It is a procedure in which monitoring and control functions performed by humans are transferred to instruments and devices. Due to this, labor productivity and product quality significantly increase. In addition, it ensures a reduction in the share of workers attracted to various industrial sectors. Let us next consider what automation and automation of production processes are.

Historical reference

Self-functioning devices - prototypes of modern automatic systems - began to appear in ancient times. However, until the 18th century, handicraft and semi-handicraft activities were widespread. In this regard, such “self-acting” devices have not received practical application. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. There was a sharp jump in production volumes and levels. The Industrial Revolution created the preconditions for improving techniques and tools, adapting equipment to replace humans.

Mechanization and automation of production processes

The changes that caused affected primarily wood and metal processing, spinning, weaving plants and factories. Mechanization and automation were actively studied by K. Marx. He saw in them fundamentally new directions of progress. He pointed to the transition from the use of individual machines to the automation of their complex. Marx said that a person should be assigned conscious functions of control and management. The worker stands next to the production process and regulates it. The main achievements of that time were the inventions of the Russian scientist Polzunov and the English innovator Watt. The first created an automatic regulator to power a steam boiler, and the second created a centrifugal speed controller for a steam engine. It remained manual for quite a long time. Before the introduction of automation, the replacement of physical labor was carried out through the mechanization of auxiliary and main processes.

Situation today

At the present stage of human development, production process automation systems are based on the use of computers and various software. They tend to reduce or eliminate people's participation in activities entirely. The tasks of automation of production processes include improving the quality of operations, reducing the time required for them, reducing costs, increasing the accuracy and stability of actions.

Basic principles

Today, production process automation tools have been introduced into many areas of industry. Regardless of the scope and volume of activity of companies, almost all of them use software devices. There are different levels of automation of production processes. However, the same principles apply to any of them. They provide the conditions for the efficient execution of operations and formulate general rules for managing them. The principles in accordance with which automation of production processes is carried out include:

1. Consistency. All actions within the operation must be combined with each other and proceed in a certain sequence. In case of discrepancy, the process may be disrupted.
2. Integration. The automated operation must fit into the overall environment of the enterprise. At one stage or another, integration is carried out in different ways, but the essence of this principle remains unchanged. Automation of production processes at enterprises must ensure the interaction of the operation with the external environment.
3. Independence of execution. The automated operation must be carried out independently. Human participation in it is not provided for, or it should be minimal (only control). The employee must not interfere with the operation if it is carried out in accordance with established requirements.

These principles are specified in accordance with the level of automation of a particular process. Additional proportions, specializations, and so on are established for operations.

Automation levels

They are usually classified according to the nature of the company's management. It, in turn, can be:

1. Strategic.
2. Tactical.
3. Operational.

Accordingly, there is:

1. Lower level of automation (executive). Here, management concerns regularly performed transactions. Automation of production processes is focused on performing operational functions, maintaining established parameters, and maintaining specified operating modes.
2. Tactical level. Here the distribution of functions between operations is ensured. Examples include production or service planning, document or resource management, and so on.
3. Strategic level. It is where the entire company is managed. Automation of strategic production processes provides solutions to forecasting and analytical issues. It is necessary to support the activities of the highest administrative level. This level of automation provides strategic and financial management.

Classification

Automation is ensured through the use of various systems (OLAP, CRM, ERP, etc.). All of them are divided into three main types:

1. Immutable. In these systems, the sequence of actions is established in accordance with the equipment configuration or process conditions. It cannot be changed during the operation.
2. Programmable. They can change the sequence depending on the process configuration and the given program. The choice of one or another chain of actions is carried out using a special set of tools. They are read and interpreted by the system.
3. Self-adjusting (flexible). Such systems can select the desired actions as they work. Operation configuration changes occur in accordance with information about the operation progress.

All these types can be used at all levels separately or in combination.

Types of operations

In every economic sector there are organizations that produce products or provide services. They can be divided into three categories according to their “distance” in the resource processing chain:

1. Extractive or manufacturing - agricultural, oil and gas production enterprises, for example.
2. Organizations processing natural raw materials. In the manufacture of products, they use materials mined or created by companies from the first category. These include, for example, enterprises in the electronics, automotive industries, power plants, and so on.
3. Service companies. Among them are banks, medical and educational institutions, catering establishments, etc.

For each group, you can identify operations related to the provision of services or production of products. These include processes:

1. Management. These processes ensure interaction within the enterprise and contribute to the formation of the company’s relationships with stakeholders. The latter, in particular, include supervisory authorities, suppliers, and consumers. The group of business processes includes, for example, marketing and sales, interaction with customers, financial, personnel, material planning, and so on.
2. Analysis and control. This category is associated with the collection and synthesis of information about the execution of operations. In particular, such processes include operational management, quality control, inventory assessment, etc.
3. Design and development. These operations are associated with the collection and preparation of initial information, project implementation, control and analysis of results.
4. Production. This group includes operations related to the direct production of products. These include, but are not limited to, demand and capacity planning, logistics, and maintenance.

Most of these processes are automated today.

Strategy

It should be noted that automation of production processes is complex and labor-intensive. To achieve your goals, you must be guided by a specific strategy. It helps to improve the quality of operations performed and obtain the desired results from activities. Of particular importance today is the competent automation of production processes in mechanical engineering. The strategic plan can be briefly summarized as follows:

Advantages

Mechanization and automation of various processes can significantly improve the quality of goods and production management. Other advantages include:

1. Increased speed of repetitive operations. By reducing human involvement, the same actions can be completed more quickly. Automated systems provide greater accuracy and remain operational regardless of shift length.
2. Improving the quality of work. By reducing the degree of human participation, the influence of the human factor is reduced or eliminated. This significantly limits variations in the execution of operations, which, in turn, prevents many errors and improves the quality and stability of work.
3. Increased control accuracy. The use of information technology allows you to save and take into account in the future a larger volume of information about the operation than with manual control.
4. Accelerated decision making in typical situations. This improves operation performance and prevents inconsistencies in subsequent steps.
5. Parallel execution of actions. make it possible to carry out several operations at the same time without compromising the accuracy and quality of work. This speeds up activities and improves the quality of results.

