Coursework: Internet economics. Internet resources
Administrative and Management Portal - the basis of AUP.Ru is a free electronic library on economics, finance, management and marketing in an enterprise. Publications and teaching aids, forums and useful links on economics, finance, management, marketing.
Social, humanitarian and political science education: a system of federal educational portals.
Economics online - the goal of this project is to create a collection of links to WWW resources that provide economic and financial information for free online. On the site you will find a catalog of links to the best economic resources, news, information on economic theory, finance, statistics, archives of scientific works on economics, etc.
Economicus.Ru is a project of the Institute "Economic School". Economicus.Ru is an economic portal whose main goal is to provide high-quality information on the widest range of economic disciplines. Works and biographies of famous economists, a professional catalog of economic resources on the Internet, an economic conference, educational and methodological materials for teachers and students of economics, a selection of dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference books on a wide variety of areas of economics, the most complete collection of lectures on economic theory. The site is aimed at specialists and those who are just starting to study economics, and, therefore, it will be useful not only for students, but also for teachers of economic universities, graduate students and scientists.
Informika is a state scientific enterprise created to ensure the comprehensive development and promotion of new information technologies in the fields of education and science in Russia.
Everything about marketing - articles, books. One of the most informative resources on this topic.
Economic server of Siberia. The Virtual Economic Library is being created within the framework of the concept of continuous economic education. The purpose of creating VEB is to provide access to a wide range of teachers and graduate students to methodological developments and scientific publications.
Corporate management is an independent project aimed at collecting and providing methodological and analytical information related to company management, investments, finance and marketing. Among the materials on the site: analytical articles, books and lecture courses, business plans of real enterprises, manuals, links to other sources of information on the Internet. The site is aimed at specialists in the field of real investments, employees of consulting firms, economic and planning departments of enterprises, managers, and teachers of economic universities. Access to all information is free.
The Scientific Network is an information system aimed at facilitating access to scientific, popular science and educational information. Sources of information are Russian-language scientific and educational resources on the Internet, publishing houses that produce scientific and popular science literature, large scientific and educational institutions, educational and scientific foundations. Information is available both in the form of a news feed and through a special search engine using keywords, authors, and titles of materials. The "Scientific Network" project is the fruit of joint efforts of the ROO "World of Science and Culture" and Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
"IE: Economics. Institutional economy". The resource provides a selection of domestic and translated educational and methodological materials on economic theory.
Russian education. Federal portal.
The largest Russian-language collection of libertarian books and articles on the Internet. Books and articles by Mises, Hayek, Naishul and others are presented.
The Socionet system is a geographically distributed database of scientific publications in the social sciences, which is unique in size, composition and mechanisms of formation and updating. All resources and services of the Socionet system are free for users.
Portal "Financial Sciences"
Personal website of professor, head of the department of “Microeconomics” of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation N.N. Dumna. (Topic: economic theory, new economics)
Personal website of Professor of the Financial University A.Yu. Yudanov (topics: Microeconomics, competition, pharmaceutical market)
Finance.ru - here you will find economic news and be able to track trends in the economy, read current publications on economics and finance. Students, graduate students and researchers may find the teaching aids, lectures, carefully selected abstracts, notes, translations, texts of books, diplomas and dissertations posted on the site useful.
Economics, Sociology, Management - federal educational portal. This is a non-profit project. All resources are publicly available. The purpose of the portal is to develop new standards for the organization and information support of the educational process at all levels of education.
"Exocentre" - Center for Economic Sociology
Economic theory On-Line, books, articles, forum, etc.
The Internet is changing the usual ways of social communication, creating and exchanging information, forming social trends, ideas, etc. And at the same time it has a huge impact on the modern economy, increasingly acquiring the features of a separate branch of the world economy, in which more than 200 million people are already involved. The economy and society in the 21st century are changing largely thanks to the Internet.
When, back in 1957, the US Department of Defense came to the conclusion that the country needed a reliable information transmission system and initiated the development of a computer network project, few could have imagined that within the framework of the DARPA program an invention would be made that would change not only the methods of communication, but and many aspects of human life. For the first two decades, the ARPANET project remained the preserve of scientists and technical experts, even though the first email application was developed in 1971, packet data technology and coaxial cable were proposed in 1976, and by the end of 1970 -x data transfer protocols, standardized in the early 1980s, began to actively develop. The transition in January 1983 of the ARPANET to the TCP/IP protocol, which is still used to connect networks, became the basis of the modern Internet. The concept of the World Wide Web, proposed in the early 1990s. and the appearance in 1993 of the famous NCSA Mosaic web browser gave impetus to an unprecedented growth in the popularity of the world wide web, and the first examples of monetization of new inventions were not long in coming - already in 1994, Pizza Hut began accepting online orders for pizza through its own website -website.
In just over 15 years, the Internet has become a daily reality for more than a quarter of the world's population (about 2 billion people have access to it), who annually conduct approximately $8 trillion in transactions through e-commerce systems, and has radically changed the business landscape. According to a report published by the McKinsey Global Institute based on research covering the economies of the G8 countries, India, China, Brazil, Korea and Sweden (producing more than 70% of global GDP), the Internet is now responsible for 3.4% of their GDP. If we separate the consumption of Internet-related goods and services into a separate sector of the economy, its share in the overall GDP structure will be larger than agriculture or energy, larger than the GDP of Spain, while the growth rate is higher than that of one of the most dynamic economies in the world - Brazil. The Internet as an industry is becoming the main driving force of economic progress, responsible for 21% of GDP growth in the world's largest economies over the past five years.
