DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY, one of the main. components of population policy; has as its object reproduction in us. and is aimed at achieving the type of reproduction that is desirable in the long term. Being part of the social economy. politicians… … Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

A system of measures carried out by the state in relation to the population of a country or region, aimed at achieving deliberately set demographic goals of increasing or decreasing natural population growth. There are: direct government... Financial Dictionary

See DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

1) state or regional policies that stimulate or inhibit the growth of the country’s population; 2) social, economic, legal and other measures aimed at changing the process of population reproduction. These include, for example... Political science. Dictionary.

Social, economic, legal and other measures aimed at changing the process of population reproduction. These include, for example, measures to encourage childbearing (childbirth benefits, etc.) or to restrain it... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population (primarily the birth rate) in the direction it desires. Brief geographical… … Geographical encyclopedia

Demographic policy- purposeful activities of government bodies and other social institutions in the field of regulation of population reproduction processes... Source: DECREE of the Moscow Government dated June 28, 2005 N 482 PP ON THE CONCEPT OF DEMOGRAPHIC... ... Official terminology

Social, economic, legal and other measures aimed at changing the process of population reproduction. These include, for example, measures to encourage childbearing (benefits for the birth of a child, etc.) or to restrain it. * * *… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Demographic policy- purposeful activities of government bodies and other social institutions in the field of regulation of population reproduction processes. Basic purpose of D.p. creating favorable conditions for increasing the birth rate and strengthening the family,... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

Demographic policy- a system of social activities aimed at creating conscious demographic behavior desirable for society. D.p. involves a system of measures to regulate (stimulate, encourage or limit) the birth rate, and... ... Librarian's terminological dictionary on socio-economic topics

Books

• Demographic policy in the USSR, A.Ya. Kvasha. Considering current trends in population development in the USSR, the author pays special attention to the problems of developing an effective demographic policy in the country, population reproduction,...
• Demographic policy. Performance assessment. Textbook for bachelor's and master's degrees, Arkhangelsky V.N.. The relevance of the textbook's topic is determined by the broad discussion around the demographic dynamics of Russia. Analyzing the role of demographic policy in the shifts that have occurred is extremely important for assessing...

Demographic policy- a set of economic, administrative, and propaganda measures through which the state influences the birth rate in the direction it desires.

In a broad sense, demographic policy is population policy. The object can be the population of the country, its individual regions, population cohorts, families of certain types. The historical goal of the state's demographic policy is to achieve a demographic optimum.

Demographic policy has been known since ancient times. In the Middle Ages, when wars and epidemics raged, it acquired the direction of maintaining an increase in the birth rate. In modern times, clear definitions and actions to stimulate the birth rate were formalized in France.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Malthus's theory prevailed in Europe, which led to the policy of birth control.

After the Second World War, due to the demographic crisis, special attention was paid to the development of demographic policy. The problems were discussed at sessions of the UN General Assembly, and in 1969 a special UNFPA fund was created.

In the United States there is no clearly defined demographic policy; the population is given free choice. However, there is the problem of abortion: they are either allowed or prohibited depending on the ratio of liberals and conservatives in the government. In the USSR, a policy was pursued to encourage large families, material and moral incentives. In the 1980s there was a decline in the birth rate, after which incentives were increased. In post-Soviet Russia, the policy of encouraging fertility continued, and maternity capital appeared as a measure of material incentives. Although demographers admit that economic measures to stimulate the birth rate are not highly effective.

Goals of demographic policy

Population policy can have different goals depending on the situation in the country.

1. In developing countries, where there is an explosion - a decrease in the birth rate and natural population growth due to contraception, health education, family planning consultations, voluntary, economic and administrative measures. There is also the fact of high mortality in developing countries.

Demographic policy measures

• economic
  • paid holidays; various benefits for the birth of a child, often depending on their number
  • age and family status are assessed on a progressive scale
  • loans, credits, tax and housing benefits - to increase the birth rate
  • benefits for large families - to increase the birth rate
• administrative and legal
  • legislative acts regulating the age of marriage, divorce, attitudes towards abortion and contraception, the property status of mothers and children in the event of a marriage breakdown, the working regime of working women
• educational, propaganda
  • formation of public opinion, norms and standards of demographic behavior
  • determination of attitude towards religious norms, traditions and customs
  • family planning policy
  • sex education for youth

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Demographic policy- a complex of economic and administrative propaganda activities through which the state influences fertility in the desired direction for itself.

The goal of demographic policy for the medium term is to implement measures to reduce mortality; creating the preconditions for stabilizing birth rates.