Flaws

Despite the obvious advantages, automation may not always be practical. That is why comprehensive analysis and optimization are necessary before its implementation. After this, it may turn out that automation is not required or will be unprofitable in an economic sense. Manual control and execution of processes may become preferable in the following cases:

Conclusion

Mechanization and automation are undoubtedly of great importance in the manufacturing sector. In the modern world, fewer and fewer operations are performed manually. However, even today in a number of industries it is impossible to do without such work. Automation is especially effective at large enterprises where products are produced for the mass consumer. For example, in automobile factories, a minimum number of people are involved in operations. At the same time, they, as a rule, monitor the progress of the process without participating in it directly. Industrial modernization is currently underway very actively. Automation of production processes and production is considered today the most effective way to improve product quality and increase the volume of its output.

Trends and problems in the development of means of mechanization of agricultural production

The implementation of tasks for the technical re-equipment of agricultural production made it possible to significantly raise the level of its mechanization. As a result, the technological processes of basic soil cultivation, sowing of grain, cotton and sugar beets, and harvesting of grain and silage crops have been completely mechanized. Comprehensive mechanization of potato planting, haymaking, harvesting corn for grain, applying mineral fertilizers, sowing vegetables and inter-row cultivation of row crops is being completed.

Thanks to the supply of new high-performance machines with increased speed, energy and operational parameters to collective and state farms, labor productivity has increased significantly. For example, the average productivity of corn harvesters supplied to agriculture in 1980 is 2.5 times higher compared to similar equipment in 1975, and more than 2.2 times higher for beet harvesters. New agricultural machines appeared on the fields of the country, making it possible to mechanize harvesting work that was previously performed manually (tomato harvesters, cabbage harvesters, berry harvesting machines). The level of mechanization of a number of works in agriculture has increased, the performance of which still largely requires manual labor. Table 1 gives an idea of ​​the current level of mechanization in agriculture. 1.15.

Equipping agriculture with new equipment allowed the country's collective and state farms to introduce progressive technology in agriculture. Even more widely used are post-harvest in-line processing of grain on grain cleaning and grain cleaning-drying lines and points, in-line and in-line transhipment harvesting of sugar beets, in-line harvesting of potatoes using potato harvesters and mechanized sorting points. However, both in crop production and in vegetable growing and livestock farming, a number of operations have not yet been completely mechanized. Yes, on

In crop and livestock farming, as well as in the repair and maintenance of agricultural machinery, many operations still have to be performed manually. According to the work, the number of the latter exceeds 300. As a result, labor costs for producing a unit of output are still high.

Trends in the field of mechanization of agricultural production are determined by the need to implement the Food Program. To implement it, it is necessary by 1991 to basically complete the comprehensive mechanization of agricultural production in accordance with zonal conditions, ensuring a sharp reduction in labor costs when performing technological processes and a significant reduction in product losses and improving its quality, regardless of weather conditions.

It is also necessary to complete the transition from the development, testing and production of isolated machines to the implementation of a system of technological preparation of agricultural production, to the design of technologies and production lines, the creation of appropriate sets of machines for main and auxiliary purposes for them, as well as to comprehensive testing of various technologies.

It is necessary to determine and develop the scientific basis and program for improving the technical and economic indicators of machinery and equipment for crop production and livestock production, determining their productivity, energy consumption and reliability in accordance with the specifics of working conditions in agriculture. Much attention is paid to ensuring a significant improvement in the use of allocated resources and equipment, and further increasing the efficiency of agricultural production.	1.15. The level of mechanization of some work in crop production on collective farms, state farms and interfarm agricultural enterprises
	Vnd work	Share of work performed by machines from the total volume of work, %
1975
1979
Planting vegetables
Harvesting raw cotton Harvesting with combines:
potatoes
Harvesting raw cotton Harvesting with combines:
Planting vegetables

sugar beets

Comprehensive programs for protecting soils from erosion have been developed.

A special program has been drawn up and is being implemented regarding the impact of the running systems of mobile machines on the soil. Work is successfully underway to create high-crossing units for local application of fertilizers, combined units, and rippers. However, there is a need to accelerate work on the development of new methods of soil cultivation and the creation of technical means that ensure high, sustainable yields. Work is underway to prepare conditions for comprehensive mechanization. Based on the compiled operational technologies for cultivating various agricultural crops, sets of technical means were selected, the appropriate regulatory framework was determined, and methods of product quality management were applied. Work is underway to design standard industrial technologies for cultivating row crops and comprehensive mechanization of grain production. A 12-row set of machines for harvesting sugar beets is being sold, as well as machines that can increase the efficiency of row-spacing and plant care. A technology has been developed for harvesting potatoes using a combine harvester with rotary working bodies, which makes it possible to reduce the flow of ballast technological material into the machine.

Wide-cut units are becoming increasingly common.

a set of aggregated machines. Due to the need to ensure an increase in the mean time between failures, which should not be less than the period of intense work, a search is underway for fundamentally new design solutions for working bodies, gears, chassis, as well as work to improve technology.

The development and implementation of comprehensive mechanization, the organization of continuous production of work according to technological cycles are inextricably linked with the mechanization of loading, unloading and transport operations. Therefore, a program for creating appropriate tools for both general and technological purposes has been prepared and is being implemented.

Due to the fact that two-thirds of our country’s arable land needs protection from wind and water erosion, special attention is paid to the mechanization of work to protect soils from the harmful consequences of this phenomenon.

Currently, a complex of anti-erosion machines and tools has been created, including flat-cutting deep-rippers KPG-250A and KPG-2-150, flat-cutting cultivators KPP-2.2, heavy cultivators KPE-3.8A, rod cultivator KSh-3.6A , BIG-ZA needle harrows, SZS-9 and SZS-2.1 grain stubble seeders. These machines operate at speeds of 7-9 km/h and have improved agrotechnical and operational performance.