The Internet economy covers personal activities (end-user consumption of equipment, software, household devices, e-commerce, communication services, mobile Internet), private investment (telecommunications industry, support for external and internal networks, web pages), public investment (expenses for purchase of software, equipment and services by the public sector), trade (export of equipment for the Internet and B2B services). As a sector of the economy, the Internet influences developed economies more than other segments. Thus, in Sweden, a third of economic growth over the past five years was achieved through Internet activities; the share of the online industry in the country’s GDP is 6.3%, twice as much as in Germany, France or India, despite the fact that, for example, in Russia - does not reach even 1%. The absolute world leader in the online industry is the United States; this country accounts for 30% of global Internet revenue. The UK leads the way in online retail sales: back in 2009, a Briton spent $2,535 on online purchases, 1.4 times more than an American and twice as much as a resident of any other developed country.
The Internet is driving fundamental business transformation, changing long-established ways of doing things that affect the entire value chain in all sectors of the economy, even those not directly related to IT. This applies not only to the processes of purchase and sale, but also to the development, production, and distribution of goods and services. According to McKinsey, 75% of the economic impact of the Internet comes from traditional companies that do not consider themselves online market players at all, and increase profits mainly by increasing labor efficiency.
In many industries, the profitability of large businesses is determined by the presence of dynamic distributed supply chains, attracting qualified personnel from different regions, and analyzing large data flows. Wide involvement of users via the Internet makes it possible to quickly modernize products in accordance with the latest reviews, which contributes to the introduction of innovations and the concentration of developments in the areas that are most important to consumers.
The influence of the Internet is even more significant for the segment of small, medium-sized businesses and startups - it allows even small businesses to operate globally, gain opportunities previously available only to transnational giants: communication with a user audience, global selection of suppliers, hiring remote workers with unique skills and experience, tools marketing and brand promotion. As a result, the business model of small enterprises has come closer to the patterns used by transnational corporations, and a number of enterprises have emerged that can be described as “micro-multinational”, some of which were initially focused on operating in many countries.
Based on an analysis of 4,800 small companies in 12 countries, McKinsey experts (in a separate report McKinsey Small and Medium Enterprises) argue that in all sectors of the economy, from manufacturing to retail, organizations that actively used the Internet in their activities grew almost twice as fast as those whose use of web technologies was minimal. In addition, the former received almost twice as much turnover due to the large share of exports in the sales structure, and created twice as many jobs.
In general, the structure of jobs has changed significantly due to the introduction of Internet technologies. Indeed, some professions have become simply useless, on the other hand, to support the Internet ecosystem itself, staff (engineers, technicians, etc.) is also needed, and other industries, due to changes in business processes, are opening up new vacancies. Thus, based on a detailed analysis of the French economy, experts calculated that over 15 years the Internet led to the reduction of 500 thousand jobs, and at the same time contributed to the creation of 1.2 million. Similar data is provided by a worldwide study of the SMB segment - for every one job cut, there are 2 ,6 created.
Perhaps the greatest dividends from Internet technologies have been received by users - now they can quickly compare products and prices, find discounts and promotions, use guidebooks, and receive express consultations from lawyers, doctors, psychologists (often free). According to statistics, the more product comparison resources are used, the more prices for all resellers fall, and the cost of products in online trading platforms is usually 10% lower than prices in brick-and-mortar stores. Economic benefits from using the Internet range from $18 per month per user in Germany to $28 in the UK. The consumer benefit (the difference between the maximum price he is willing to pay and the price he actually pays for a product or service) generated by the Internet in 2009 in France amounted to $10 billion, in the USA - $64 billion.
In addition, Internet users receive additional benefits (very difficult to estimate) as a community as a whole, for example by gaining access to data and the ability to search for information. 82% of people in the United States look for information about it before making a payment to a government agency, 80% use the Internet as a primary point for clarifying issues related to their health status. Public and non-governmental organizations are increasingly using the Network to conduct their campaigns, expand services, and coordinate activities.
Despite all its power, McKinsey emphasizes, the Internet's impact on the economy is still in its infancy. The fact that the Internet accounts for 6% of GDP in Sweden, and less than 4% in other developed countries, suggests that the horizon for future expansion is enormous. Future changes in technology and usage patterns will be significantly influenced by existing trends. Thus, access to “big data” (for example, in healthcare) will facilitate their transfer to the “cloud” and the introduction of services that will significantly reduce the cost of the data received and the applications used. The potential of this industry alone in the United States is estimated at more than $300 billion per year.
In countries where the Internet's potential is greatest, less developed countries have the chance to make the leap in the use of advanced technologies, similar to how they moved to the modern mobile telephony model, without going the way of developed countries (who moved to mobile communications having already built extensive lines wired). India and China already have distinctive internet economies (much of the internet industry is non-consumer oriented, with online services exported to many other countries) and are likely to grow the fastest. The capabilities of the Internet environment to disseminate knowledge, organize social interaction, and provide users with new services will initiate the creation of completely new products, from electronics to software code, and determine the transformation of the economic environment at least in the coming decades.
Conclusion 10
Literature 11
Introduction
The Internet economy is an independent, new economy, leading to a revision of basic economic postulates. Technology is shaping a new Internet economy that is based on knowledge rather than on the expanding consumption of non-renewable resources.