In this regard, the main tasks of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of demographic policy are:

— development of the main directions of measures for the implementation of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the long term;

— development and implementation of a series of federal target programs to protect public health, including the prevention and treatment of hypertension among the population of the Russian Federation; providing oncological care to the population of the Russian Federation; prevention and control of AIDS, etc.

— development of measures to ensure the validation of positions to identify harmful factors for the health of workers, as well as the process of economic incentives for employers to improve working conditions and safety;

— development and implementation of measures to prevent criminal offenses, drunkards and drug addiction.

Life expectancy in Russia is lower than in developed countries (men are about 65 years old, women are 74 years old).

In order to increase the natural growth and life expectancy of the population, government measures are needed in the field of health care, social security, improving environmental status and stabilizing the economy.

Gender issues are social and psychological issues related to the roles of men and women in society, as differences in behavioral patterns between men and women can be the cause of interpersonal, interpersonal and intergroup conflicts.

Gender issues include:

• gender inequality (a characteristic of social structure according to which different social groups have permanent differences and unequal opportunities in society),
• discrimination based on gender,
• sex stereotypes (general ideas about how men and women behave)
• Sex role stress (a state of nervous tension that occurs when a person has difficulty maintaining the standard of a traditional gender role or is forced to exhibit behavior characteristic of the opposite sex role).

Gender policy— aimed at promoting equality between men and women in all spheres of life.

In Russia, gender asymmetry can permanently influence economic development and the rate of poverty reduction.

To solve this problem, specific strategies need to be developed. Reducing gender asymmetry in general will require integrating a gender perspective into economic and institutional reforms. Likewise, the reduction of gender asymmetry should be regularly monitored through the implementation of an information system that collects statistical data at the national level and publicly publishes this data for research and analysis.

The Gender Strategy of the Russian Federation is the fundamental document for the state gender policy, its goals, objectives and principles, policies and priorities for the medium and long term.

The overall goal of the strategy is to participate in a policy of social equality between men and women, the goal of which is to eliminate all forms of discrimination and ensure prosperity and development for all in society and in the family.

seventeenth

Youth: the nature of the community, the main problems of Russian youth

young- but specific social and age groups, various age limits and their position in society: the transition from childhood to adolescence and social responsibility. Some young people are understood as a group of young people who give society the opportunity for social development, it gives them advantages, but limits them to the possibility of active participation in certain areas of public life.

The age range that allows people to rate among youth varies by country.

The lower age for young people is usually 13-15 years, the average age is 16-24 years, and the maximum age is 25-36 years.

Teenager's problems:

• the problem of recruiting and hiring young specialists
• lack of a permanent source of income for young people, which often leads to the commission of various crimes, especially of a material nature.
• limited opportunities for purchasing apartments, even for young families
• difficulties in organizing leisure time for young people, especially at a time when most parents are dealing with wages and have practically no time to raise children.

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DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY, a system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population (primarily the birth rate) in the direction it desires.

DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS, discrepancy between the Earth's population and the resources of the geographical envelope. The theory of “Malthusianism” is known, according to which the volume of means of subsistence grows more slowly than the population.

Forecasts about the “overpopulation” of the Earth appeared in the 60s of the 20th century, when the so-called demographic explosion was noted: rapid population growth. Currently, it is believed that reasonable demographic policies and the general socio-economic development of countries can provide the growing population of the Earth with everything necessary.

DISCRIMINATION, see Apartheid.

UNIFIED ENERGY SYSTEM, a system of energy sources united by means of its transmission. Typically these are power plants connected by high-voltage power lines, as well as gas fields, gas treatment plants and a network of gas pipelines.

E. e. With. allows you to quickly transfer energy to where its consumption increases. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, the leading industry in the village. households in most European countries, Northern. America, Australia, New Zealand. Livestock farming includes cattle, pigs, sheep, mules, poultry farming, beekeeping, and sericulture. Cattle breeding is most evenly distributed, but its numbers are especially large in India, Brazil, the USA, China, Russia, and Argentina. Pig farming (more than 0.8 billion heads) is the source of 2/5 of all meat products.

China ranks first in terms of pig population. Sheep farming (1.2 billion heads) is developing in steppe and semi-desert regions, as well as in mountainous regions. The first place in terms of livestock is occupied by Australia and Argentina.

LAND RESOURCES, a type of natural resources that are characterized by territory, soil quality, climate, topography, etc. 3. r. - this is the spatial basis for the placement of economic objects, they are the main means of production in the village.

households where the main productive property of the land is used - fertility. The global land fund is 13.4 billion hectares: cultivated land accounts for only 11%, meadows and pastures - 23%, and the rest of the territory is occupied by forests and shrubs, unproductive and unproductive lands.