Their metal consumption is very acceptable. Experimental design work is underway to create more modern and high-performance machines (30 types of technical equipment are being developed for work in areas prone to wind erosion; 17 of them should be mastered before 1990). Work on the creation and improvement of anti-erosion equipment is carried out in the areas of modernizing serial anti-erosion machines in order to improve their agrotechnical and technical-economic indicators, developing new types of machines to complete the comprehensive mechanization of anti-erosion work when cultivating field crops in various soil-climatic zones and, finally, in the direction of creating new generation of high-performance anti-erosion equipment for tractors 30-80 kN.

German tractors made according to new layout schemes have a front-mounted cab and a special load-carrying platform. This allows the tractor to be used for transporting seeds, fertilizers and other goods, which makes it possible to implement new technological schemes for the use of agricultural implements. In particular, special tractor-mounted implements are being created. Self-propelled chassis of higher power classes with a set of agricultural implements that have appeared recently are more versatile compared to existing tractors, since they can be converted into a self-propelled agricultural unit. In this regard, their competitiveness compared to tractors increases. However, given the difficulties of reconfiguring such installations and the labor shortage, it is still premature to place special hopes on the success of their implementation. It is believed that due to higher productivity, self-propelled agricultural units will be used more widely. This is facilitated by the specialization of production, the creation of inter-farm associations and agro-industrial complexes.

The development of progressive technological processes in agriculture is associated with the improvement of tractors and agricultural machines, which is oriented towards increasing their energy saturation. For example, preparing soil for growing

cultivation of agricultural crops, despite a fairly high level of mechanization, is very labor-intensive. Its implementation consumes up to 40% of the fuel supplied to agriculture; About 600 thousand machine operators are employed in raising the plowed land.

The question is being raised about replacing every second tractor driver with a robot simulator capable of focusing on the leading tractor. However, the use of robots is rational only in well-organized production associations with a sufficiently high level of automation and mechanization of the main technological processes.

In addition, with increasing energy saturation, the costs of maintenance and repairs and providing comfortable conditions for drivers increase. As a result, the total costs of agricultural production increase, which encourages the cessation of further growth in the energy saturation and weight of tractors. It is also important to take into account the level of exploitation that has developed in a particular zone, its topography and the size of the cultivated areas. It is believed that for the conditions of the steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan it will be rational to use units based on a class 80 tractor with an engine power of about 370 kW with an energy saturation of 21.8 kW/t (if this condition is realized, the number of tractors in the zone will increase slightly, the need for machine operators with a guarantee of fulfillment work within agrotechnical terms will be reduced, and the number of tractor brands will be halved). In the Non-Black Earth Zone of the RSFSR, the power of tractors of the same type will be sufficient already at the level of 220 kW with an energy saturation of approximately 19.3 kW/t. In the case of the use of technologies and agricultural machines and implements corresponding to them with active working bodies (milling cultivators, motorless trailed combines, rototillers, implements and trailers with active drive of support wheels, etc.) receiving energy from the tractor, the latter from the traction machine turns into essentially into an energy carrier. As a consequence, its mass can be significantly reduced while simultaneously increasing its energy saturation. The long-term forecast of energy saturation values ​​in relation to general-purpose tractors is illustrated by the data in Table.

1.16.

each of the named directions and the zonal system of machines in accordance with the developed scientific recommendations.

Tractors with an engine power of 243 kW that are being prepared for production, the established agrotechnical requirements for a wheeled tractor of traction class 80, as well as the improvement of technologies both in terms of preserving soil structure and for the purpose of maximum energy savings serve as proof of the trend towards the further development of powerful and heavy-duty tractors and the emergence of energy modules or mobile energy devices based on them.

Along with domestic ones, we should also look at some models of foreign powerful and heavy-duty tractors. Thus, in the USA, due to the consolidation of farms, the desire to reduce the time required to complete agricultural work, to use wide-cut equipment and reduce material costs due to rising labor costs, tractors with a power of up to 560 kW have been created and the development of a tractor with a power of 736 kW is being completed. Experts have substantiated the high efficiency of using heavy-duty tractors in large US farms. They proceeded from the fact that plowing of tractors with a 560 kW engine is possible with a plow with a working width of 15 m (on heavy soils 7.5-9 m).

In the USA, a number of companies specialize in the production of powerful and heavy-duty tractors of several basic models. Their main indicators are given in table. 1.17.

1.16. Dynamics of changes in the main parameters of general purpose tractors and row crop tractors LT3-145	Purpose of tractors and their main parameters	1970	1980	1990	2000
2010
General application for traction technological processes: power, kW	12,5	12,5			22,5
weight, t	13,2	17,5	21,8	29,5	40,0
energy saturation, kW/t
For active drive of agricultural implements; power released to the drive, kW
weight, t
tractor weight, t
For active drive of agricultural implements; power released to the drive, kW			10-11	10-11	10-11
weight, t
For working with motorless and chain-type combines: power released to the drive, kW
General application for traction technological processes: power, kW
Row crop J1T3-145: power, kW
weight, t	16,5	27,6

power released to the drive, kW

The production of powerful tractors abroad is steadily increasing. American companies John Deere, Nadson, Stager, International Harvester, Case, Northern Manufacturing, All-Chalmers, Woods and Copyland produce tractors with engines with a power of 129-560 kW.
..

The Stager company prepared for production a tractor with a power of 552 kW, and John Deere - with a power of 370 kW. The International Harvester company produces a tractor loader for agriculture with an 883 kW engine (bucket capacity 19.3 m3). The Versetile company has created a model of the Big Roy 1080 agricultural tractor, which has a 442 kW engine (for working with an 18-furrow plow). The Stager company produces the GT-450 tractor with a 335 kW engine. The Case company supplies a tractor with an engine power of 221 kW. The Nadson company has created tractors with engines with a power of 222 and 270 kW, and the Stager company produces six models of tractors, including those with engines of 22J, 235 and 335 kW. The Northern company produces tractors with engines with a power of 235.5; 265; 294; 338; 386.4 and 441.6 KBf; in 1978, a tractor model with a power of 560 kW was tested.