The infrastructure of the modern information society, which Russia is striving for, is today unthinkable without the World Wide Web.
Using and developing the Internet, Russia and other CIS countries can accelerate the creation of an advanced information infrastructure of a modern market economy, which will make it possible to provide reliable information about the real economic situation in the country, region, industry and individual enterprise.
Chapter 1. INFORMATION SOCIETY AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Genesis of the information society model
The problems of forming an information society in the context of accelerating scientific and technological development are widely discussed by modern economists.
The American researcher F. Machlup made a great contribution to the study of the problems of the formation of the information society in the context of accelerating scientific and technological development. He identified the role of the knowledge industry in the formation of human capital and the acceleration of socio-economic development of society. F. Makhlup showed that “in the 60s and 70s, the production and dissemination of information became the leading sector of the national economy of developed countries, which determined the prospects for economic development” 1 .
At the end of the 80s, an analysis of socio-economic changes in the USA and other countries allowed D. Bell to give a more detailed description of the emerging post-industrial society as a service society. An analysis of the special role of communication systems in post-industrial society led to the conclusion that modern markets are “communication networks that ensure rapid growth in the number of active market subjects (due to small businesses), as well as the speed and frequency of business contacts” 2 .
The information society does not abolish material production, although most citizens begin to participate in the process of creating, collecting, storing, processing and distributing information, and not in direct production.
Table 1. Brief characteristics of technological structures
|
Way of life |
Period development |
Predominant infrastructure |
Leading industries National economy |
|
end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries. |
roads, irrigation canals |
agriculture, textile industry |
|
|
second half of the 19th century |
railways, shipping lines |
light industry, metallurgy, chemistry, shipbuilding, general engineering |
|
|
late XIX - mid XX centuries. |
power systems, post office, telegraph, radio communications, telephone, railways |
chemistry, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, fuel and energy complex. |
|
|
30-80 years of XX century. |
expressways, energy systems |
electric power industry, production of synthetic materials |
|
|
80-90 years of XX century. |
telecommunications, computer networks, satellite communications |
microelectronics, computer science, biotechnology, aerospace industry |
|
|
beginning of the 21st century |
Internet, global energy systems, environmental systems, airlines |
computer science, genetic engineering, education, healthcare, electronics, commerce |
Internet economy and its components
The core of the information economy is information production, and one of the most important ways of disseminating information is the Internet - the “circulatory system” of data transmission.
The information economy, as an industrial core, is a complex of basic industries. In an industrial economy these include:
metallurgy;
fuel and energy complex,
mechanical engineering;
and in the information sector – the Internet economy sector.
Information Technology– these are computerized methods of generating, storing, transmitting and using information in the form of scientific knowledge and methods of their application.
Information environment- an area (side) of the information sphere of society as a whole or its subsystems (economy, region, type of human activity, etc.), directly related to information technology and forming a certain integrity, a means of communication between people.
So, the Internet economy - the economy of the information society - is a wide range of industries that produce goods and services using information technology, the achievements of modern computer science and computerization. First of all, we are talking about the electronics industry (Fig. 1).
Chapter 2. INERNET – THE SYSTEM-FORMING CORE INFORMATION SOCIETY
2.1. Internet as an information infrastructure society
Internet in a broad sense can be defined as a global (covering the whole world) and not under the control of individual corporations or states information system that allows the distribution of text, video, audio, graphic and digital information to an unlimited number of terminals in real time.
Technically, the existence of the Internet has been possible since 1993, when the first browser was created.
The Internet is becoming the basis of the infrastructure of post-industrial society and marks a new stage in the transition of society from the “realm of necessity” to the “realm of freedom” based on the use of artificial intelligence in social management, forecasting, development and implementation of comprehensive programs at the interstate, national, regional and local levels.
2.2. History of the emergence and development of computers in the 20th century.
Table 2. Number of expected breakdowns of PC components and parts in the 90s
Conclusion
The reality of human life has become the entry into a new phase of development, which was predicted several decades ago and was called the “information society.” The formation of the Internet economy is taking place in this society.
The Internet economy is based on knowledge, not on the expanding consumption of non-renewable natural resources. The main capital of an enterprise in the Internet economy lies in intellectual property, know-how, and not in material assets and traditional resources.
Literature
Bell D. The third technological revolution and its possible socio-economic consequences. M., 1990
Govorun M. Internet – a zone of freedom//Internet World. 2000. No. 5.
Mahlup F. Production and dissemination of knowledge in the USA / Transl. from English M., 1983
Sergeev A. Internet: what are the limits of growth? // Internet World. 2000. No. 9.
1 Mahlup F. Production and dissemination of knowledge in the USA / Transl. from English M., 1983
2 Bell D. The third technological revolution and its possible socio-economic consequences. M., 1990
Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ............... 2
Chapter 1. The law of exponential growth of knowledge.................................................... 2
Virtual network communities, telework. Information stratification......................................................... ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ...... 5
Chapter 2. Internet finance.................................................... ........................................................ ........................ 9
Internet banking in Russia and the world.................................................... ........................................................ .... 10
Modern Internet trading.................................................... ........................................................ 12
Internet insurance in the world................................................................... ........................................................ ............. 13
Internet payments today................................................... ........................................................ .................... 15
Chapter 3. Practical part.................................................... ........................................................ .................. 16
Faktura......................................................... ........................................................ ........................................................ ................ 16
"ANELIK", "CONTACT", "MONEYGRAM".................................................... ........................................................ ......... 19
"MONEYGRAM" SYSTEM (MoneyGram)................................................... ........................................................ ... 20
"ANELIK" SYSTEM (Anelik)................................................... ........................................................ ........................... 21
"CONTACT" SYSTEM.................................................... ........................................................ ................... 21
Settlement services for legal entities using the “Client-Bank” electronic payment system.................................................... ........................................................ ........................................................ .22
Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ..... 23
Bibliography................................................ ........................................................ .................................... 26
Humanity is inevitably entering the information age. The weight of the information economy is constantly increasing, and its share, expressed in total working time, for economically developed countries today is already 40-60% and is expected to increase by another 10-15% by the end of the century.