Countries with the least amount of land resources are Egypt, Japan.

INFRASTRUCTURE (infrastructure complex) unites sectors of the economy that produce various services - a special type of product. Services are divided into tangible (trade, public catering, housing and communal services, consumer services, transport and communications) and intangible (education, culture, healthcare, sports, public administration, defense, law enforcement).

The communication infrastructure system, which includes transport and communications, is important. The main task of communication is the transfer of information carried out using telephone, radio, television, computer networks, mail, etc.

COLONY, a country or territory that does not have political independence, under the authority of a foreign state - the mother country. A milder form of dependence on the metropolis is a protectorate, established as a result of an unequal treaty.

CONVERSION, see Military industry.

LIGHT INDUSTRY, a set of industries producing mainly consumer goods. The leading industry is textile, the main regions of which are East Asia, South Asia, CIS countries, foreign Europe, and the USA. The leaders in the production of cotton fabrics are China, India, Russia, the USA, and Japan.

For the production of fabrics from chemical fibers - USA, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan. Recently, the production of fabrics in developed countries has been declining, while in developing countries the textile industry is experiencing a boom, focusing primarily on cheap labor. FORESTRY AND WOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY, a complex of mining and manufacturing industries, includes logging, sawmilling, wood processing and wood chemical industries.

Within the northern In the forest belt, coniferous wood is harvested and processed into wood boards, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia and Canada it is an industry of international specialization.

Canada ranks first in the export of forest products. Within the southern zones where deciduous wood is harvested, Brazil, Tropical Africa, and the Southeast are of greatest importance. Asia. From here, wood is exported by sea to Japan and Western Europe.

FOREST RESOURCES, one of the most important types of biological resources. They are characterized by the size of forest area (4 billion hectares in the world) and standing timber reserves (350 billion m3), which increase annually by 5.5 billion m3.

The area of ​​the world's forests is decreasing annually due to human economic activity (by at least 25 million hectares); global wood harvesting in 2000 should reach 5 billion m3, i.e., the annual increase in wood will be fully used.

How demography was saved in Rus': from ancient times to the present day

The forests of the world form 2 forest belts. The North (Russia, USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden) accounts for one-half of all forest areas in the world and almost the same part of all timber reserves. In the South (Amazonia, the Congo Basin and Southeast Asia), there is currently a catastrophically rapid destruction of tropical forests (in the 80s, 11 million hectares were cut down annually).

Mechanical engineering, the leading branch of world industry, ranks first among all industries in terms of the number of employees and the value of products.

Approximately 9/10 of all engineering products are produced by developed countries, 1/10 by developing countries. However, recently in Brazil, India, Argentina, Mexico, and the newly industrialized countries of Asia, mechanical engineering has reached a high level.

Main machine-building regions: North. America, foreign Europe, East. and South-East. Asia, CIS. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING COMPLEX (MSC), a set of industries that produce equipment for all departments of the national economy, as well as many consumer goods. The task of MSC is to provide the economy with ever more advanced machines. It includes more than 70 industries: instrument engineering, chemical, electrical engineering, power engineering, machine tool and tool industry, road construction, tractor engineering and automotive industry.

Features that determine the geography of the MSK: science intensity (the latest industries - robotics, the production of computers, radio and television equipment is focused on scientific centers), labor intensity (machine tool building, aviation and electronic industries - focused on the availability of qualified personnel), metal intensity (heavy engineering enterprises are focused on metallurgical bases), specialization and cooperation (plants, as a rule, are located in accordance with the location of suppliers of component parts), customer orientation (special heavy equipment, such as grain harvesters or timber trucks, are produced in the areas where they are used).

Demographic policy

Demographic policy is a system of measures (administrative, economic, propaganda, etc.) aimed at regulating the process of population reproduction.

In countries with the first type of population reproduction, demographic policy measures are aimed at increasing the birth rate.

In countries of the second type - to reduce the birth rate.

In order to stimulate the birth rate, measures are taken such as payment of benefits, provision of various benefits to large families and newlyweds, expansion of the network of preschool institutions, sex education for young people, ban on abortion, etc. The first country where measures were taken to stimulate the birth rate was France.

Until the end of the 80s, the countries of Eastern Europe pursued an active policy in this direction. Currently, in Western European countries, economic measures play a major role, including a system of various types of payments and benefits for families with two or more children.

China and Japan have achieved the greatest success in reducing birth rates.

Here, in demographic policy, the most radical propaganda and economic measures were used (fine systems, obtaining permission to have a child, etc.). Currently, these countries have annual population growth below the world average. India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and some other developing countries followed suit.