Approved by the manager department

_____________________

management and marketing

Seminar lesson No. 1 (L No. 1,2)

Topic: Basic concepts of the discipline “Industrial technology system”

Introduction

Main questions

1. General characteristics of the discipline “Technology System in Industry”.

2. Evolution of technologies and technological structures.

3. Industrial technologies and technological processes

4. Self-preparation

Organization of the production process (1. Zhelibo E.P., Anopko D.V., Buslik V.M., Avramenko M.A., Petrik L.S., Pirch V.P. Fundamentals of vibroculture technologies in the galuzes of the people's dominion: Navch .pos_bnik. – K.: Condor, 2005. – 716 p.)

Abstract topics:

1. Science and technology

2.Strategy for technological development of Ukraine

Literature

Main:

1. Borovsky B.I., Timchenko Z.V. Guidelines for studying the discipline “Fundamentals of Industry Technologies” - Simferopol, 2000. - 108 p.

2. Derechin V.V. Technology systems. – Odessa: Latstar, 2002. – 300 p.

4. Dudko P. D. Systems of technologies. - Kharkov, 2003. - 336 p.

5. Zbozhna O. M. Fundamentals of technology. – Ternopil: Kart-Yulansh, 2002.- 486 p.

6. Zhelibo E.P., Anopko D.V., Buslyk V.M., Avramenko M.A., Petrik L.S., Pirch V.P. Fundamentals of production technologies in the Galuzia of the People's Dominion: Navch.pos_bnik. – K.: Condor, 2005. – 716 p.

Additional:

8. Rublyuk O. V., Panchuk V. G. Systems of technologies: Lecture notes. – Ivano-Frankivsk, 2001. – 168 p.

Topic: Basic concepts of the discipline “Industrial technology system”

The course “System of Technologies in Industry” is a general educational discipline in the process of training specialists in economics. Studying this course will provide an opportunity to acquire knowledge about modern technological processes, their integrated use in individual industries and industries; at the same time, to form an understanding of the connection between technologies and economic disciplines, since the most important technical and economic indicators of production are determined on the basis of these technology systems.

Currently, industrial production technology is an independent branch of knowledge that has accumulated theoretical and practical material. Technology intertwines knowledge of physics, chemistry, mathematics, mechanics, cybernetics and economic disciplines. An economist must know the patterns and directions of development of industries and have some technical knowledge. An economist who does not know enough about production, using only economic indicators, cannot make the right decision. Only with a good knowledge of production can a correct analysis of the enterprise’s activities be made in order to increase the efficiency of social production at the lowest cost of raw materials, energy and labor resources.

The purpose of this seminar is to consolidate and deepen the knowledge acquired during the lectures. Namely, an understanding of the subject, goals and theoretical foundations of the discipline “system of technologies in industry”, consideration of the evolution of technologies and technological structures. And also to consolidate knowledge about industrial technologies, their types, features of the organization of the production process and the technological process as its component part.

And also to determine the level of knowledge and quality of students’ self-training on this topic and, based on an analysis of the level of training, to encourage them to work more effectively and purposefully.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

To form a system of knowledge about technologies, types of industrial technologies;

Form an idea of ​​the evolution of technologies and technological structures;

Develop memory and mental abilities

1 General characteristics of the discipline “Technology System in Industry”».

Technology is the science of obtaining raw materials and making certain products from them.

You can transform raw materials into products in different ways. Therefore, everyone way- This is a separate technology by which a certain type of product is produced.

The same type of product can be obtained in different ways, that is, using different technologies. For example , Gasoline can be obtained by distillation of petroleum and cracking catalysis of petroleum products.

Modern technologies widely use the scientific achievements of mechanics, chemistry, physics, heat engineering, electrical engineering and other sciences. Nowadays t technology became vast branch of knowledge- she studies and develops industrial methods for producing various types of products.

The choice of technology depends not only on the type of raw materials and products produced at the enterprise, but also on their quantity. For example,harvester, a car or other machine can be assembled from individual parts in a small assembly area. When we are talking about hundreds of thousands of combines, cars and other machines per year, it is necessary to create powerful conveyor lines (English « conveyer" from "convery" - transport, move), to which parts and assemblies will arrive from all workshops in a certain sequence.

At the enterprise, no matter what products are produced, everything is subordinated to technology. Consequently, technology is the basis of production; the choice of technology and compliance with its requirements are the key to reducing the cost of manufactured products and high quality.

Technology (from the Greek techne - art, craft, skill, skill and loqos - word, science, knowledge, teaching) - the science of craft. In a broad sense technology is a body of knowledge, information about the sequence of individual production operations in the process of producing something. In its turn, industrial technology - this is a set of methods for processing or processing materials, manufacturing products, carrying out various production operations, and the like.

Subject The discipline “System of Technologies in Industry” is the technology of industrial sectors of the national economy.

Target– to form a system of theoretical and practical knowledge on the fundamentals of industrial technologies.

Studying the course "Technology Systems in Industry" makes it possible to solve the following problems: adachi:

To form an idea of ​​the fixed assets and objects of labor that are used in the technologies of the main production and economic complexes;

Know the essence of production technologies;

Understand the basics of standardization, structural elements of technical regulations and basic natural laws that are used in technological systems;

Skillfully substantiate technical and economic indicators, taking into account the influence on them of the main parameters of technological processes;

Know the basics of the current state and trends in the development of technologies in the most important sectors of the Ukrainian economy;

Assess the current state and development trends of the most important sectors of the world economy and get acquainted with promising innovations.

The main task of the technology system in industry as a science- this is the determination of physical, chemical and other laws in order to use the most effective technological systems in production.