One of the criteria for the transition of society to the post-industrial and further to the information stage of development can be the percentage of the population employed in the service sector:
If in a society more than 50% of the population is employed in the service sector, the post-industrial phase of its development has begun;
If in a society more than 50% of the population is employed in the field of information services, the society has become informational.
A number of publications note that the United States entered the post-industrial period of its development in 1956 (the state of California crossed this milestone back in 1910), and the United States became an information society in 1974.
Recognizing the undoubted achievements of the United States and other countries in the field of information, it is necessary to understand that a certain share of the “information capacity” of these countries was created through the transfer of a number of material, often environmentally harmful, industries to other countries of the world, through the so-called “ecological colonialism.”
According to scientists, from the beginning of our era it took 1750 years for knowledge to double, the second doubling occurred in 1900, and the third by 1950, i.e. already in 50 years, with the volume of information growing 8-10 times over these half-century. Moreover, this trend is increasingly intensifying, since the volume of knowledge in the world will double by the end of the twentieth century, and the volume of information will increase more than 30 times. This is a phenomenon called the “information explosion.”
Employment
in a leading industry
1- material production (industrial society),
2- service sector (post-industrial society),
3- sphere of information services (information society),
4- sphere of intellectual activity (noosphere society).
The concept of post-industrial society as a general sociological theory of development was developed quite deeply by Western researchers: D. Bell, J. Galbraith, J. Martin, I. Masuda, F. Polak, O. Toffler, J. Fourastier and others. It was J. Fourastier who defined post-industrial society as a “civilization of services.”
Domestic science turned to this issue much later. This was due to ideology, in particular to the fact that in the terms “post-industrial” and “informational” they saw an alternative to the formational terms - “socialist”, “communist” society. The concept of the information society cannot be considered “side by side” with various types of formations; it is only the most optimal way to develop any of them.
Among the domestic scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development of this area, it is necessary to note V.M. Glushkov, N.N. Moiseev, A.I. Rakitov, A.V. Sokolov, A.D. Ursula, etc. Currently active Artamonov G.T., Colin K.K. are working in this direction. and etc.
Types of exchanges in society :
Material;
Energy;
Informational (relevant since the mid-twentieth century).
A holistic system is characterized by exchange between elements (V.G. Afanasyev).
The subject of our consideration is information exchange. The history of improving information exchange coincides with the history of the creation and improvement of sign systems and the technology of creating signs.
The main phases of information exchange are:
Oral phase;
Written phase;
Book phase;
Computer phase.
D.S. Robertson (USA), based on the interdependence of civilizational and information processes, put forward the formula “civilization is information.” Based on quantitative measures of mathematical information theory, Robertson ranks civilizations according to the amount of information they produce in the following way:
Level 0 - information capacity of the brain of an individual person - 10 7 bits;
Level 1 - oral communication within a community, village or tribe - amount of circulating information » 10 9 bits;
Level 2 - written culture; a measure of public awareness is the Library of Alexandria, which has 532,800 scrolls, which contain 10 11 bits of information;
Level 3 - book culture: there are hundreds of libraries, tens of thousands of books, newspapers, magazines are published, the total capacity of which is estimated at 10 17 bits;
Level 4 - information society with electronic information processing of 10 25 bits.
The Internet has made it possible to provide fairly cheap and technically simple communication for its participants. Users of the Internet and other computer networks can be described as members of virtual network communities (communities). At the same time, the network community acts as a kind of social integrity in the form of a basic unit of social organization of users.
The main properties of this kind of social group are: the presence of group members (users of Internet resources), membership criteria (access to the Network), a set of prescribed roles (content provider, user, chat participant, conference, etc.), the presence of norms that should adhere to group members.
Online communities can be created purposefully or arise spontaneously. It should be especially noted that the emergence of a network community is possible as a result of the consolidation of stable interactions and relationships that initially arise on the basis of interpersonal contacts on the Internet or contacts with information providers.
The first online communities arose in connection with the advent of open electronic bulletin boards in 1979. This social phenomenon received further development with the Creation in the 90s. email distribution groups and chat forums.
It should be noted that the boundaries of online communities, as well as their spheres of interest, are blurred in the vast majority of cases, and the structure of power in them is also not clearly visible. The main power functions in online communities, and in a rather conditional form, are held by content creators, administrators, moderators of conferences and forums
Members of local network communities are united by a common system of values, which can be economic, cultural, political, religious, etc. The communicative component in the functioning of communities is also important, manifested in the desire for active communication among themselves with the aim of exchanging knowledge and experience, ultimately , to the socialization of community members.
