Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the active population cannot apply its labor force. Unemployed in the Russian Federation are citizens who do not have a job and no income, are registered with the employment service for suitable work and are ready to start it.

Unemployment is generated in a market economy under the influence of competition in the labor market, and intensifies during periods of economic crises and the subsequent sharp reduction in demand for labor.

The main contingent of unemployed in Russia are elderly people, women, and youth.

Types of unemployment: 1) Frictional unemployment has always existed, as it is associated with a change of place of work, and citizens, in search of a better job, do this voluntarily. 2) Structural unemployment is associated with a change in the structure of production and, as a result, a mismatch between the supply of labor and the demand for it. 3) Cyclical unemployment occurs at certain moments in the life of society: during a decline in production, depression, etc., when the demand for labor is very low. 4) voluntary - when people do not want to work because of low wages 5) hidden - when the number of workers in production exceeds what is objectively necessary.

Two types of unemployment: frictional and structural always occur. Therefore, employment is considered full when the unemployment rate is equal to the sum of frictional and structural. It is called the natural rate of unemployment.

Unemployment leads to significant economic losses. As a result, a certain portion of GDP is not produced. The relationship between GDP losses and unemployment reflects Okun's law: every 1% increase in unemployment above its natural level leads to a 2.5% drop in GDP.

Unemployment takes a variety of forms: temporary, seasonal, regional.

Measures to reduce unemployment are as follows:

1. Employment directly at the enterprise by creating new jobs (expansion or creation of divisions, retraining for other specialties, etc.);

2. Organization of public works (improvement of territories, forests and city streets, work at vegetable bases, cleaning of village/household products);

3. Encouragement of private entrepreneurship and stimulation of self-employment of the population, development of small businesses (partnerships, cooperatives, farms);

4. Retraining and vocational training in shortage specialties and professions

5. Use of flexible forms of employment (home work, part-time, week);

6. Broad information to the population about employment opportunities, holding job fairs, open days, etc. BARIN™

51. Inflation: essence, causes and types. Socio-economic consequences of inflation Inflation is a crisis state of the monetary system, caused by the disproportionality of the development of social production, manifested primarily in a general and uneven increase in prices for goods and services, which leads to a redistribution of national income in favor of certain social groups.

FORMS OF MANIFESTATION.

1. uneven rise in prices for goods and services, which leads to the depreciation of money and a decrease in its purchasing power.

2. depreciation of the national currency in relation to foreign ones.

3. increase in the price of gold, expressed in national currency.

The nature of its occurrence is a discrepancy between the circulation of commodity and money supply, most often generated by the release into circulation of excess cash and non-cash money that is not backed by goods.

EXTERNAL REASONS: rising prices on the world market for fuel and precious metals, unfavorable conditions on the grain market in the context of significant grain imports.

INTERNAL REASONS: deformation of the national economic structure, budget deficit, emission and increase in the velocity of circulation of money.

TYPES OF INFLATION:

1) “buyer inflation” (demand inflation) Excess demand leads to soaring prices.

2) “seller inflation” (supply inflation, cost inflation. In this case, the inflation mechanism begins to unwind due to the fact that costs are rising (due to increased wages, rising prices for raw materials and fuel, etc.).

TYPES OF INFLATION.

1. Creeping inflation, which is characterized by relatively low rates of price growth, up to approximately ten or more percent per year. This kind of inflation is inherent in most countries with developed market economies. And it doesn't seem like anything unusual. The average inflation rate in the countries of the European Community has been about 3 - 3.5% in recent years.

2.Rampant inflation, unlike creeping inflation, becomes difficult to control. Its growth rate is usually expressed in double digits (up to 100% per year).

3. Hyperinflation - the annual rate of price increase over 100%. The peculiarity of hyperinflation is that it turns out to be practically uncontrollable; the usual functional relationships and the usual levers of price control do not work. The printing press is running at full capacity, and incredible speculation is developing. Production is being disorganized. To stop or slow down hyperinflation, it is necessary to resort to emergency measures. But there are no clear methods to combat hyperinflation.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF INFLATION.

1.The economic situation is deteriorating:

The volume of production decreases, since fluctuations and rising prices make the prospects for its development uncertain;

The transfer of capital from production to trade and intermediary operations, where its turnover is faster, profits are greater and it is easier to evade taxes;

Increased speculation as a result of sharp price changes;

Reduction of credit transactions;

Depreciation of the state's financial resources.

2. Social tension arises:

real income decreases (the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with the amount of nominal income).

redistribution of national income to the detriment of the poorest strata;

People living on fixed incomes especially suffer from inflation: pensions, civil servants' salaries, benefits. To protect them, a benefit indexation system is needed; people living on unfixed incomes can benefit from inflation;

depreciation of savings.

unexpected inflation benefits debtors at the expense of creditors. The recipient of the loan borrows “expensive” rubles and returns “cheap” ones.

the distributional consequences of inflation would not be so severe if people could anticipate inflation and were able to adjust their nominal incomes.

3. Some economists believe that inflation has an inverse relationship with unemployment: the higher the inflation rate, the lower the unemployment rate, and that full employment can be achieved with a fairly modest level of inflation, i.e. moderate creeping inflation can help revive the economy. BARIN™

52.Money: essence, types and functions. Evolution of money.Money is not a commodity, but an equivalent that measures the price of a commodity. Previously, money was a commodity. Natural exchange. The essence of money is manifested in its functions:

1.Money as a measure of value. This is equating a product to a certain amount of money, which gives a quantitative measurement of the value of the product. The value of a product, expressed in money, is its price.

a) Money appears in its ideal form (this is imaginary money). Profit, loss, prices.

b) The price scale is the amount of gold.

1 ruble 1961 = 0.9981217. Since January 1, 1991 The gold parity of the ruble was abolished. Now the role of the ruble is played by the dollar.

2.Money as a means of circulation. They exchange goods and services between people, enterprises, and countries. Money avoids the inconvenience of barter exchange. Instant parting with money.

3.Money as a means of payment - non-cash money.

1) Cash - tax avoidance.

2) Cash payments contribute to inflation.

Money is the final stage in the exchange process and acts as an independent embodiment of commodity value. For us it is cash and non-cash money.

4.Money as a means of accumulation, savings and the formation of treasures.

5.World money.

The monetary system is a form of organization of money circulation in a country, i.e. movement of money in cash and non-cash forms. It includes the elements: monetary unit, price scale, types of money in the country, the procedure for issuing and circulating money, as well as the state apparatus that regulates money circulation.

Types of money:

1.Cash:

1) Coins. Serve as change money. Introduced by the Central Bank.

2) Bank notes (banknotes) are national money. They are issued by the Central Bank.