The systematic approach is one of the most promising scientific directions in technology, since most industrial technology systems belong to the category of large systems.

System (from the Greek systema - a whole made up of parts, an association) is a set of interconnected elements that make up a certain integrity, unity. The systems are For example, technical equipment, which consists of individual components and parts, a living organism formed by a collection of cells, and the like.

Commonality of technologies, which are used in one area or another, makes it possible for individual industries join groups and consider them as separate subsystems in the system of industrial technologies. With this classification in industry, the following main ones can be distinguished: types of technologies :

- miningtechnologists- solve the issue of mining;

- primary processing technologies(enrichment technologies) - their implementation makes it possible to obtain enriched raw materials;

- processing technologies- as a result of their implementation, materials for manufacturing industries are obtained;

- processing technologies- make it possible to obtain finished products from materials;

- information Technology- ensure the coordinated action of basic industrial technologies and their functioning in the system.

Thus, the discipline “technology system in industry” is a branch of knowledge that studies and develops industrial methods for producing different types of products. Its main task as a science is to determine physical, chemical and other laws in order to use the most effective technological systems in the production. Study of industry technologies and their individual processes makes it possible to objectively evaluate the technical, economic and financial activities of enterprises.

2 Evolution of technology, technological structures

The vital needs of people were the determining and natural incentives for the development of technology. The oldest technologies can be considered:

processing stone, wood, skins and other materials with stone knives and axes (about 800,000 BC); the use of fire for food processing and home heating (about 500,000 BC); making solid wheels from wood and carts, pottery from clay using the potter's wheel, copper metallurgy (c. 4000 BC). The historical development of human civilization is directly related to technological evolution, which is based on the body of natural scientific knowledge accumulated by humanity and, in turn, gives rise to new branches of science and technology, and forms the material and information base for subsequent development.

Thus, technology is a product and source of the development of civilization.

The needs of society were and remain the main determining incentive for the development of technologies, technological systems and technological structures, which began to take shape at the end of the 17th century - at the beginning of the 18th century.

Starting from the end of the 17th century, global technical and economic development can be conditionally considered as an evolutionary change in technological structures(TU) - conglomerates of united production that cover closed production cycles of a single technical level.

Each specification has a complex structure; The core of technical specifications is created by basic technologies, which are the basis of technological systems.

The origin of a new TU takes place in the depths of the old one, and in its subsequent development it gradually forms its core. TUs have their own phases: growth phase, formation phase, maturity phase, decline phase.

Starting with the industrial revolution in England (the end of the 17th century), in the global technical and economic development one can highlight the action five specifications, which consistently changed each other.

First TU ( 1790-1830 gg.) - technological leaders England, France, Belgium.

The core of TU is the textile industry, textile engineering, cast iron production, iron processing, construction of main canals, water engines.

The key factor is textile machines, cotton, cast iron.

The main advantages are the mechanization of production and its concentration in factories, which ensured an increase in labor productivity, scale and profitability of production.

Second TU (1830-1880) - technological leaders England, France, Belgium, Germany, USA.

The core of technical engineering is steel production, electric power, heavy engineering, inorganic chemistry, railway construction, tool industry, ferrous metallurgy.

The key factor is steam engines, versat, coal, and railway transport.

The main advantage is the growth in scale and concentration of production based on the mechanization of labor with the widespread use of steam engines.

Third TU (1880-1940) - technological leaders Germany, USA, England, France, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands.

The core of technical engineering is electronic, electrical and heavy engineering, steel production and rolling, power lines, shipbuilding, inorganic chemistry.

The key factor is electric motors and the widespread use of steel. The main advantages are increased diversity and flexibility of production based on the use of electric motors, increased product quality, and standardization of production.

Fourth TU (1940-1980) - technological leaders of the European World Trade Association countries, Canada, Australia, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland.

The core of technical engineering is the automotive industry, aircraft manufacturing, tractor manufacturing, non-ferrous metallurgy, synthetic materials, organic chemistry, oil production and refining, and road construction.

The key factor is internal combustion engines, energy-intensive technologies, energy, oil.

The main advantages are mass production of serial products using conveyor technologies, standardization of production, settlement of people in suburban areas.

Fifth TU (1980-2040 (forecast)) - technological leaders Japan, USA, Germany, Sweden, EU countries, China, Korea, Australia.

The core of TU is the electronics industry, computer technology, software, telecommunications, optical fibers, robotics, aerospace, new ceramic materials, information services.

The key factor is microelectronic components.

New sectors that are being formed are biotechnology, space technology, nanotechnology, etc.

The main advantages are the individualization of production and consumption, and the destruction of flexibility and expansion of production diversity, automated production management, de-urbanization of production and population based on new transport and telecommunication technologies.

A core is gradually emerging in the structure of the fifth TPsixth technical specifications - biotechnology, space technology, nanotechnology, etc. Modern progressive technologies have the following features:

- few stages processes, which involves the combination in one unit of several technological processes that were previously used in separate machines or apparatus;

- low waste production and integrated use of raw materials;

- high level integrated mechanization and automation of production;

- use of modern microelectronics for intensification and control of production;

- production flexibility- its ability to quickly adapt to the production of new types of products;

- resource saving, which guarantees the ability to produce competitive products with low costs and high profitability, but others.

Opportunities for increasing production efficiency are determined primarily by scientific and technological progress.

Thus, The determining and natural incentives for the development of technology are the vital needs of people, that is technology is a product and source of the development of civilization. Any technology has its own life cycle, which directly affects the profitability of enterprises, GDP and the development of the economy as a whole.

If some production uses only one technology, then at the stage of decline of this technology it is threatened by unprofitable activities and bankruptcy.

In accordance with the orientation of Russia's economic development on an innovation basis, the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation on the need to intensify work on introducing innovations into all sectors of the national economy, it is necessary to intensify work on introducing non-traditional promising innovative areas of development into agricultural production.