The communication process determines the individual’s attitude not only to other members of “his” network community, but also to the structures that form the Network. Individual actions often become a communicative act of improving the structure of the Network and developing standards of social behavior. The intuitive principle in matters of the functioning of online communities in most cases prevails over the principles of the formal logic of social behavior. In turn, the Network, thanks to the presence of intrasystem communication, promotes the process of self-learning and the formation of social norms. At the same time, different groups of online communities, having common group-forming characteristics, nevertheless differ in some aspects of their social behavior./6/
Currently, trade, communications and competition in online communities are moving to a new qualitative level, taking into account the opportunities provided by the network on a planetary scale.
The Internet has opened up the opportunity for millions of members of their communities to work anywhere in the world without leaving their country (Transborder telework). This type of activity is an integral part of a free working day (Flextime). In developed Western countries, the new phenomenon has several names with different shades. This is telecommuting, telework, telejob. The word “telework” is beginning to come into use in the Russian language.
It is expected that by 2005 in developed countries 20% of workers will be employed in this type of work, and in the UK this percentage of “teleemployment” has already been achieved. It is believed that 50% of all known professions can successfully function within the framework of telework. First of all, programmers, designers, translators, scientists, editors, consultants and other specialists who work with information in electronic form can count on such work. This can be work for a company (when the workplace is equipped at the employee’s home with an Internet connection) or self-employment.
In this type of work, the organization of labor and the form of “working time”, which involves presence in the office, loses its economic content, but retains its social significance. The following social factors contributed to the emergence and widespread dissemination of telework technologies:
The emergence of a networked economy, in which telework and telecommerce play central roles;
The increasing general need to reduce production costs and improve the level of service for customers, as well as strengthening the position of small business entrepreneurs in the economy;
There is growing concern about the environment and especially the negative effects of car emissions.
The system-forming element of telework in all its manifestations is the use of computers and telecommunications to change the accepted geography of work. The widespread use of telework methods can bring significant socio-economic benefits to society and individuals. Among the advantages of telework:
Reducing the severity of transport problems and environmental pollution due to a decrease in overall road traffic;
Reducing unemployment;
Access to work for persons with limited ability to work or who have time restrictions to perform work duties related to raising children and caring for the sick;
Reducing wasted time associated with commuting.
Information inequality (information stratification) in the era of the formation of the information society becomes one of the most important factors in the differentiation of social groups. In 1997, the UN Development Program introduced a new dimension of poverty - informational, characterizing the ability to access the information highway of the general population. In the information society, the main conflict in the system of industrial relations is the conflict between knowledge and incompetence. At the same time, in developed countries, the phenomenon of dependence of a person’s success in the modern world depends on his attitude to the telecommunications revolution, and is called the “digital barrier” or “digital drive”. Social groups deprived of access to information resources find themselves in a deliberately disadvantageous economic position compared to the online community.
Information stratification also exists within the Internet itself. Resource owners and users, administrators, moderators of interpersonal communication networks and participants in these networks have different rights to access information. Most noticeable on the Internet is linguistic inequality. The vast majority of resources are presented in English. Thus, users who do not speak this language are at an economic disadvantage.
In addition to the linguistic aspect, there is also a cognitive-semantic aspect of information stratification. The essence of the cognitive-semantic aspect is that an individual’s ability for abstract logical thinking significantly depends on the richness of the language that he speaks fluently.
Information stratification of users: can also be carried out depending on their citizenship. In addition, in multi-user computer systems there are various systems for restricting access to information resources installed by the owners of these systems.
The most significant and painful problem that contributes to information stratification for Russia, with its territorial dispersion, is the problem of access to the Network in sparsely populated settlements and geographically remote from regional centers.
If we look into the future, then after the formation of the information society, information stratification, apparently, will be determined not so much by social characteristics as by the relationship in the psyche of the subjects of social relations and the policies of state or interstate structures. /6/
Online Finance includes:
Internet banking
Internet trading
Internet insurance
Internet payments and payments
Managing bank accounts via the Internet, or in other words, Internet banking, is the most dynamic and representative area of financial Internet solutions, due to the widest range of financial (in this case, banking) services presented in Internet banking systems. Such systems can be the basis of remote work systems in the securities market and remote insurance, because they ensure settlements and control over them by all participants in financial relations.
The classic version of the Internet banking system includes a full range of banking services provided to individual clients in bank offices, of course, with the exception of cash transactions.
Today, with the help of Internet banking systems, you can buy and sell non-cash currency, pay for utilities, pay for Internet access, pay bills for cellular and paging operators, make non-cash intra- and interbank payments, transfer funds to your accounts, and, of course , track all banking transactions on your accounts for any period of time.
The use of Internet banking systems provides a number of advantages: firstly, time is significantly saved by eliminating the need to visit the bank in person, secondly, the client has the opportunity to control his own accounts 24 hours a day and, in accordance with the changed situation in the financial markets, to respond instantly to these changes (for example, closing bank deposits, buying or selling currency, etc.). Internet banking systems are also indispensable for tracking transactions with plastic cards - any debiting of funds from a card account is promptly reflected in account statements prepared by the systems, which also helps to increase the client’s control over their transactions.
The ability to work with plastic card accounts allows you to use the services of online stores both in Russia and abroad at an absolutely safe level - just transfer the required amount of funds to the card using the Internet banking system, and then use this card to pay for any service or a product in an online store on the latter's website. In this case, card account statements will be available in the system, from which you can determine how much money was debited from the card, for what, etc. Thus, more than the cost of goods or services simply will not be debited from the client’s card and the client is always able to track such transactions.