3) Treasury notes are the same paper money, but issued directly by the state treasury - the Ministry of Finance.

4).Non-cash money is funds in bank accounts, various deposits (deposits) in banks, certificates of deposit, government securities. These deposits are called bank money. A check is a bill of exchange drawn on a bank and payable upon sight.

5).Electronic money. Payment plastic cards are a monetary document certifying the existence of an account of its holder with a credit institution.

How much money is needed?

The quantity required for the circulation of money M is the sum of the prices of goods sold P divided by the number of revolutions of the monetary unit V.

The development of each state is largely determined by the degree of use of the professional, intellectual and creative abilities of people. In the current socio-economic conditions, the ability to make the most effective use of the existing human resource in the Russian Federation, including all categories of unemployed citizens (youth, disabled people, women, people of pre-retirement age, etc.), is of key importance. In this regard, consideration of modern processes occurring in the labor market, analysis of the consequences of rising unemployment and the characteristics of social activities with citizens without work become especially significant.

The phenomenon of employment is integrally linked to the labor market, largely at the local level. The labor market is a dynamic system that includes a complex of social and labor relations regarding the conditions of hiring, use and exchange of labor for the means of subsistence and the mechanism of its self-realization, the mechanism of supply and demand, functioning on the basis of information received in the form of changes in the price of labor (wages). boards).

The definition of the legal, economic and organizational foundations of the state policy of promoting employment, including state guarantees for the implementation of the constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to work and social protection from unemployment is considered in the Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” dated April 19, 1991.

In Article 1 of the document, employment is understood as the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings or labor income.

Unemployme force due to the lack of suitable jobs (offers) and, as a result, is deprived of their basic income (wages).

Unemployment, as defined by the International Labor Organization (ILO), is considered as the loss of earnings due to the inability to obtain suitable work for a person who is able to work, willing to work and actually looking for work. Based on this, unemployed are persons of the age established for measuring the economic activity of the population (15 - 72 years), not participating in social production for a certain period, who during the survey met all three criteria:

a) did not have a job (gainful occupation);

b) were looking for work during the four weeks preceding the week of the survey, using different methods;

c) were ready to start work within two weeks from the date of the survey.

The unemployed, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, include able-bodied citizens who do not have work and earnings (labor income), living in Russia, registered with the employment service at their place of residence in order to find a suitable job, looking for it and ready to start it.

Based on the law, the following cannot be recognized as unemployed:

Citizens under 16 years of age;

Persons who, in accordance with the law, have been assigned a labor pension for old age or disability, except for disabled people of group III;

Who, within 10 days after contacting the employment service, refused two options for a suitable job, and those who are looking for work for the first time and do not have a specialty (profession) with two refusals to receive vocational training or from an offered job, including a temporary one;

Persons who have submitted documents containing deliberately false information in order to recognize them as unemployed;

Able-bodied citizens undergoing full-time training.

The consequences of unemployment as a complex socio-economic phenomenon cannot be assessed unambiguously; it has both negative and positive meaning.

The attitude towards unemployment as an indicator of the state and development of society has changed over time. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was viewed as a “social evil”, in the middle of the century - as a natural phenomenon for countries with market economies. Currently, unemployment is a stable socio-economic category. However, it entails certain costs. The negative nature of the consequences of unemployment both for the individual and for society as a whole is beyond any doubt. In this regard, it is advisable to consider separately its economic and social consequences.

At the national level, unemployment primarily reduces the output of gross domestic product (GDP), which leads to a significant reduction in taxes to the government treasury. At the same time, to prevent the consequences of unemployment, significant financial injections are needed, which can lead to an economic crisis.

For a particular person, lack of employment entails the loss of regular income necessary for his life, and, as a consequence, a whole range of social problems. Forced inactivity leads to social tension in society, a decrease in moral standards, leads to loss of professional skills, etc.

However, unemployment is not only negative. Being one of the most important conditions for the effective functioning of a market economy, it helps to improve the quality of human capital, the formation of a labor force reserve, and develops a person’s social and professional activity while searching for a suitable job.

Consideration of the types of unemployment allows us to identify the criteria on the basis of which its main types are determined. These essential characteristics are the causes and duration of unemployment.

According to the cause of occurrence, frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment are distinguished.

Frictional unemployment is not employment during the period of transition of a worker from one place of work to another, which is temporary in nature. This type of unemployment is objective and determines the freedom to choose the type of activity and place of work of a person. At a certain point, the employee finds himself in a position where he has already left his previous job, but has not yet started a new one. This may be a planned transition, when a person voluntarily changes his occupation, place of employment, or has completed seasonal employment due to certain personal needs.

In the labor market, frictional unemployment is a certain balance between supply and demand, when the level of professional training of workers in the position of such unemployed meets the demands of production and employers. Most often, the initiative to quit comes from the person himself, that is, essentially frictional unemployment is voluntary, and the resulting lack of employment of a person does not cause psychological discomfort. It makes it possible to more rationally distribute resources for labor while increasing the level of well-being of citizens.

Structural unemployment is the lack of sufficient demand for a given labor in a given branch of economic activity. Over a certain period of time, significant changes occur in the structure of consumer demand, which affect the structure of the overall demand for workers. Economic development entails the introduction of more advanced technologies, the creation of new goods and services and, as a consequence, corresponding structural changes in production.

At the same time, the structurally unemployed are unlikely to be able to get a job without appropriate retraining. The employer recruits and trains personnel and works to improve the skills of existing employees, although some employees may not be in demand. Technical progress at certain stages of economic and production development displaces a number of professions from the labor market, which is quite natural.

In this type of unemployment, supply does not meet demand, which leads to a certain imbalance between them. People who are slower to respond to market needs are more likely to end up among the unemployed. The initiator of dismissal in structural unemployment is most often the employer.

Therefore, it is possible to identify significant differences between frictional and structural unemployment. In the first case, the unemployed has every opportunity for future employment, while the “structural” unemployed need mandatory training, retraining or retraining.

According to the majority of scientists, the totality of structural and frictional unemployment determines the level of natural unemployment, that is, the minimum criterion below which it is impossible to fall and which corresponds to the concept of full employment.

Cyclical unemployment is the lack of sufficient demand for labor in general; it is caused by a decline in the production of goods. The scale and duration of this unemployment reaches its peak during an economic crisis and is minimal during its recovery. This unemployment creates serious problems in the labor market, since in an economic recession, when the aggregate demand for goods and services decreases, the level of employment decreases and unemployment increases. Reducing it entails significant financial injections from the state. The most effective would be the development and adoption of a special program to ensure employment of the population, subsidized by the state, and of a comprehensive nature.