Particular difficulties in implementing demographic policy exist in the Arab-Muslim countries of South-West Asia and North Africa, as well as in the countries of Tropical Africa, where the national-religious traditions of large families are preserved.

It is clear that the direction of demographic policy depends primarily on the demographic situation in a particular country.

In countries first type population reproduction is dominated by demographic policy aimed at increasing the birth rate and natural population growth.

It is carried out mainly through various stimulating economic measures - such as one-time loans to newlyweds, benefits at the birth of each child, monthly benefits for children, paid vacations, etc. Examples of countries pursuing an active demographic policy are France or Japan.

Most countries second type reproduction in recent decades began to implement demographic policies aimed to reduce the birth rate and natural population growth.

Perhaps the greatest efforts in this regard are made by the two largest countries in the world - China and India.

Example 1. BThe Constitution of the People's Republic of China states that spouses must carry out planned childbearing. A committee for planned childbearing has been created; permission from local authorities must be obtained for the birth of a child. A later age for marriage has been set.

During the period of study at the institute, marriages, as a rule, are not permitted. The main motto of the demographic policy of the PRC: "One family - one child". The implementation of this policy has already yielded great results.

Example 2.India was the first developing country to adopt a national family planning program as an official government policy back in 1951.

The age of marriage was significantly raised, mass voluntary sterilization of the population was carried out, and a family of four was promoted under the motto: "There are two of us - there are two of us". As a result of these measures, the birth rate and natural increase decreased slightly, but nevertheless, almost 1/5 of all newborns in the world are children born in India.

However, many difficulties arise in the implementation of demographic policy, not only financial and economic, but also moral and ethical. In the 90s

Particularly controversial was the question of a woman’s right to terminate a pregnancy, which was sharply opposed by the Catholic Church. Many Muslim Arab countries, especially in South-West Asia, for reasons of religious morality generally reject any measures on “family planning”.

The majority of the least developed countries of Tropical Africa do not pursue any demographic policy.

Demographic policy developed And developing countries differ from each other, since each of these types of countries faces different tasks in regulating the size and reproduction of the population.

And in other countries, in recent years, family planning policies have been pursued in order to reduce the birth rate.

For example, in China (the largest country in the world by population), as a result of demographic policy, the most tangible results were achieved - annual population growth decreased from 28 ppm (1968) to 11 ppm (in the 1990s), i.e.

That is, natural growth has become even lower than the world average (the generation “without brothers and sisters” is growing). State birth control policies are also pursued by India, Indonesia, Bangladesh and a number of other countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa.

Moreover, in the latter region, demographic policy is least effective (especially in the underdeveloped countries of Africa). Adult illiteracy is one of the significant obstacles to the successful implementation of this policy. In the modern world, about 1 billion people over 15 years of age are illiterate. Thus, demographic problems for countries of different types and different levels of socio-economic development are not the same.

In 12% of the world's countries (mainly in Europe), policies are aimed at increasing the birth rate, and in more than 40% of the world's countries - at reducing it. The task of natural stabilization of the number of inhabitants of our planet is considered one of the global problems of humanity.

………. Every year about 140 million people are born in the world. Accordingly, three appear every second, every minute - 175, every hour - 10.4 thousand, and every day 250 thousand.

new “earthlings” (this is approximately equal to the population of cities such as Rybinsk, Bratsk or Yoshkar-Ola). Every week a new Kharkov or Hamburg is added to the Earth, and every month the population of a country such as Austria or Tunisia is added.

………. Car accidents kill approximately 250,000 people annually.

Need to raise the average

human lifespan

otherwise the person “does not pay off”

Stanislav Jerzy Lec

Demographic policy is a complex of economic, administrative and propaganda measures through which the state influences the birth rate in the direction it desires. The historical goal of the state's demographic policy is to achieve a demographic optimum.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 9, 2007 No. 1351 approved the Concept of demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025, which is aimed at stabilizing and growing the population, increasing the total fertility rate by 1.5 times and increasing life expectancy to 75 years .

Motherhood in our country is encouraged by the state. At the same time, a woman is given the right to independently decide the issue of motherhood (Federal Law No. 323, 2011), which determines the moral autonomy of a person in matters of family planning and childbearing, which in world practice is called reproductive choice (RC). The right to reproductive health is an integral part of human rights in the world and guarantees comprehensive protection of reproductive health, access to reliable information and services on the birth of children, the prevention of reproductive disorders and safe abortion.