The need for this is explained as follows. Russia has lagged significantly behind in the development of agricultural production, tractor and agricultural engineering. Therefore, to restore agricultural production on the basis of technological re-equipment, we need to recreate the machine and tractor fleet on a new technical basis using the latest developments in the field of mechanization of production processes.

New technological and technical solutions in this area are mainly aimed at achieving world standards. It is necessary to understand that within the current direction of technical development and division of labor imposed on the world by the process of globalization, we are in a difficult position, since limited resources do not allow us to conduct research and development at the level of the world's leading companies, and many of our factories are located in in such a state that it is difficult for them to compete with the well-functioning and efficiently operating production of industrially developed countries. We need to be proactive, work on creating fundamentally new technologies and means of mechanization, which the world has yet to come to.

As you know, there is a category of so-called breakthrough (closing) technologies and means of their implementation, the emergence of which makes a huge number of traditional technologies unnecessary and obsolete. Thus, the appearance of the automobile made entire thriving industries associated with horse-drawn transportation unnecessary.

Realizing this, the rulers of today's world are preventing the development of such technologies in other countries (and even in their own), since these more advanced technologies can destroy the familiar system under their control. For example, a number of thermonuclear energy projects in the United States were curtailed under pressure from oil companies. It would seem like a paradox: the United States, importing oil from the ever-turbulent Persian Gulf, should be interested in the emergence of new sources of cheaper energy. But from the point of view of TNCs, the transition from hydrocarbons (the production and prices of which they control) to other, more progressive sources of energy is an absolute evil for them, since it leads to a change of leaders in the world economy. A similar thing is observed in our country. Thus, aquazin (a mixture of gasoline with emulsified water and stabilizing additives) developed by our scientists is not introduced into production, although it allows saving up to 10% or more of gasoline. Work on using the Koenjo effect to create lift has been stopped. These examples can be continued.

A significant part of such technologies and technical means for their implementation were developed in the USSR, but are not used or have already been purchased and used by developed countries. Breakthrough technologies - only they are capable of moving our and human development to a qualitatively different level.

Currently, a significant number of such unconventional promising technologies and means of their implementation (at various levels of development) are available in research institutes, educational institutions, as well as among inventors and enthusiastic researchers. Moreover, they are in a conserved form, since researchers are not able to work on them (for known reasons). Often these developments fall into the hands of foreign companies and domestic speculators with technical documentation and ideas.

Using heuristic methods, monitoring publications and forecasting methods, we have identified the following areas of such work on the innovative development of mechanization of agricultural production for the introduction of breakthrough (closing) technologies into it.

In the field of tractor and agricultural engineering.

Development of hybrid engines for tractors and cars based on a combination of the operating principles of an internal combustion engine, a Stirling engine and a steam engine. To combine in one engine operation based on a mixed cycle (for diesel) or isochoric (for gasoline engines) with the cycle of a steam engine, it is necessary to inject water into the cylinders of the internal combustion engine, that is, using it as a working fluid. For this purpose, separate cylinders can be used, located between cylinders running on hydrocarbon fuel, or fuel can be supplied to each cylinder in turn, and at the end of the next compression stroke, water can be supplied. For diesel engines, you can use two-component injectors or pump injectors designed to supply a second fuel to the cylinder together with diesel. To realize the advantages of this scheme, it will be necessary to change the operation of the gas distribution system, since in order to operate the cylinders in steam engine mode, it is not advisable to supply air to them, although at the first stage, in order to reduce the volume of re-equipment of existing internal combustion engines, this may not be done.

Another scheme for supplying water to the cylinders is also possible - into each cylinder at the end of the expansion stroke, which will lead to an increase in pressure, will facilitate the combustion of CO and more quickly cleanse the cylinder of exhaust gases.

To use the heat of exhaust gases, one should keep in mind the development of thermoelectric energy sources.

By using at least 50% of the heat lost in the cooling system and with exhaust gases, the effective efficiency of the engine doubles. So the implementation of this direction will give a significant effect (halving fuel consumption; reducing the harmful impact on the environment) with a slight change in the design or re-equipment of the engines. The development of spheroidal internal combustion engines is of interest.

The efficiency of a steam engine can be significantly increased by combining the advantages of Stirling and an internal combustion engine (hot cylinder) and a steam engine (working fluid - water). In such a steam engine, a double-action cycle is easily carried out, which will further increase its performance.

Development of methods for using emulsified additives, in particular water, in hydrocarbon fuels, which, according to various estimates, provides fuel savings of up to 10% or more.

Research and development of working bodies that act on the processed medium through deformations to which it most weakly resists. This is tillage using stretching according to the scheme (Fig. 1) (the MPR machine we studied), increasing the separating ability of the threshing apparatus (Fig. 2 and 3), threshing a twisted ear by rolling the cut mass between two surfaces, the speeds of which are different, in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the ear. To do this, it is necessary to carry out a directed supply of cut grain crops to the threshing zone. This supply of unlogged and untangled grain can be carried out by headers with canvas conveyors. When feeding the spike part of the stems into the threshing zone, it is possible to separate the grain from the stem due to the torsional deformation of the spike, separating the grain from the destruction zone, without the impact of the threshing working parts on the straw.

Figure 1. Scheme of operation of the MPR: 1 – ploughshare; 2.4 – upper and lower rotors; 3.5 – rotor fingers.

Figure 2. Diagram of the threshing apparatus of combine harvesters with concave slats located in the direction tangent to the drum circumference: 1 – drum circumference at the ends of the whips; 2 – tangents to the drum circumference; 3 – concave strips.

Figure 3. Diagram of a threshing apparatus with a string concave: 1 – drum circumference at the ends of the whips; 2 – concave body; 3 – thin tension rods, strips or strings.

Study of non-traditional working parts of agricultural machines: shaftless spiral-screw (Fig. 4) and flexible (Fig. 5), on the basis of which a new system of machines can be created.