One type of unemployment is seasonal unemployment, which is associated with the temporary nature of certain types of activities. In its form of manifestation, it is similar to cyclical, when in a certain period (season) there is a large recruitment of personnel, and in cases of curtailment of work there is a mass dismissal of them. At the same time, it is similar to frictional, since it is voluntary. The level of seasonal unemployment indicators can be determined with a high degree of accuracy, since it repeats every season; accordingly, regular analysis and research will help minimize its consequences.

Seasonal employment includes: seasonal work, fishing, picking berries, mushrooms, timber rafting and much more. In these cases, an employee or enterprise works intensively for several weeks or months a year and sharply reduces or stops its activities the rest of the time.

Ineffective use of human capital leads to partial or hidden unemployment. When, in order to retain staff, the employer gives them the opportunity to work less than full time or a week.

Unemployment is measured quantitatively by two indicators:

1. According to the unemployment rate, this is the ratio of the number of unemployed to the total number of economically active population (in percentage).

2. By duration of unemployment - the time spent as unemployed.

Unemployment is measured not by its individual types, which is very problematic, but as a phenomenon as a whole.

The State Statistics Committee and the State Employment Service are responsible for registering the unemployed in our country. The State Employment Service determines the number of unemployed on the basis of their voluntary registration in its district and city branches. Goskomstat considers this number on the basis of a sample survey of the population on employment issues and measuring the unemployment rate based on the total population.

To measure the level of unemployment among the country's population, determine who and when is considered unemployed, regulations are created, on the basis of which registered unemployment is distinguished. This category includes unemployed citizens who are looking for work, are ready to start work and are clients of the employment service. The number of citizens without work in Russia remains critical. In the current difficult socio-economic conditions, the role of government agencies in stabilizing the situation in the labor market and introducing anti-crisis measures into practice in the employment system is increasing.

Thus, unemployment is a complex socio-economic phenomenon; it has both negative and positive significance for the country, society and the individual. Most citizens who have lost their jobs need social support measures. This is especially significant for socially unprotected categories of the population such as disabled people, people of pre-retirement age, graduates of vocational educational institutions, etc.

Unemployment is the lack of employment of a portion of the working-age population. The cause of unemployment is a persistent excess of labor supply over labor demand. Main unemployment indicators:

Duration of unemployment is the period of time during which a worker is unemployed.

The unemployment rate, which is determined by the following formula:

Unemployment Rate = (Number of Unemployed / Labor Force) . 100.

The following main ones are distinguished types of unemployment:

1. Frictional unemployment associated with the search for a new job due to relocation, dissatisfaction with the previous workplace, career considerations, graduation, etc. It occupies a fairly large share of the total number of unemployed. Frictional unemployment is considered inevitable and even desirable, as it promotes more rational employment. One of the main signs is short duration.

2. Structural unemployment arises due to changes in the structure of production. This process leads to a change in the structure of labor demand. Retraining required work force. Structural unemployment is longer lasting than frictional unemployment.

3. Cyclical unemployment occurs during periods of economic downturn. Reduced production volumes lead to fewer jobs. It decreases or even disappears completely during the ascent phase.

Frictional and structural unemployment will always exist in any economic system. The sum of frictional and structural unemployment is called the natural rate of unemployment. At the natural rate of unemployment, the economy is considered to be at full employment. In countries with developed market economies, the natural unemployment rate is 5-6%.

The main economic consequence of unemployment is associated with underproduction of the national product. According to Okun's law, each percentage point in excess of the actual unemployment rate over the natural level leads to a lag of actual GNP from potential GNP by 2.5%. Example. Let's assume that the actual unemployment rate is 10% and the natural rate is 6%. Consequently, the lag of actual GNP from the potential level will be (10 – 6). 2.5 = 10%.

The social consequences of unemployment are also very high: loss of qualifications, increased crime, social conflicts, etc.

29. Inflation: essence, causes and types. Socio-economic consequences of inflation.

Inflation is an increase in the general price level in the economy.

Inflation- the process of depreciation of money, reducing its purchasing power. Inflation manifests itself in forms: open and hidden (suppressed).

Open inflation manifests itself in a steady increase in the average price level. Characteristic of a market economy with free prices and limited government regulation of economic activity.

Suppressed inflation typical for countries with tightly regulated economies, where the state controls prices for goods, services and factors of production. When prices are fixed, the process of money depreciation manifests itself in the emergence of commodity shortages

Types of inflation:

Inflation 10%-20% per year causes a certain disorder of monetary circulation and is called creeping.

Inflation more than 20% per year leads to serious violations of the monetary system in the country, is galloping.

Inflation measured hundreds of percent per year undermines any trust in money. This - hyperinflation.

Inflation occurring against the backdrop of a decline in production and rising unemployment - stagflation.

Disinflation This is a slowdown in inflation.

Deflation is a fall in the price level.

Reasons causing inflation, can be both monetary and non-monetary in nature. The most important of them:

State budget deficit which is financed by the issuance of government securities or paper money. The growth of cash and non-cash means of payment in comparison with the mass of goods leads to the depreciation of money.

High unproductive government expenses(military expenses, maintenance of the administrative apparatus, social programs, etc.). The growth of aggregate demand due to these government expenditures is not accompanied by an adequate increase in national production and leads to inflation.

The monopoly power of a number of large corporations and the monopoly position of trade unions in the labor market. A monopoly can ensure the maintenance of high prices for its products (both for consumer goods and services, and for economic resources), and the monopoly of trade unions can ensure an increase in wages.

Errors in carrying out monetary regulation.

External factors: depreciation of the national currency, rising prices for imported economic resources, global economic crises, etc.

Behavior of economic entities. Expectations of further development of the inflation process lead to the fact that enterprises plan to increase prices for their products, and employees demand higher wages. The current demand for goods and services for purposes is also increasing. Inflationary psychology leads to self-sustaining inflation. This is one of the most dangerous factors of inflation.

Depending on the reasons causing inflation, the following types of inflation are distinguished:

1. Demand inflation. Occurs when there is an autonomous increase in aggregate demand. There is too much money in the economy compared to the mass of goods. Demand inflation is accompanied by an increase in GDP (Y), or GDP –const.

PAD 1 AS

P 1

P0

0 Y 0 Y 1 Y

The most threatening factor in the growth of unemployment and the massive release of people from production is the collapse of inter-farm relations and, for this reason, the curtailment of production at large and super-large enterprises of the first division. A specific type of unemployment arises among highly qualified persons

Share your work on social networks

If this work does not suit you, at the bottom of the page there is a list of similar works. You can also use the search button

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

NORTH CAUCASIAN STATE ACADEMY OF HUMANITIES AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC THEORY

COURSE WORK

in the discipline "Macroeconomics"

on the topic: “Unemployment: essence, types, causes”

Completed:

2nd year student

Direction 080100.62 gr. WFD SSO

Izhaeva K.H.