Marriage is an important factor in a woman's decision to have a child. Currently, cohabitation before (or instead of) legal marriage, frequent changes of partners, and the typical postponing of the birth of first-born children, which is typical for cohabitants, often turns into a decision to never have children, are common. But even taking into account cohabitation, a huge part of the adult population of Russia - more than a third of men (37%) and half of women aged 18 years and older are not married.

The proportion of women aged 18 and over living with spouses (or civil partners) in the same family in Russia is the lowest of 23 European countries. This share is 50%, i.e. Half of the adult women in the country do not have not only spouses, but even cohabitants.

The average age of a Russian bride in her first marriage was already close to 24 years in 2006. In 2013, less than a third of women (29.3%) aged 20-24 years registered marriage.

However, in the year before pregnancy, the proportion of unmarried women drops by almost 20 percentage points. (from 87 to 68%). This is followed by an avalanche of marriages in the first seven months of pregnancy, which leads to a reduction in the proportion of unmarried people in this age group by 30-40 percentage points. in all regions. At the time of the birth of their first child, every fourth girl aged 20-24 years is not married (Biryukova S. et al., 2014).

In general, in 2015 the number of marriages was 7.9 per 1,000 population, divorces - 4.2 per 1,000 population. The peak age for marriage among women was 25-34 years old - 44.2% (Federal State Statistics Service, 2016).

The total fertility rate was minimal in 2000 - 1.195, by 2015 it increased to 1.777. Comparison of age-specific fertility rates for 1990-2012. shows changes in the last two decades due to the shift of the pronounced peak of fertility in previous years from the age group of 20-24 years to 25-29 years (106.6‰). For women 20-24 years old, after an almost two-fold decrease in the 80-90s, it remains relatively stable at about 90 births per 1000 women. 24.7% of children (according to 2010 data) were born to 20-24 year old women out of wedlock.

Fertility is the result of a number of direct determinants, namely: fertility, intensity of sexual activity and conscious birth control. The decomposition of fertility into its proximate determinants was proposed by D. Bongaarts and was called the Bongaarts model (Bongaarts J., 1982).

Based on the observed birth rate and assessment of the value of the Bongaarts indices, Denisov B.P. et al. (2014) obtained a hypothetical level of potential fertility and the ratio of the influence of supposed determinants on fertility (Fig. 1.1).

Rice. 1.1. Direct determinants that determine the deviation of fertility from potential fertility according to the Bongaarts scheme (potential fertility = 15.5 children per woman = 100%).

The decomposition of the birth rate according to the Bongaarts model shows that the role of contraception in the structure of methods of intra-family birth control in modern Russia significantly exceeds the role of induced abortions. The effectiveness of family planning in the country is increasing, and the role of abortion in intrafamily birth control is decreasing. At the same time, legal restrictions on abortion are seen as a tool to increase the birth rate. By prophylaxis (preventing) abortions, officials mean refusing abortion in favor of birth if an unwanted pregnancy occurs. One of the target indicators of the State Program for the Development of Health Care of the Russian Federation (Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 2511-p dated December 24, 2012) is the proportion of women who decided to carry a pregnancy to term from the number of women who contacted medical organizations for termination of pregnancy. It should increase to 15% in 2020, but how to measure this indicator is not specified.

The effect of infertility on the total fertility rate is small. Thus, the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility among women aged 20-44 years at risk of pregnancy in 2010 in the world was 1.9% and 10.5%, respectively, and in Russia this figure was 1.9% and 3.2 % (Sakevich V.I., 2012). That is, infertility in Russia is not a massive social problem. In a hypothetical case, if high-tech medical care became available to all people with limited fertility but who dream of having a child, and everyone was helped, the country's birth rate would not increase significantly (according to rough estimates, the total fertility rate could increase by only 0.01 ).

The factor of marriage, or more precisely, celibacy, has the greatest reducing effect on the realization of potential fertility. Due to the fact that not all women from 15 to 49 years of age are in a partnership during the reproductive period, the birth rate is less than potential by more than 40%. However, material incentives for the birth of children of the second and subsequent orders are not accompanied by incentives for marriage.

According to Burduli G.M., Frolova O.G. (2008) a woman’s reproductive behavior is determined by: socio-economic (33%), medical-organizational (32%), socio-cognitive (22%), medical-biological (10%) and family factors (5%), that is, the main The share of factors influencing a woman’s RW is the social component.

This opinion is confirmed by an analysis of the results of the sociological study “Attitude of Russian women to the right to decide on the birth of a child” (2012), which identified the motives for refusing pregnancy and childbearing. The main one is “lack of funds” - 71%. The next most important motives are: “social instability” - 48%, “lack of a reliable partner” - 46%, “uncertainty about one’s future” - 45%. A woman’s desire to pursue a career and temporarily postpone having a child received an equal number of responses – 21% each. 20% of women would refrain from childbearing due to fear of giving birth to a sick child, 16% because of a threat to the life and health of a woman during pregnancy and childbirth, 19% and 15%, respectively, because of drunkenness and drug addiction, and also because condemnation of single mothers by relatives - 11% and society - 10%, or because of fear for their future when a child appears - 10%.

