitive advantage based on internal resources and capabilities.

In the 1990s, G. Hamel and S. Prahalad, as well as other authors, developed the approach in question and introduced the term "basic competence". This concept is intended for the development of current plans and is the basis for everyday decisions, as it is based on value-oriented theories.

The resulting curve of a set of enterprise goals should be approximated by the resulting curve of the system organizational values ​​(OC), or in other words, each of the formulated goals should lead to the formation of a certain value. It is the creation of an OC system that should predetermine the direction of development of the organization, declared by its mission. By definition [Bukovich U., Williams R. Knowledge management: a guide to action.], “values ​​are the priorities that guide us throughout our lives... The creation of knowledge and new ideas come from special relationships that are formed on the basis of the coincidence of values, which the parties adhere to." Values ​​Technology Theory was developed by B. Hall in 1992, who determined that human behavior is based on values, and there are 125 of them.

Today, many companies declare their values, an example is the Clarica core values ​​model, in which the entire set of values ​​is divided into three component subsets: management, cooperation, innovation. British Airways, the largest international air carrier, declares its values ​​as follows: “ensuring the safety and convenience of consumers”, “honesty and responsibility”, “innovation and cohesion”, “global business and care for each client”, “friendliness and communication skills”. In the work of R.A. Fatkhutdinov “Innovation Management” defines value “as something special, something that the system owns (contains), strives to preserve, or have in the future.” It also provides a clear classification of organizational values ​​(OV) from the point of view of 11 characteristics (Table 2) and gives an important definition that the end result of value management is competitive advantage companies on the market, namely, higher income, new product-technology, which are the results of the diversification activities of the enterprise.

Table 2 - Classification of organizational values ​​of an enterprise