Checked:

Teacher

Temirova Z.U.

Cherkessk, 2014

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………3

1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING THE PROBLEM

UNEMPLOYMENT………………………………………………………………….….6

1.1.The essence of unemployment. Forms of unemployment and its natural

level................................................. ........................................................ .................... 6

1.2. Theoretical concepts of unemployment………..………….……………..... 12

1.3. Costs of unemployment and directions……………………………………... 17

2. UNEMPLOYMENT IN RUSSIA AT THE CURRENT STAGE AND WAYS TO SOLUTION………………………………………………………………………………………….20

2.1.Features of the Russian labor market………………………………………………………20

2.2. The current state of unemployment in Russia and its factors

defining…………………………………………………………………………………24

2.3 Main directions of regulation of unemployment in Russia……..………27

CONCLUSION….………………………………………………………………………………… 33

LIST OF SOURCES USED………………………. …….36

INTRODUCTION

Unemployment is a macroeconomic problem that has the most direct and severe impact on every individual. Losing a job for most people means a decline in their standard of living and causes serious psychological trauma. It is therefore not surprising that the problem of unemployment is often the subject of political debate.

Mass poverty and social vulnerability of large sections of the population are our reality.

The most threatening factor in the growth of unemployment and the massive release of people from production is the collapse of inter-farm relations and, for this reason, the curtailment of production at large and super-large enterprises of the first division. A specific type of unemployment arises among highly qualified persons who are professionally unsuitable for use in the lower economic levels of the production and non-production spheres.

Therefore, problems such as employment, unemployment, resources for work and, in general, the labor market are relevant to the country’s economy.

Thus, the relevance of the topic lies, first of all, in the serious economic and social costs that unemployment entails. One of the main negative consequences of unemployment is the non-working state of able-bodied citizens and, accordingly, unproduced products.

If the economy is not able to satisfy the needs for jobs for everyone who wants and can work, who is looking for work and is ready to start it, then the potential opportunity to produce goods and services is lost. Consequently, unemployment prevents society from developing and moving forward based on its potential.

Ultimately, this is seen as a decrease in the rate of economic growth, a lag in the increase in gross national

product. On the other hand, reducing the unemployment rate by creating additional jobs can also lead to negative consequences for the country's economy.

In addition to purely economic costs, one cannot discount the significant social and moral consequences of unemployment, its negative impact on social values ​​and the vital interests of citizens. Forced inactivity of a significant mass of the working-age population and each person individually leads to depression in life, loss of qualifications and practical skills; Moral standards are decreasing and crime is increasing, self-esteem is being lost and families are breaking up, social tension in society is growing, which is also characterized by an increase in the number of suicides, mental and cardiovascular diseases. Ultimately, the moral and physical health of society is undermined.

In addition, history shows that economic instability and, as a consequence, massive long-term unemployment of the working population can lead to serious political and social changes in the state.

The purpose of this course work is to explore the place and role of unemployment in the socio-economic development of the national economy, to analyze the concept of employment in macroeconomics and to propose directions for improving employment policy in the Russian economy.

Coursework objectives:

Explore the essence and main causes of unemployment;

Analyze neoclassical and Keynesian concepts on the labor market;

Assess the level of unemployment in modern conditions;

Suggest directions for improving employment policy in the Russian Federation.

The object of the study is unemployment as an economic category.

The subject is the economic processes that arise in the national economy under the influence of unemployment.

The structure of the course work consists of: introduction, theoretical basis, conclusion and list of sources used. The theoretical framework consists of three chapters: the first chapter consists of a description of the essence of unemployment, the causes and main forms of unemployment, as well as government regulation of the labor market; the second chapter consists of an analysis of neoclassical and Keynesian concepts on the labor supply and demand market; the third chapter includes the socio-economic consequences of unemployment in the Russian Federation, ways to regulate unemployment and employment in the Russian Federation, as well as the development of recommendations for improving employment policy.

1. THEORETICAL BASIS FOR STUDYING THE PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1.1.The essence of unemployment. Forms of unemployment and its natural level

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the working-age population does not find use for their work, does not get a job, the reason for this is that the number of people wishing to find work exceeds the number of available jobs.

Economically effective implementation of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution (STR) is impossible without the absolute release of labor. At the same time, the reduction in employment occurs not only during the technical and technological renewal of existing jobs, but also during new capital construction. The latter is carried out in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution on a new technical basis, ensuring a reduction in employment and a specific reduction in the cost of production. Structural changes in the economy have a significant impact on unemployment, which is also a consequence of the influence of scientific and technological progress, in particular, on the acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological progress, which has a dramatic impact on the situation in commodity markets and causes a discrepancy between demand and supply for labor.

Most often, the market economy is linked to unemployment. Historical experience teaches that in countries with a market economic system there is almost always a certain number of unemployed. It is generally accepted that an unemployment rate of 1 to 3% is quite acceptable; with unemployment of 5%, the economy can exist, but already 7% is a socially dangerous level that must be avoided.

In market and non-market economies, there are usually two phenomena: unemployment of people and “unemployment” of jobs, that is, along with people who do not have jobs, there are unoccupied jobs. But usually in a market economy the number of unemployed people is much higher than

the number of jobs that do not meet their needs, while in a non-market economy and even in a transition economy, the opposite picture is more often observed.

In general, unemployment is determined by the state of the economy, as a result of which the unemployment rate can be used as an indicator reflecting the socio-economic situation of the country.

The main indicators of unemployment are its level and duration. The unemployment rate is measured as the ratio of officially registered unemployed to the number of people employed in production. The duration of unemployment characterizes the average time of interruption from work.

World economic practice shows that ensuring full employment and simultaneously increasing the economic efficiency of social production in modern conditions is difficult to achieve, most likely impossible. This is explained by the fact that the main factor of economic growth and objectivity of production, the scientific and technological revolution, is also the main factor in the emergence of unemployment.

Unemployment is an integral part of the market economic system. The entire population can be divided into three categories.

as the lower limit of working age, who during the period under review did not have a job (gainful occupation), were engaged in it

searching with the help of employment services or independently (i.e. placed advertisements in the press, contacted the administration directly

enterprises or took steps to organize their own business) and were ready to begin work immediately or within the period determined by national legislation.

The third category is students, students, housewives and those who simply do not want to work for any reason. This category is considered to be the economically inactive part of the population. If pupils, students, pensioners and disabled people were looking for work and were ready to start it, they are counted as unemployed.

Persons belonging to the first and second categories (employed and unemployed) represent the country's labor force. The unemployment rate is calculated as the ratio of the number of unemployed people to the number of persons representing the labor force and is expressed as a percentage.