The majority of respondents consider the main motives for continuing pregnancy to be: “if financial situation allows” - 59% and “support from husband/partner” - 53%, as well as family and close relatives - 38%. For 31% of women, support from the state is significant.

Experts from the Guttmacher Institute have shown that the level of economic security of a country is associated with the number of abortions performed, and poverty is a risk factor for unwanted pregnancy and its termination. Thus, 69% of abortions are performed by women whose incomes are estimated at the poverty level or below, and the abortion rate among them is 54 cases per 1000 women aged 15-44 years.

During the years of market reforms in the 1990s, the real incomes of the Russian population decreased by more than half to the levels of the 60s and 70s, while most indicators of the level and quality of life deteriorated. According to 2011 data from the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 59% of the Russian population belongs to the category of “poor” and “poor” (Gorshkov M., 2011). According to data for the first quarter. In 2015, the number of poor people was 15.9% (22.9 million people) (with an income below the subsistence level of 9,662 rubles per month), the poor - 44% (63.4 million people) (with an income less than the socially acceptable consumer budget, i.e. less than 25 thousand rubles) (Rossat. 06/11/2015). 64% of families with children are poor. Families with three or more minor children have almost a 50 percent chance of being classified as low-income or simply poor (Rossiyskaya Gazeta. No. 6109(133) dated 10/25/2015).

Fully aware of the problems that have developed in the demographic sphere, the Government is taking unprecedented measures to stimulate the birth rate, support families with children and reduce the number of abortions. According to the President, “the main way to overcome the demographic crisis is a radical increase in the number of families with three or more children” (President’s Address to the Federal Assembly, November 30, 2010). At the same time, an analysis of the reproductive plans of the population (Fig. 1.2) demonstrates a focus on having few children, which is determined by the socio-economic state, which influences the life priorities of citizens, the vector of which is aimed at increasing material well-being and does not coincide with the birth of a large number of children ( Population and Society, 2013).

Rice. 1.2. Reproductive plans of the Russian population:

desire of respondents

have the appropriate number of children in the family

(according to the electronic version of the newsletter

“Population and Society”, 2013

Unlike developed countries, where the incidence of NB is on average 20% of the number of pregnancies, in our country there are 2 times more of them - 41% and, thus, NB and its prevention (and not abortion!) continues to be a serious social problem . It is the underestimation (or even ignoring) of the social aspects of this issue that leads to the continued need for termination of pregnancy among hundreds of thousands of women every year.

According to international experts in the field of reproductive health, unwanted pregnancy is a HIGH RISK OF UNSAFE ABORTION AND MATERNAL MORTALITY (WHO, 2012). That is why all over the world serious work is aimed at overcoming the problem of unsafe abortions and unsafe abortions.

The point of view of world medicine regarding existing methods of birth control is the gradual replacement of artificial abortion with other methods of family planning based on sexual education of the population, as well as providing access to safe abortion (SA).

That is, abortion should become an extremely rare occurrence - only in case of contraceptive failures. Modern strategies of reproductive choice (Chapter 8) are the basis for the implementation of intrafamily fertility regulation, overcoming the problem of NP and protecting reproductive health at the state level.

The contradictions between the constantly changing socio-economic situation of the population and life attitudes and orientations, designed both for a relatively stable and prosperous life, and for the implementation of reproductive plans within an individual family and the demographic policy of the state as a whole, are intensifying and urgently require resolution.

"Economic regions" - Northern economic region -. Harvesting and processing of timber. Economic zoning. Central economic region In agriculture, oilseeds, grains and vegetables and melons. Volga-Vyatka economic region -. Central Black Earth economic region -. Population - 5,003 thousand people. (2007).

“Economic game” - Reflective-evaluative. Stage I. L.N. Bogolyubova). Planner. Activities for group work Read the text “The Global Village”. Key questions. What ways of solving the economic problems of our time do you consider the most effective? Information and operational. Motivational. Stages of the World Village construction set game.

“Administrative law” - 2. Subjects of administrative law. The legality of federalism, the priority of the individual (humanism), the responsibility of publicity. Subject of administrative law. Elements. 3. Social status of the individual. Foreigners and stateless persons. Coordination method. Principles of administrative law. The method of "power and submission".