Figure 4. BSV threshing and separating device with axial feed: 1 – BSV cylindrical threshing separating and transporting RO; 2 – deck-sieve; 3 – outer casing; 4 – drum; 5 – support rollers; 6 – ring; → – supply of grain-straw mass to MSU; ○→ – movement of grain and cracks; -→ – straw.

Figure 5. Cylindrical flexible separating surface with a section of reverse curvature: 1 – surface with a constant radius; 2 – section of reverse curvature; 3 – pressure roller; 4 – rigid cylinder; 5 – support roller; M – mass supply; MP – separation of the passage fraction; MS – separation of the run-off fraction.

Reducing the harmful effects of running systems on the soil by using thin-walled high-pressure tires, which should have small hysteresis losses, as well as tires based on spiral-screw elements.

In the field of crop production.

When zoning and adapting stevia, whose sugar content per unit mass is 1 million times greater than sugar beets, to our climatic conditions, it is necessary to develop a set of machines for its cultivation and harvesting, as well as for processing it into sugary mass. With its sugar content lost even 1000 times as a result of adaptation to our natural conditions, stevia is a promising, easily cultivated crop. In addition, it is a dietary product and has medicinal properties. Thus, it can be a substitute for sugar beets, which has a huge effect on its cultivation, processing and consumption.

When implementing the long-standing idea of ​​Academician N.V. Tsitsin to create a wheat-wheatgrass hybrid, it will probably be necessary to improve mainly the combine harvester for threshing a small-seeded grain heap with stronger connections between the grains and the stem in the ear.

It is advisable to begin work on adapting cultivated plants to mechanization means, about which A.A. has repeatedly spoken out. Dubrovsky. Thus, the development of potato varieties with strong stolons will make it possible to harvest them by pulling the tops, which will significantly simplify potato harvesters.

In the field of feed production.

Development of an industrial technology for the production and use of a biologically active preparation (BAP) from wood waste and urea. BAP stimulates appetite, increases the immunity of animals and humans, and helps suppress various infections. This work was previously carried out by various enthusiasts, including the authors of this article at JSC PR “Vasilievskoye”. There are reports on its results that indicate the high effectiveness of BAP. The results were covered in the local press. BAP can also be used as a safe drug to increase crop yields and immunity to diseases.

In the field of agriculture.

Development of technological documentation and recommendations for the widespread dissemination of no-till organic farming, which saves (and even increases, in contrast to arable technologies) soil fertility, conserves moisture (which is especially important in the context of global climate change), saves diesel fuel, labor costs and other resources when cultivation of any agricultural crops.

In the field of livestock farming.

Development of technological documentation and recommendations for the widespread dissemination of resource-saving technologies for milk production, raising replacement young animals, fattening livestock for meat in free-stall conditions in the fresh air in physiological groups, feeding complete feed mixtures according to individual recipes for groups, voluntary milking or milking in a milking parlor, automated accounting of economically useful properties for the purposes of production and selection and breeding work.

In the field of non-mechanical influences.

Development of instruments and devices for the study and use of electromagnetic information radiation from plants and materials to suppress weeds, enhance growth, increase productivity and change the properties of agricultural materials.

The listed methods are at different stages of development and require serious analysis and testing. In this regard, it is also necessary to strengthen work on forecasting development trends and the effectiveness of various innovative methods. It is advisable to create a data bank of promising areas of innovative research, including the directions and results of work proposed by us, other organizations and researchers. Such work can be effectively carried out only with coordination from the Ministry of Agriculture, the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences and leading scientific organizations of Russia. It would be advisable to collect and summarize existing developments, compile a data bank from them in order to determine the priority of development and the need to involve various organizations in this work (research institutes, GSKB, educational institutions, firms, etc.).

Kuzmin M.V., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Operation of the Machine and Tractor Park of the Federal State Educational Institution RGAZU;
Taratorkin V.M., professor, deputy director of the Russian Center for Agricultural Consulting.

UDC 334.716

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTING HIGH TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL

PRODUCTION

I.A. Tronina, O.A. Svechnikova

In conditions of intensive economic development, domestic manufacturers need to focus their activities on optimizing production based on a comprehensive integrated approach, using which the company will have a chance to successfully compete in the Russian and international markets in the production of high-quality and promising products.

Key words: integrated approach, high technology, industrial production.

A stable socio-economic situation is largely determined by the level and quality of development of industrial and economic systems operating on the territory of Russia. At the same time, for the effective functioning and sustainable development of regional industrial and economic systems, it is necessary not only to have an optimal strategic program, but also to have an innovative and technological component in this program. The need to strengthen the innovative and technological component of the economy involves the search for modern forms of solving the problems of market coordination and interaction of economic entities. Currently, such forms already take place in regions where processes of sectoral and intersectoral integration of economic entities are taking place, and various unions of regional industrial and economic systems are being formed. It is natural that the regional level of management in the development and implementation of innovation and technology programs is assigned an important role as a link between the macro- and microeconomic levels.

The growth in the level of knowledge and skills in the economic development of regions has led to the emergence of the concept of regional innovation-technological systems using an integrated approach.

In a modern market economy, various types of integration processes take place, emerging as a reaction of industrial enterprises to increased competition and pressure from the surrounding socio-economic and technological environment. Active business entities search for and organize cooperation with various business partners, both in technological and financial aspects. Along with this, such cooperation makes it possible to use established intersectoral connections and modern technology.

logy and experience of business partners who have the necessary resources and capabilities to carry out high-tech activities that increase flexibility and scientific potential, reduce overall costs, develop coordinated strategic programs, obtain high innovation rent, and create sustainable competitive advantages.

The innovative activity of industrially integrated structures makes it possible to increase the level of their modernization abilities and capabilities in the conditions of scientific and technological progress, focused on the introduction of high technologies into the activities of industrial and economic systems.

The Russian industrial market as a whole has significant potential for sustainable technological development and growth. Currently, Russian products, on the one hand, have noticeably improved the quality of certain types of equipment. But, on the other hand, improving quality has led to rising prices.