There are three types of unemployment: frictional, structural and cyclical. Frictional unemployment is associated with searching for and waiting for work. It is common among people for whom searching for a job that matches their qualifications and individual preferences requires some time. In the real conditions of a transition economy, frictional, structural unemployment takes on irrational forms, and the closure of enterprises occurs much faster than the creation of new jobs in promising industries, further aggravated by the rapid decline in areas that, on the contrary, deserve the greatest development (high technology, knowledge-intensive production) and require skilled labor. As a result, today in Russia engineers and scientists are retraining as sellers and loaders.

Structural unemployment is associated with technological shifts in production that change the structure of labor demand. A certain level of structural unemployment is inevitable due to the constantly changing market situation. The demand for various goods constantly fluctuates, which

in turn causes fluctuations in the demand for the labor of specialists producing these goods. This is unemployment among persons whose professions turned out to be “outdated” or less necessary for the economy due to scientific and technological progress. Structural unemployment is predominantly forced and more long-term in nature, since for this category of unemployed, obtaining a job is associated with professional retraining, often accompanied by a change of place of residence.

The combination of frictional and structural unemployment forms the natural rate of unemployment (or the rate of unemployment at full employment) corresponding to potential GDP.

The main reasons for the existence of the natural rate of unemployment:

Developed unemployment insurance system. Benefit payments significantly reduce incentives to quickly find work and increase the time that the unemployed spend looking for a new job;

Wage rigidity, which creates involuntary unemployment.

We already know that in the labor market, equilibrium between demand and supply of labor is established under certain conditions (Fig. 1.1).

Rice. 1.1 Wage rigidity and involuntary unemployment.

Involuntary unemployment occurs in cases where the level of real wages exceeds its equilibrium value. Wage inflexibility leads to a relative shortage of jobs. Many workers become unemployed because, at a given wage level, the supply of labor L2 exceeds the demand L1 for it. The labor market can remain in such a frozen disequilibrium state for quite a long time, which is determined by:

Firstly, the legislative establishment of a minimum wage, which limits its free fluctuations. The limiting effect of the minimum wage is the more significant, the higher the proportion of youth, women, and low-skilled workers in the labor force, since for these categories of employees the equilibrium wage rate is lower than the legally established minimum;

Secondly, by fixing the level of wages in collective agreements with trade unions and in individual labor agreements;

Thirdly, the disinterest of firms in reducing wages due to the risk of loss of qualified labor, an increase in overall staff turnover, a decrease in labor productivity, labor discipline and profit.

Unemployment rates vary across demographic groups. For example, the youth unemployment rate is significantly higher than other age groups. The trend towards an increase in the natural rate of unemployment in the long term is associated with:

• increasing the share of youth in the labor force;
• increasing the share of women in the labor force;
• more frequent structural changes in the economy.

Cyclical unemployment is caused by a decline in production. It affects all spheres and sectors of the economy. Unemployment caused by a decline in production

can exist in hidden and open forms. Hidden form means reducing the working day or week, sending personnel to

forced leaves and, accordingly, a reduction in wages. An open form means the dismissal of an employee, a complete loss of work and, accordingly, income.

Cyclical unemployment, in addition to social disasters, also brings obvious losses in real GDP. A country loses 2 to 3% of actual GDP relative to potential GDP when the actual unemployment rate increases by 1% above its natural rate. In economic literature, this law is known as Okun's law:

where Y actual GDP;

Y" - potential GDP;

I is the actual unemployment rate;

and" is the natural rate of unemployment;

Empirical coefficient of sensitivity of GDP to changes in cyclical unemployment (Oken's coefficient).

If the actual unemployment rate has not changed relative to the previous year, then the real GDP growth rate is 3% per year. This pace is due to population growth, capital accumulation and scientific and technological progress.

1.2. Theoretical concepts of unemployment

The entire population of the country of working age and capable of working (that is, minus the disabled, mentally ill and prisoners) is divided into 2 categories:

Economically active;

Economically inactive.

The economically active population, or labor force, consists of employed and unemployed people. When talking about the unemployment rate, we refer the number of unemployed to the number of the labor force.

Unemployment is divided into types depending on the reasons for its occurrence. In economic theory, the following types of unemployment are distinguished: frictional; structural; cyclic; seasonal; voluntary. In addition, unemployment can be hidden, as it has been in Russia in recent years. So, let's look at each type of unemployment.

Frictional unemployment exists even in countries experiencing rapid economic growth. Its reason is that an employee who has been fired from his enterprise or left it of his own free will needs some time to find a new job. It should suit him both according to the type of activity and the level of payment. Even if there are such places on the labor market, they are usually not found immediately.

Some people feel capable of doing more complex and better-paying work and seek it, while others become convinced that they do not meet the requirements in their workplace and must look for a lower-paying job. In a free market society there are always a certain number of people who, for various reasons, are looking for a more suitable job for themselves

In addition, there are always unemployed people on the labor market who are looking for work for the first time (youth, women who have raised children, etc.). Such

people are also taken into account when determining the level of frictional unemployment.

These processes contribute to increasing the efficiency of the use of labor resources and their more rational distribution.

Economic science considers frictional unemployment to be a normal phenomenon and not cause for alarm. Moreover, frictional unemployment is simply inevitable in a normally organized economy.

An increase in frictional unemployment can be caused by a number of reasons:

Lack of awareness of people about the possibility of finding a job in their specialty and with a satisfactory level of pay in specific companies;

factors that objectively reduce labor mobility. For example, a person has not found a job in his city, but cannot move to another city where such work is available due to the underdevelopment of the housing market or lack of registration. This situation is typical for Russia, which unfavorably distinguishes the domestic labor market from the labor market of Western countries.

Peculiarities of national character and way of life. Frictional unemployment is higher in those countries whose citizens prefer to live their entire lives in the same locality, that is, they are characterized by reduced mobility. With this lifestyle (characteristic of many Russians), the flow of labor between regions is reduced

The general principles of the theory of employment, labor market and unemployment are quite applicable to the analysis of modern unemployment in Russia. However, the unemployment model characteristic of countries with developed market economies cannot be mechanically transferred to Russia, which is making a transition from a command-administrative system to a market economy and a democratic social system.

One of the characteristic features of unemployment registration in Russia is the alarming fact that its duration is increasing. Statistical authorities and the employment service usually analyze the influence of various factors on the duration of the job search by constructing grouping tables linking job search time intervals and socio-demographic groups of the population.