Having touched on the issue of security of financial transactions, and in particular the security of transactions in Internet banking systems, we can say with confidence that modern software and hardware protection technologies are at a level that provides a 100% guarantee of confidentiality of transactions and safety of funds. But most importantly, banks – providers of Internet banking services, who are responsible not only for the safety of their clients’ finances, but also for their funds and reputation – are primarily interested in the safety of funds.
The growing popularity of Internet banking, not only in the West, but also in Russia, once again confirms that there is a stable and effective demand for this non-traditional type of banking services. /14/
It is difficult to imagine that in these difficult times it is possible, having satisfied your basic life needs, to save even a little money for the future. But now you have already opened a deposit in the bank and got a credit card. We insured our house, car and our own life in addition. If even now you still have something left, and besides, you are used to money “working,” then welcome to the stock market.
Thanks to Internet technologies, the acquisition of securities, recognized throughout the world as the best way to invest free capital, is available to everyone today. In a matter of seconds, you can create an investment portfolio and then manage assets, immediately receiving all the necessary information (quotes, analysis, forecasts) anywhere in the world. The demand for interactive trading in stocks, options, and futures is growing every day. More and more banks and brokerage companies are exploring a new promising area of their activities. Online trading attracts potential investors primarily due to the apparent simplicity of transactions and low tariffs for online brokerage services. At the same time, just as in reality, an investor can use a full service brokerage, relying entirely on the broker’s qualified advice, or a discount brokerage, when all responsibility for making a trading decision is transferred to the shoulders of the investor.
Unlike the securities market, where significant initial capital and a long period of time are required to obtain tangible profits, the foreign exchange market (FOREX) gives a chance to a multimillion-dollar army of small and medium-sized investors. A minimum security deposit, the ability to use leverage, and market dynamism allow you to count on quick and large winnings. At the same time, it is necessary to constantly be aware that the high profitability of transactions in the stock and foreign exchange markets is associated with an equally high risk of losing everything. Therefore, in the process of comprehending the intricacies of Internet trading, very often you will come across a warning that speculative financial markets cannot be considered as an object for investing your last savings.
The correct choice of a market intermediary is also important. Today, when competition among online brokers has increased many times over and investor activity has dropped significantly, investment companies are doing everything possible to create the most favorable conditions for their clients in the stock market.
Before talking about Internet insurance, it’s worth remembering what traditional insurance is.
Insurance is generally understood as the process of establishing and maintaining contractual relations between the Insured (the one who purchases insurance services) and the Insurer (the one who provides such services). The insurer develops and defines an insurance program, offers it to the client and, if the Policyholder agrees, then both parties enter into an agreement. The Client makes one-time or regular payments, and the Insurer, in turn, undertakes, upon the occurrence of an insured event, to pay the Policyholder monetary compensation determined by the terms of the insurance contract. During the transaction, a document called an insurance policy is formed. The policy serves as a legal document for the insurer and the insurance company, which stipulates the essential aspects of insurance: the object of insurance (property, person, liability), the insured event upon the occurrence of which the contract is concluded, the beginning and end of the insurance period, the insured amount, and the insurance premium. After all issues have been resolved, the document is signed by both parties.
Consequently, Internet insurance is nothing more than the above-mentioned elements of interaction between the insurance company and the client that arise during the sale of an insurance product and its servicing, but carried out using the Internet. Therefore, in order for the company’s Internet representation to function as a virtual office of this insurance company, it must include the following capabilities:
Providing the client with complete information about the general and financial condition of the company;
Providing the client with information about the company’s services and the opportunity to familiarize themselves with them in detail;
Calculation of the amount of the insurance premium and determination of the conditions for its payment for each type of insurance and depending on specific parameters;
Filling out an insurance application form;
Order and pay (in the form of a lump sum payment or periodic payments) of an insurance policy directly via the Internet;
Transfer of a policy, certified by an electronic digital signature of the insurer, to the client directly via the Internet;
Possibility of information exchange between the policyholder and the insurer during the validity of the contract (for the client to receive various reports from the insurance company);
Information exchange between the parties upon the occurrence of an insured event;
Payment of the insurance premium to the policyholder via the Internet in the event of an insured event;
Providing the Insurer with other services and information to the client: consulting, dictionary of insurance terms, etc.
The spread of online commerce has been one of the factors that has led to the development of online payment systems around the world. The development was also influenced by tougher competition in the real sectors of the economy (for example, banking), when market participants were forced to look for new ways to reduce the costs of finding and attracting clients, as well as servicing them on the Internet.
The Internet is precisely the area that can help commercial banks advance in the retail banking market. However, online trading services are largely not in demand at the moment.
Nevertheless, in Russia today there is a fairly large number of people who are ready to use high-tech services and pay for them, but for this they simply need convenient payment methods, including remote ones. Meanwhile, the majority of the population has never purchased goods from online stores, and online buyers prefer not to use online payment systems, which, along with traditional methods, are currently offered to visitors by online companies.
Internet payment systems in Russia are in a state of development. At the moment, there are several basic solutions that belong to two main groups: payment with credit cards via the Internet or payment with electronic money.
But the most pressing issue remains safety. The experience of organizing payment systems abroad shows that the majority of the population refuses to pay for goods via the Internet until they receive guarantees of their complete security and anonymity. However, despite the lack of systems that would currently fully satisfy consumer requirements, this market is actively developing.
Practice of using modern Internet technologies at Sotsinvestbank OJSC. On January 17, 2003, Sotsinvestbank was the first in Bashkortostan to join the Faktura payment system.