However, in addition to positive trends in industry, experts also note negative aspects that require attracting the attention of both business structures and government agencies:

Loss of a number of traditional sales markets;

Import dependence of industrial sectors on specialized technologies and high-tech products;

The existence of a policy of double standards in relation to Russian manufacturers (softer requirements for imported equipment);

Relatively low quality of materials and components of Russian industrial production.

Based on this, the strategic goals of the Russian industrial and economic system are the formation of an innovative and technological structure, expansion of production volumes and increasing the level of competitiveness. In conditions of intensive development of domestic production, in order to adequately confront foreign competitors, it is necessary to produce modern and high-tech products.

Only through an integrated approach will the company have a chance to successfully compete in the Russian and international markets in the production of high-quality and promising products.

High-tech enterprises, as a rule, carry out active innovation activities that allow them to expand and create new markets, and use resources most efficiently. The results of research and development, implemented at high-tech enterprises, contribute to the development of industrial sectors and the economy as a whole. Necessity

The functioning of the high-tech sector of the regional economy is associated with the necessary improvement of the level of industrial production management.

Most industrial organizations, including those related to high-tech complexes, prefer to engage in product innovation, i.e. purchasing finished equipment, using R&D mainly in existing production. The share of research into new developments in the cost of technological innovation in our industry was approximately 17% in 2012, while in most countries of the European Union it was from 33 to 75%. The modern structure of high-tech industries and spheres in Russia is characterized by many disproportions, poor development or complete absence of many elements. These imbalances were formed during the economic transformation due to a lack of investment resources and miscalculations in carrying out economic reforms.

Figure 1 shows high-tech products.

In modern conditions, only enterprises that occupy a leading position in the global market for the production of high-tech products can achieve success. In this regard, the most important task for modern companies is to determine the factors that determine the achievement of market leadership.

A comparative analysis of high-tech enterprises in Russia was carried out according to the following groups of indicators:

1) indicators characterizing the quality of the equipment used:

Adaptation of equipment to local conditions, durability, reliability and versatility;

Compliance of equipment with Russian and international standards;

Availability of a powerful engineering and design base with laboratory equipment and instrumentation;

2) indicators characterizing the production potential of enterprises:

High degree of automation in production management;

Location of production in Russia and abroad;

Rice. 1. High-tech products

Characteristics of the quality of the technological process of production;

3) indicators characterizing the human potential of enterprises:

Providing the enterprise with trained personnel and appropriate infrastructure;

Availability of highly qualified personnel;

Attracting foreign specialists;

Training of technical personnel abroad;

4) indicators characterizing the pricing policy of the enterprise:

Financial opportunities;

Availability of state support;

Concluding profitable contracts with the largest integrated companies.

The results of the study made it possible to identify industry leaders of the Russian industrial market in the field of mechanical engineering, presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Industry leaders of the Russian industrial market in the field of mechanical engineering

Name of the enterprise Significant conditions, leadership positions being formed

Saint-Gobain is a world leader in the production of heat and sound insulation solutions that provide effective protection from cold and noise, increase comfort in the home and promote energy saving. 1st place in the world in the production of heat and sound insulation materials, cast iron pipes, plasterboard and gypsum mixtures. 1st place in the world in the field of high-tech materials. 1st place in Europe and 2nd place in the world in the production of flat glass for the construction and automotive industries and special applications.

OJSC "HMS Pumps" IPG "Hydraulic Machines and Systems" is one of the leading Russian organizations in the field of production of a wide range of pumping equipment using high technologies in block-modular design. It has a powerful engineering and design base with laboratory equipment and instrumentation. The enterprise has an automated system for designing and controlling technological processes. OJSC "HMS Group" occupies a leading place in the rating list of the largest enterprises in Russia "Expert - 400". Leadership is ensured through significant investments in R&D, the use of high-tech machine-building and instrument-making facilities, attracting talented specialists from all over the world, effective management and aggressive marketing.

Industrial group "Generation" One of the largest Russian manufacturers and suppliers of thermal power, petrochemical, oil and gas, gas, including drilling, equipment with production facilities in Russia, Romania and Ukraine. The production of equipment from the Generation Group meets international quality standards. The products of the enterprises of the industrial group "Generation" are well known on the market and have rightfully established themselves as reliable, easy to use and environmentally friendly. Constant monitoring of the oil and gas and thermal power equipment market, cooperation with foreign manufacturers allows Generation Group to provide customers with a wide range of technical and design solutions.

In this regard, we highlight the main criteria for achieving market leadership for industrial manufacturers using an integrated technological approach:

Availability of a wide range of products;

Availability of a developed engineering and design base with

Laboratory equipment and control equipment;

Availability of automated design and process control systems;

Significant investments in R&D;

Compliance of manufactured products with international quality standards;

Compliance with environmental management principles.

In the course of the study, it can be noted that in order to ensure the leadership of an industrial enterprise in the market, the products produced must meet market demands and meet international quality standards. Enterprises must have a clearly formed experimental design and engineering and technological base, which allows for total control of product production. In this regard, the most important condition is the presence of specialized computer systems at the enterprise that trace the entire product cycle during their production. For example, the use of the PLM method, which is a strategy for the production of industrial products using complex computerization, which is based on a unified presentation of information about the product (product) at all stages of its life cycle, and a modern unified electronic environment “Technologies” for the collaboration of specialists and divisions of the enterprise that provide solutions to the main task: production and sales of products.

To ensure leadership of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to use effective management technologies. In particular, a number of oil and gas engineering enterprises successfully use the Lean Manufacturing production system. Lean manufacturing (or the production system “Lean”, “Kaizen”, “Toyota Production System”) is a method of organizing production that includes optimization of production processes, focusing on customer needs, improving quality and saving up to 10% of the company’s annual turnover due to cost reduction. The main task of each enterprise is not only to survive in difficult conditions, but also to continue to develop.

In connection with the high-tech development of industrial systems based on a comprehensive integrated approach to the production of manufactured equipment, to the management of the marketing and management system