An analysis of the duration of the job search allows us to clarify that almost all of the studied categories of workers who applied to the employment service found it much more difficult to find a job in 1998 compared to 1995. The most vulnerable are young people. After all, the employer is trying to hire ready-made specialists, and not those who need to be further trained. Those whose age is approaching retirement have big problems, since in our society there is a persistent opinion that they are not so active and are not capable of what is easy for younger workers. All this primarily concerns women. It is young women under the age of 29 who will take the longest to find a job. Also, the duration of the job search is influenced by the presence of a certain level of education, which increases or shortens the waiting period for a job.

Along with the growth of open unemployment, changes are taking place in public consciousness; people are increasingly concerned about the threat of mass unemployment, the loss of their jobs and social status. According to sociological research, among the problems of greatest concern to Russians, unemployment, along with crime and rising prices, occupies one of the leading places. Attitudes towards unemployment and the unemployed are changing: if at one time the unemployed were identified with parasites and lumpens, then they began to be considered “victims” of the elements of the market, and more recently simply people who temporarily found themselves in a difficult situation in need of social protection of society.

To understand the nature of unemployment in Russia, it is necessary to take into account the specific features of the formation of labor markets in post-socialist countries and in Russia in particular. Formation process

a full-fledged labor market is closely connected with the stages of transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, with those carried out in the country

radical economic and social reforms. This process cannot be long: the modern labor market has inherited elements of rigidity from previous periods. In particular, the dynamics of wages

wages, which in a developed labor market play the role of one of the main regulators of demand and supply for labor, do not fully perform this function in the Russian labor market.

Firstly, wages fell sharply behind the cost of reproduction of labor. Secondly, the movement of wage rates is distorted by inflationary processes. Thirdly, a system of contractual wage formation has not yet developed. Fourthly, some centralized methods of administrative regulation of wages have been preserved (a single tariff schedule for budgetary organizations).

The inflexibility of the labor market is also determined by the lack of a free housing market, the institution of propiska (registration) and other restrictions; inherited from the old regime.

One of the features of the Russian labor market is the well-known isolation of regional labor markets, located over a vast territory, poorly provided with communications, modern means of communication and information. The underdevelopment of the labor market infrastructure, including the insufficiency of material and technical support for employment services, also has an impact.

A characteristic feature of the Russian labor market is the presence of hidden (informal) employment on a fairly large scale.

All those employed in the economy can be divided into three groups: those employed in the formal state, formal non-state (private), and informal sectors. The latter includes economic activities that are not registered in accordance with the law, and those engaged in such activities do not pay taxes. In Russia, the informal sector is extremely diverse; several types of employment are distinguished within it: according to professional qualification level and income level, qualified, fairly well-paid work is distinguished (private lessons, medical services, tailoring, repair of household appliances, construction

work), work that does not require qualifications (small trade, shuttle

"business"). These are the so-called “stall traders”, “shuttle traders”, and other citizens

not paying taxes on their shadow income. Thus, the labor market seems to have split into two parts: formal and informal, while the scale of hidden (informal) employment reaches 5.7 - 6.4% of those employed in the national economy according to 1997 data.

According to some estimates, currently more than half of the economically active population is related to the informal sector of the economy, i.e. receive unaccounted income. The informal sector employs about 12 million people (19.2% of the economically active population) according to 1998 data.

Attention should be paid to the phenomenon of fictitious unemployment. Cases when citizens who have officially received the status of unemployed have uncontrolled income from individual labor and non-labor activities, mainly trade and intermediary activities.

The following features of modern unemployment in Russia can be distinguished:

The presence, along with open unemployment, of significant amounts of hidden unemployment, both in the form of surplus labor at enterprises and in the form of partial and underemployment;

The presence, along with officially registered unemployment, of unregistered but real unemployment, the size of which is several times greater than the scale of official unemployment;

The presence of significant fictitious unemployment (hidden employment in informal labor markets);

The underdevelopment of the labor market infrastructure, unemployment making it difficult to find a job, as a result of which the tendency towards the formation of decent forms of unemployment is intensifying.

1.3 Costs of unemployment and directions

The economic costs of unemployment are the underutilization of society's labor resources, the lack of receipt of a significant part of goods and services, and a decrease in the volume of the gross national product. According to Okun's law, a 1% increase in unemployment at a supernatural level leads to a 2.5% increase in the GNP lag. Social costs are no less significant, although they are not always accountable. According to American experts, job loss is associated with mental trauma, inferior in

the stress level of only the death of an immediate family member or imprisonment. For a person who has lost his job, this is always a personal drama: the family’s material well-being drops sharply, social status changes (being unemployed is not prestigious), family troubles begin, the number of divorces, mental illnesses, suicides increases, and the crime situation worsens.

So, the social and economic costs of unemployment are extremely high. However, is it possible to eliminate unemployment altogether, that is, to achieve 100% employment? At one time, this task was one of the main slogans of socialist parties and trade unions. Economy, in

which simultaneously employs the entire working population, loses more than it wins.

Firstly, this situation can only be achieved through non-economic coercion in relation to citizens, including employers. Restriction of economic freedom leads to worse use of the country's resources, a slowdown in the growth of citizens' well-being, and undermines the very basis of the normal functioning of the market mechanism.

Secondly, in such an economy the restructuring of the production structure, caused by changes in demand and the introduction of scientific and technological advances, will sharply slow down.

It is beneficial for the good of the country to have a small amount of unemployment, the extent of which is called the natural rate of unemployment. The natural level of unemployment is the total level of frictional and structural unemployment that has developed in a given country over many years. The state of affairs on the labor market should not cause concern if some of the able-bodied people are temporarily unemployed because they move from one job to another without changing their profession and industry. It is normal if some people do not work because they are forced to change their profession or place of work. So, if unemployment is inevitable, then the task of the state is to minimize its negative consequences, limit its scope and duration.

State support measures for the unemployed come down to two main areas: social protection of people left without work and promotion of employment. Social protection of the unemployed is carried out mainly in the form of unemployment benefits. As a rule, it is received by persons registered at the labor exchange, who have work experience and have made contributions to the employment fund for a certain period of time. And finally, another form of social protection is maintaining a minimum subsistence level; it is applied in cases where a person does not work and cannot, for some reason, receive unemployment benefits or assistance or the period for receiving them has already expired. Another direction - promoting the employment of people who have lost their jobs or have not yet started work - comes in the form of organizing and constantly improving the information system, creating new jobs in the public sector and organizing public works, preferential incentives for employers who create new jobs, especially for citizens , in dire need of social protection, ensuring the activities of labor exchanges. Labor exchanges (services, employment centers) are created to implement the state employment policy. Exchanges keep track of available jobs

and citizens applying for employment issues inform citizens and employers, respectively, about the possibility of obtaining a job and the availability of labor, assist people in choosing a suitable job, in vocational guidance, organize vocational training and retraining of the population in special training centers. It is the exchange that registers the unemployed and issues them unemployment benefits. Recognizing the significant capabilities of the state in regulating employment, we must still note the presence of a powerful limiting factor here: by increasing employment to a certain level, the state can thereby provoke increased inflation.