“Administrative offense” - Tasks of the stage of consideration of the case. Stages of production (Chapters 28-31 of the Administrative Code). Administrative responsibility. The deadline for the execution of the decision in the case. Measures to ensure production (Chapter 27 of the Administrative Code). Composition of an administrative offense. General rules for sentencing. Tasks of proceedings in cases of administrative offenses.

"Economic History" - Maurice Allais, French economist. Ek. history is a multi-level science. Barley and wheat contributed to the formation of private ownership of the main means of production. Silver. Economic development of Ancient Egypt. Lecture 1 Topic: Economic evolution of ancient civilizations. From the middle of the 19th century. - an independent science.

“Economic culture” - Independence in judgment. High morality. Two judgments about the market. Determination. Economic knowledge. Compliance with laws. Activity. Freedom to make economic decisions, freedom of economic actions. Self-control. Describe the main indicators of the level of economic development. Free enterprise.

Demographic policy is the purposeful activity of society in the field of streamlining demographic processes.

It is considered as part of the general social policy of the state, which, in turn, is a system of measures aimed at improving the level and quality of life of the population. The role of demographic policy is very important in planning the socio-economic development of the country, justifying strategic policy directions and developing the social sphere. The direction in which the country will develop largely depends on the shortage or excess of labor resources, the growth or decline of the birth rate, significant life expectancy or high mortality rates. Demographic policy measures are devoted to the regulation of demographic processes. The country's development prospects and the directions of domestic and foreign policy depend on its effectiveness.

When developing demographic policies, it is important to take into account the differences between social, family and demographic policies:

• social politics is associated with the equalization of opportunities, primarily in terms of ensuring minimum guarantees of living standards;
• demographic policy represents the implementation of measures aimed at ensuring expanded or at least simple reproduction of the population;
• subject to influence of family policy stands exactly family (and not individuals) in order to increase the importance of the family lifestyle and ensure the vital functioning of the family institution;
• social help - provision for the poor families, low-income citizens living alone, as well as other categories of citizens social benefits, subsidies, social services and vital goods.

Social policy measures in their impact on the population and results may be close to the goals and objectives of demographic

politicians. However, social policy measures alone are not enough to solve most demographic problems.

At the same time, demographic policy is an integral part of social policy, along with the regulation of employment, working conditions, living standards, and social security of the population. Quite often the concepts of “demographic policy” and “population policy” are identified and used in parallel. The term “population policy” is most widely used in international documents, especially in UN reports.

Social and demographic policy measures to one degree or another affect the interests of the family. Therefore, most of them are included in the measures family policy. Yet demographic policy should be distinguished from family policy. The latter consists of the activities of state and public services for the social protection of families (regardless of the number of children in the family), creating conditions for the family to fulfill its functions.

Sometimes, to characterize the state’s impact on the birth rate in order to reduce the birth rate and reduce the rate of population growth, the concept of “birth control” is used, which is close in meaning to demographic policy.

Along with the listed concepts, the term “family planning” is often used. On the one side, family planning - intra-family regulation of childbirth, on the other hand, a set of measures aimed at creating conditions for families to give birth to the desired number of children.

Demographic policy can only be successful if its goals are clearly stated. The goal of demographic policy is to form the most desirable (i.e., optimal) type of population reproduction, maintain or change existing trends in the dynamics of the number, composition, distribution and quality of the population, and migration. It is clear that policy goals will differ depending on the specific conditions of the country and region. In this case, the choice of the optimal type of population reproduction will be determined based on the choice of optimality criterion (economic, environmental, military, political, etc.). Depending on the choice of criterion, the focus of society's policy is established on one or another level of population reproduction, primarily the birth rate. In addition, it is possible to use different criteria simultaneously.

In accordance with the goal, demographic policy can be understood in a broad and narrow sense. IN wide In a sense, the concept of demographic policy includes the impact of society on demographic processes in two directions, such as change or preservation:

• level of natural reproduction of the population;
• direction and volume of population migration.

However, most often demographic policy is viewed in a narrow sense. In this case, this concept includes the impact of society only on the natural reproduction of the population, primarily on the birth rate.

The object of demographic policy can be the population of the country or some part of it, as well as individual socio-demographic groups of the population, families of one type or another. The circle of subjects of demographic policy is expanding - government bodies, non-profit organizations, business, church. This is due to the importance of solving demographic problems for various spheres of public life.