Service "Electronic payments"
For individuals and legal entities. The service will allow you to make payments in real time and receive bank account statements. The “Electronic Payments” service is a classic Internet banking that provides the ability to manage bank accounts and make payments via the Internet.
This is a system for rapid access to financial information with the ability to conduct operations in real time. Using the Electronic Payments service, you can send payment documents and receive statements about the status of your bank accounts at any time of the day from anywhere in the world. All you need is an electronic digital certificate and Internet access. “Bank-Client” is a stationary system, which implies the installation of special software on the client’s computer and thus “ties” him to this computer. In addition, each bank offers clients to install their own Client-Bank software modules. This creates additional inconvenience for businesses with accounts in different banks, since they have to work in several different programs. The Electronic Payments service allows an enterprise to manage its accounts in different banks through a single interface (Internet Explorer installed on each computer).
Advantages of the Electronic Payments service:
Efficiency: Ability to track the passage of documents in the bank in real time;
Receiving a statement for any bank account for any period of time at any time;
Possibility of generating a current account statement at any time according to the current operating day.
Convenience: No need to install special software on your computer and automatic update of the “workstation” version;
Ability to import/export documents from an accounting program;
Monitoring the correctness of filling out the fields of the payment document, reducing the likelihood of errors in filling out the payment document;
Work with all accounts of your organizations (even those opened in different banks) from one workplace;
The technology for differentiating access rights allows you to flexibly manage the capabilities of employees, namely, share responsibilities for working with documents (entry, control, sending to the bank);
The "Electronic Invoices" service allows an enterprise to quickly and safely: Issue invoices for payment via the Internet;
Receive invoices from your suppliers online;
Automatically mark payment of invoices from the bank statement;
Receive reports: For settlements with individual counterparties,
Over a certain period,
About issued, paid and unpaid invoices
Promptly control orders, plan financial and sales activities.
Users of the System have the opportunity to significantly reduce their overhead costs for organizing interactions with counterparties.
Service "Financial aggregation"
Control of cash flows of subsidiaries (branches) of the enterprise. The service will allow you to receive comprehensive, consolidated information in real time about the balances and movements of funds in the accounts of your regional divisions, branches and subsidiaries.
The "Financial Aggregation" service is designed to control the financial activities of an enterprise with a distributed infrastructure.
In the event that regional divisions or subsidiaries of the company are serviced by Faktura.ru Settlement Banks, the financial manager of the parent company has the opportunity to receive consolidated information on the status of the divisions’ accounts in different banks.
Thus, to use the system there is no need to open accounts with any one bank or its branches.
Using the "Financial Aggregation" service, you will be able to receive detailed reports on the status of the company's financial accounts by banks and organizations (legal entities included in the holding) at the current moment or for a certain period of time on one screen at any time of the day. FakturaPay is a new way to pay for goods and services via the Internet from a client’s bank account.
Anelik (Anelik) - transfer / receipt of US dollars.
Сontact (Contact) - transfer/receipt of rubles (in Russia) and US dollars.
MoneyGram (MoneyGram) - transfer/receipt of US dollars.
The simplicity of processing the transfer and the minimum requirements for the required documents are very convenient for students, travelers, emigrants, and seasonal workers who do not have a foreign currency account in the host country. These transfer systems are also convenient for those who want to receive money or send it to someone urgently. For example, you can send currency to relatives abroad or, conversely, receive a transfer from them.
In accordance with current Russian legislation:
On the territory of Russia, money transfers are carried out only in rubles without limiting the amount (Contact system);
Currency from Russia can be sent to CIS countries and Far Abroad countries (Anelik, Contact, MoneyGram). Private currency transfers within Russia are prohibited;
Russian citizens cannot transfer more than 2,000 US dollars in one day (Anelik, Contact, MoneyGram).
When sending/receiving money, the following rules, common to Anelik, Contact and MoneyGram, are observed:
Sending and receiving foreign currency does not require opening a foreign currency account.
To send or receive a transfer, you must have a passport or identification document with you.
To send currency, you must have a valid document confirming the legality of purchasing the currency (the document is confiscated by the bank).
If you are sending money, a bank employee will help you fill out the documents and assign a unique number to the transfer and tell you the secret transfer code.
If you are sending money, you must notify the recipient of the transfer and the secret code.
To receive a transfer, you need to know the secret transfer code, which the sender must tell you.
No commission is charged to the recipient. The recipient receives the entire amount in full. The commission is paid by the sender.
The MoneyGram money transfer system consists of a settlement (transfer) center located in Denver (Colorado, USA) and an agent network of more than 35,000 service points in more than 120 countries. Sotsinvestbank can quickly transfer client funds via the MoneyGram system, or request permission to pay out a transfer already in the database. In just 15-20 minutes, the amount transferred from one country becomes available to the recipient in another country. MoneyGram tariffs are more profitable than Western Union tariffs.
MoneyGram transfer is accompanied by a free 10-word message to the recipient.
Within 15 minutes after sending the transfer, the recipient can receive it and read the cover letter. (More details: www.moneygram.com)
Money transfers via the Anelik system are accepted and issued in 70 countries around the world. From any service point of the Anelik system, you can quickly send a money transfer to any of its service points. Transfers are accepted and issued in cash. The center for mutual settlements and software and information support for the Anelik system is the branch of the bank Anelik LLC in Moscow (website www.anelik.ru).