2.UNEMPLOYMENT IN RUSSIA AT THE CURRENT STAGE AND WAYS TO SOLUTION IT

2.1 Features of the Russian labor market

The Russian labor market has a number of features. It builds on the fragmented labor market that existed during the Soviet era and bears the imprint of past approaches to vocational training, distribution and redistribution of labor and its prices. The development of the Russian labor market occurs under conditions of a general crisis and a greater share of the shadow economy with its shadow labor market. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 1999 the number of professional shadow workers was approximately 9 million people, or about 14% of all those employed in the Russian economy. It should be noted that statistics are not capable of objectively assessing the scale of shadow employment in the country. At the present stage, according to various estimates, from 35 to 50% of GDP in Russia is produced in the shadow sector of the economy. The Russian labor market is characterized by a low level of labor price and its large gap from the cost. This is most clearly reflected in the dynamics of the share of the wage fund in total GDP.

Labor markets in Russia vary quite significantly in different regions. These differences are due to both the general economic state of the regions, the specifics of production enterprises that predominate in the regions (unprofitable, strategically important facilities, new promising organizations, etc.), as well as natural and climatic conditions, the presence of minerals and other factors.

The Russian labor market is not balanced: on the one hand, it is excessive in volume, and on the other hand, it is labor-deficient in its structure, i.e. there is an overaccumulation of labor at enterprises, accumulation of an excess number of workers, while an increase in demand for labor leads to a labor shortage.

The labor market in Russia is weakly connected with the capital market. All this causes

the need to develop an appropriate Russian employment policy, as well as strategies and tactics for the mechanism for regulating the Russian labor market.

In real economic life, the formation and dynamics of the labor market are influenced by a whole range of factors.

Rice. 1.2 Classification of factors affecting the labor market

Methods (methods) and measures of state regulation of the labor market can be differentiated according to various criteria: by objects of influence; by direction of impact; by the form of influence; by the nature of the impact on the labor market; on the content of regulatory measures; by level of managerial influence; by funding sources; by duration of exposure.

The objects of influence are the population, its individual groups of workers, entrepreneurs and their groups, certain elements of labor organization, etc. Depending on the characteristics of the Object, general impact measures and special Measures can be distinguished. According to the direction of impact, the following measures are distinguished: increasing (decreasing) the demand for non-labor force, increasing (decreasing) the supply of labor, influencing the structure of demand and the structure of supply, aimed at increasing the degree of correspondence between supply and demand. Based on the form of impact on the labor market, direct methods of regulation can be distinguished: state subsidies of employment in enterprises of various forms of ownership, stimulation of flexible forms of employment, changes in the annual Federal Reserve, etc. and indirect methods of regulation: regulating the demographic situation, increasing government orders, procurement, easing tax pressure, encouraging investment activity, stimulating professional and territorial mobility of the workforce, etc. Based on the nature of their impact on the labor market, regulatory measures can be differentiated into incentive, restrictive, prohibitive and protective. According to the content of regulatory measures, measures of an economic nature are distinguished (support for economically viable jobs, organization of public works, specialized investment in supporting small businesses, etc.); measures of an administrative nature (lowering the retirement age, reducing the length of the working day, limiting the number of jobs for one person, part-time opportunities, changing the composition of the economically active population, etc.); mixed, combining economic and administrative regulation (financial, tax, customs, foreign trade, innovation and investment, protectionist policies). According to the level of managerial influence, methods will be divided into national, regional, industry, and intra-company. According to the sources of financing, the Federal budget, the budgets of the regions of Russia, local budgets, and extra-budgetary funds (as additional) are distinguished. According to the duration of exposure, methods are short-term (up to one year), medium-term (from one year to 5 years) and long-term (from 5 years or more).

In the literature there are other classifications of methods for regulating the labor market, for example: classification based on the use of a motivational mechanism with the help of which the main goal is intended to be achieved, includes organizational (administrative and administrative methods, legal methods of regulation); economic (stimulating job creation through tax breaks, preferential investment loans, etc.); socio-psychological (based on taking into account the interests of the individual, various social groups of the population) methods.

The labor market is self-regulating; at the same time, it can be regulated by a mechanism for managing population employment at a certain level of development of the productive force of society. The regulators here are not only macro- and microeconomic, but also social and socio-psychological factors, which are by no means always related to the price of labor and wages. Therefore, the development of market reforms should be organically linked with government policy on the labor market.

2. 2. The current state of unemployment in Russia and its determining factors

The current situation in Russia is characterized by the existence of significant imbalances in the structure of employment, wage rates in the labor market and deformation of the motivational mechanism of labor activity.

The labor market will be affected not only by the slowdown in economic growth noted in the second quarter of 2012, but also by Russia's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in August, as well as fiscal reforms planned for 2013.

Concerns expressed in 2011 that the crisis in Europe would hit Russia hard in 2012 have not yet come true; oil prices remain at a fairly high level. Under these conditions, the Russian labor market is showing good shape. According to Rosstat, overall unemployment in Russia in July 2012 compared to June, according to preliminary data, decreased by 20 thousand people and amounted to 4.124 million people or 5.4% of the economically active population. At the beginning of 2010, this figure exceeded 9%.

Analysts from the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion also state that the number of Russians whose friends and relatives have lost their jobs in recent months has reached a record low for the entire period of observation.

Experts also assure that the labor market is stable for now. According to the director for strategic development of the ANCOR personnel holding, Alexey Mironov, there are no sharp fluctuations at the moment.

By the end of 2012, job seekers should be prepared for a decrease in the number of vacancies due to a seasonal downturn in the labor market. Some companies may make massive staff reductions, but this will not be caused by economic reasons, but by the desire to increase labor efficiency.

According to the general director of the All-Russian Center for Living Standards, Vyacheslav Bobkov, the slowdown in economic growth in the second quarter of 2012 will affect the labor market only at the beginning of 2013. It was difficult for him to guess how significant these consequences would be.

In 2013, the Russian Federation's GDP is expected to grow by only 3.7% instead of 3.8%, in 2014 - by 4.3% instead of 4.4%, in 2015 - by 4.5% instead of 4.7%. According to Deputy Head of the MER Andrei Klepach, the ministry expected some reversal of trends since July 2012 and notes a slowdown in growth rates, in particular in consumption.

There are not yet enough workers on the market with the necessary skills, so all technical specialties - from blue-collar workers to highly qualified employees - will be in demand in the near future.