The characteristics of demographic policy depend on the direction and course of demographic processes and the goals of demographic development. In particular, the following can be highlighted:

• a) depending on the focus of the measures:
  • changing the population reproduction regime,
  • maintaining the existing reproduction regime;
• b) comprehensiveness of measures:
  • aimed at regulating one of the demographic processes,
  • systematically covering a set of measures aimed at regulating a number of demographic processes;
• c) taking into account the role of migration processes in demographic development:
  • stimulating migration influx,
  • aimed at limiting migration,
  • does not affect the problems of migration movement;
• d) desired population size:
  • aimed at increasing the country's population,
  • aimed at reducing the country's population.

Demographic policy is a set of diverse measures that are conventionally divided into three groups - economic, administrative and legal, educational and propaganda. The focus of such measures is diverse: reducing morbidity and mortality,

an increase or decrease in the birth rate, a change in the direction and volume of migration, etc.

Among the factors influencing the formation of demographic policy are:

• political(the nature of the political situation in the country, for example, a conservative or liberal approach to the implementation of demographic policy, etc.);
• demographic(the nature of the course of demographic processes, changes in fertility, mortality, etc.);
• economic(availability of funds in the country’s budget for the implementation of measures; standard of living of the country’s population, which determines the scale and focus of the measures);
• national-ethnic(features of perception of demographic policy measures by various ethnic groups and religious denominations).

The history of the origin of demographic policy begins with the emergence of ancient states, as evidenced by the works of thinkers of that time (Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, etc.).

One of the first manifestations of purposeful regulation of the number and distribution of the population can be considered the founding of ancient Greek colonies in the 4th-5th centuries. BC. This maintained the necessary balance between the population, available land and food.

In the Middle Ages, individual states took the most stringent measures aimed at creating large families and unlimited birth rates. This was due to the desire to maintain a high population. The power of the country was largely determined by the size of the population. The church played a significant role in regulating the marriage and reproductive population.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. The state's policy of encouraging high birth rates continued, which was greatly facilitated by the economic preconditions for the development of manufacturing production and the growing demand for labor. The need to increase the population was supported during this period by many Russian statesmen and scientists. And only at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. ideas emerged about the need to curb population growth.

The demographic policy pursued by various states until the middle of the 20th century was rather weak and did not have a noticeable impact on population reproduction.

The deterioration of the demographic situation in many countries, which became especially noticeable by the middle of the 20th century, created the preconditions for the further development of demographic policy.

Currently, most states are pursuing population policies. However, due to significant differences in their socio-economic situation and level of demographic development, the content of state policy, goals, scope and methods of its implementation in each country have their own characteristics. Thus, if in developed countries economic measures of public policy (paid leave and benefits for the birth of a child, tax and housing benefits, loans, credits and other benefits) are taken to encourage the birth rate by increasing the standard of living of the family, then in developing countries the allocated resources are aimed at increasing effectiveness of family planning services in reducing fertility. At the same time, in countries with low fertility, despite the fact that economic measures influence the increase in the number of births, they cannot significantly change the intensity of the birth rate. From a demographic point of view, their effect is short-lived and not effective enough. By providing assistance to families who already have children, economic measures improve their living conditions and are the basis for creating a need for a larger (three or more) number of children.

Administrative and legal measures of demographic policy (legislative acts regulating the processes of fertility, marriage, migration, protection of motherhood and childhood, property rights of mothers and children in case of family breakdown, etc.) are effective only in combination with other measures of demographic policy.

The success of society's efforts to manage demographic processes is largely determined by its attitude to educational and propaganda measures of demographic policy. Cultivating demographic education and literacy among the population, formation of the need for the number of children, corresponding to the goals of demographic policy, the interests of the state and society, are among the most important tasks of society.

Thus, demographic policy measures should influence the reproductive behavior of the population in two directions:

• assistance in meeting the existing need for the number of children;
• changing the very need of families for the number of children in accordance with the interests of society.

The peculiarity of the implementation of demographic policy measures lies in their indirect impact on demographic processes (through people’s behavior in relation to marriage, family, having children, etc.).

The condition for successful implementation of demographic policy is its longevity(due to the inertia of demographic processes), complexity(simultaneous implementation of all measures), constant improvement and expansion of demographic policy measures, participation in the development of demographic policy of specialists studying various aspects of population.

The effectiveness of demographic policy is determined by comparing its goals with the results obtained, the time to achieve the goals and the material costs incurred by society. The most important element of any demographic policy program is a set of indicators that allow assessing the effectiveness of implemented measures and are based on demographic statistics.

The implementation of demographic policy measures is aimed at achieving a demographic optimum, which allows optimizing the parameters

socio-economic development. Demographic policy provides the labor market with labor resources, the necessary population density, etc., thereby creating the necessary prerequisites for effective economic development and political stability in the country.

• See: Demographic statistics / ed. M. V. Karmanova. Ch. AND.