Contact is a network of correspondent banks in which RUSSLAVBANK performs the functions of a clearing bank. The main advantages of making private bank transfers through the system.
About 2,900 banks and their branches operate in the Contact network. As part of making transfers via the Contact network, the correspondent network of the Anelik system www.anelik.ru is available.
Currently, through the network of correspondent banks "Contact" it is possible to make payments to 68 countries, including the following cities: Armenia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Georgia, Spain, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon , Lithuania, Moldova, the Netherlands, Russia, USA, Czech Republic, Ukraine.
Settlement services for legal entities using the electronic payment system “Client-Bank”
"Client-Bank" is an original electronic payment system that will allow you to conduct transactions on your bank account from your office computer.
Possibilities:
Transferring electronic copies of payment orders to the bank;
Receiving information about the transfer of funds to bank accounts;
Daily receipt of bank account statements;
Formation and storage of an archive of payment documents and account statements.
"Client-Bank" is:
SPEED receiving statements same day;
CONVENIENCE of transactions without leaving the office;
SAVING TIME;
EXTENDING the operating day by 1 hour.
It is sometimes believed that remote banking should be implemented mainly for servicing large corporate clients, and work with individuals and small legal entities can wait. But not only large clients need banking services, but also individuals, private entrepreneurs, small and medium-sized enterprises, in general, all those who have small turnover, but despite this have the right to count on convenient service and due attention from the bank. The Internet, which has rapidly burst into our lives, allows us to serve the mass client and provide most retail services.
The future of Internet banking in Russia is closely connected with the development of retail banking services. For large clients, exclusive, non-standard service and personal attention are more important, and after that - interactivity in carrying out all necessary operations. For small and medium-sized enterprises, entrepreneurs and individuals, service in the Internet banking system is more productive, since it allows you to provide mass, high-quality and - what is very important - inexpensive service.
Internet banking is not a new service provided by the bank, but only a change in the form of customer service. Here we can draw an analogy with service by telephone or pager. The operations carried out by the bank online are the same operations that it provides in its standard branches. They differ only in the interactive form of relationship with the client. However, this type of service is the most advanced. The following Internet banking factors support this:
an electronic banking system requires a high-quality back-office system, which should provide for both different modes of customer service (standard, economical, VIP client tariff plans, etc.) and automatically monitor risks arising during operations;
The Internet is the most competitive environment, since it allows transactions to be carried out in real time (powerful search engines allow the client to analyze the terms of services provided by various banks and choose the most optimal offer);
an interactive environment operates, i.e. a robotic bank operating without human intervention or with minimal participation;
the bank has the opportunity to reduce the costs of maintaining standard branches and optimize standard banking operations as much as possible;
Internet banking, being a global environment, forces us to change the very structure of business in favor of the Internet economy.
Another aspect of the Internet's appeal to banks is the explosive growth of e-commerce. The ability to pay for goods or services directly while surfing the web has immeasurable marketing potential. The size and speed of growth in e-commerce turnover confirms this idea.
However, there are serious problems forcing banks to hesitate to use the Internet in their business. First of all, these are security problems - the security of confidential information transmitted over public networks, the security of banking transactions on the Internet. Then there are the problems associated with the lack of widespread standards for making electronic payments on the Internet. And finally, there are problems associated with the weak legal framework of e-commerce.
An important factor in the development of financial services over the Internet will be data storage systems that support telephone banking services using computers. The main driving force for the development of these services will be the reduction in the cost of banking transactions: through the use of the Internet and related technologies, one transaction will cost two-thirds less than today.
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In the 60s of the XX century. US defense scientists have completed a project to create a special standard for an independent Computer Network that could continue to function even in the event of a massive nuclear strike. This network united computer centers of the US Department of Defense and several academic organizations. This was the beginning of the Interntting Project, or Internet.
The modern worldwide network unites about 110 million computers. Computers in such a network are connected to each other by telephone lines, fiber optic cables, and satellite communications.
There are local networks, for example within the same building, and global networks, an example of which is the Internet. Currently, the Internet is developing so rapidly that it has become a familiar and everyday means of accumulating, transmitting and using information for hundreds of millions of people.
One of the main advantages of the Internet is its absolute decentralization. Neither the government nor large corporations control the Internet. Access to the Internet is free for every citizen of the Earth and does not require any official permission.
The Internet can be imagined as a mosaic made up of small networks of different sizes that actively interact with each other, sending information messages to each other. The Internet is a self-governing and self-developing entity that does not have a single governing center and a common financial policy.
Each company that is part of the Internet independently provides solutions to its technological, organizational and financial problems. The total budget of the Internet is formed from fees paid by end or individual users - both organizations and individual citizens using information resources of the Internet.
On the Internet, each individual user and his host computer (server or host) has his own single email address. Knowing this address, you can contact him from anywhere in the world and receive the necessary information or, conversely, send your data to any email address without any restrictions at any time of the day and to any continent.
A letter by electronic mail (e-mail) differs from a regular letter in that it reaches the addressee very quickly, regardless of whether the addressee is located nearby or in Australia. You can check your email from anywhere you have a computer and Internet access. In the USA, for example, you can receive email even while on an airliner. In order for a user to organize his own mailbox on the Internet, it is enough to fill out a special form and create his address, consisting of two parts: the user name and the computer name. There are many email services on the Internet that offer their services for free.
Economically, electronic information communication of subscribers is cheaper than traditional means of telephone communication. This technology, in addition to many other advantages, ensures high stability of the global network.