According to forecasts, specialists in the field of high technologies, primarily software developers and project managers for the implementation of IT solutions, will not be left without work. Speaking about them, the expert noted that “today we can say that the market is on the candidate’s side, and highly qualified workers can still choose from several offers.”

Reforms are also planned in the field of education - inefficiently operating state universities will be reorganized. According to the Ministry of Education and Science, the number of higher education institutions will decrease by 20% in the next three years, and employment in the industry will decrease, Bobkov said. “The planned increase in salaries in the educational sector by one third will be due to the reorganization of educational personnel,” he noted.

The entry into force of the law “On Autonomous Institutions” led to the state freeing itself from part of its obligations to finance these organizations. According to Bobkov, the need to earn money on their own may force these institutions to lay off ineffective employees, but not all of them are able to quickly retrain. It is unknown how synchronously the process of creating new jobs will proceed.

These factors will make themselves felt already in 2013, since changes in the legislative sphere will occur in December 2012.

Russia's accession to the WTO will lead to increased competition in many markets, experts warn. Enterprises in a number of industries may not be able to withstand competition with cheaper imports and risk going bankrupt, which is fraught with a surge in unemployment.

However, the Russian authorities are still optimistic and do not expect negative social consequences in connection with Russia's accession to the WTO. In July 2012, Minister of Economic Development Andrei Belorusov argued that there is no danger of rising unemployment in Russia due to the country's accession to the WTO.

The opening of the Russian market in connection with the country's accession to the WTO with the activation of foreign players adhering to high standards in the field of labor relations may intensify competition in the struggle for promising workers. On the other hand, the workers themselves will have to take more care of their qualifications and work ethic so as not to lose in the struggle for a job.

2.3 Main directions of regulation of unemployment in Russia

In macroeconomics, to study unemployment, indicators such as the unemployment rate and its average duration are used. The number of unemployed in each specific period depends on the cycle and rate of economic growth, labor productivity, the degree of compliance of the professional and qualification structure of the labor force with the existing demand for it, and the specific demographic situation. According to statistical data, for example, the unemployment rate in Russia increased in January 2010 to 9.2% against 8.2% in December 2009. In 2009, 29.4% of the unemployed were looking for work for less than three months, more than one year - 32.9%. The share of stagnant unemployment among rural residents is significantly higher - 40.3%.

Increases or decreases in economic activity are the main reasons for the dynamics of the unemployment rate in the country. The cyclical development of the economy, successive ups and downs of economic activity over several years or decades lead to certain fluctuations in the number of unemployed. Thus, when the economy peaks at near full employment and production is operating at maximum efficiency, we should expect that after some time business activity will begin to decline, manufacturing activity will decline, and unemployment will rise. After this, the next stage quite naturally begins - the revival of production, which again leads to a reduction in unemployment to its minimum value.

State regulation of unemployment is a set of measures and actions used by the state to correct the labor market.

State measures are distinguished in this case:

1. By level of impact:

Federal (Government of the Russian Federation, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation);

Regional (subjects of the Russian Federation);

Local (cities, regions, settlements);

Sectoral (sectoral structure of the economy);

In-house (enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership).

2. By forms of influence:

Direct (immediate): state subsidies, changes in annual working hours, regulation of part-time work, stimulation of flexible forms;

Indirect (mediated): regulating demographics, increasing government orders, easing tax pressure, encouraging investment activity, stimulating mobility.

3. By sources of financing of state employment policy:

Federal budget (subventions);

Republican budget;

Local budget;

Funds of enterprises and organizations;

Extrabudgetary funds.

State policy in the field of promoting employment is currently aimed at:

Development of labor resources, increasing their mobility, protecting the national labor market;

Ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of nationality, gender, age, social status, political beliefs and attitude to religion in exercising the right to voluntary work and free choice of employment;

Support for labor and entrepreneurial initiatives of citizens carried out within the framework of the law;

Implementation of activities that promote employment of citizens who have difficulty finding work (disabled people; refugees and internally displaced persons; single and large parents raising minors, disabled children; citizens exposed to radiation due to radiation accidents and disasters, etc.);

Coordination of the activities of government bodies, trade unions, and other representative bodies of workers and employers in the development and implementation of measures to ensure employment of the population;

International cooperation in solving employment problems, including issues related to the labor activities of citizens of the Russian Federation outside our territory and foreign citizens on the territory of the Russian Federation.

In 2010, the areas of state support in the labor market were legislatively supplemented. The Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” has been amended. Let's look at the most significant ones.

Firstly, a uniform procedure has been established for determining the amount and period of payment of unemployment benefits to citizens dismissed from employers, regardless of their legal status (organization, individual entrepreneur, individual who is not an individual entrepreneur). Citizens dismissed due to the liquidation of an organization or cessation of activity by an individual entrepreneur, a reduction in the number of employees, and who applied to the employment service after January 1, 2010, and were recognized as unemployed in the prescribed manner, unemployment benefits are assigned as a percentage of the average earnings of a citizen calculated for the last three months at the last place of work, but not more than the maximum amount of unemployment benefits.

Secondly, information about the decision to liquidate the organization or terminate the activities of an individual entrepreneur, reduce the number of employees of the organization, about the possible termination of employment contracts between the employer and the organization no later than two months, and the employer-individual entrepreneur no later than two weeks before carrying out relevant activities are required to inform the employment service in writing.

On January 16, 2009, the official information portal of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment “Work in Russia” began its work. The main purpose of the portal is to help reduce tensions in the labor market by increasing awareness of the general public and employers about the situation on the labor market in the Russian Federation , rights and guarantees in the field of employment and protection from unemployment.The Government of the Russian Federation has made it possible for unemployed citizens to find work anywhere in Russia through the official information portal of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment, which contains more than 760 thousand vacancies from all regions of the Russian Federation.

In addition, all employment centers in the country began to operate in four new, modernized areas. Firstly, now not only the unemployed are involved in public works, but also those whose number of working hours at their main place has been reduced. The state will compensate this amount to the employer. Both state-owned enterprises and institutions (for example, landscaping, repairing schools, building roads) and private ones can attract citizens to public works through the employment service. The second direction: potential unemployed people will also be offered, taking advantage of downtime at work, to improve their qualification level or acquire a new specialty, again at the expense of budget funds. The third new direction is assistance in starting your own business. Previously, the employment center could only advise a future businessman, teach him the basics of entrepreneurship and pay for its registration; now it is also expected to allocate money for the so-called initial capital. And fourth is assistance when moving to another area. The employment service will pay for travel to the place of work, daily allowances on the way and, for three months, housing rental compensation.

The measures taken in the country have improved the situation on the labor market and reduced unemployment. In particular, the level of registered unemployment in the Samara region, one of the twenty regions of Russia with the lowest level of overall unemployment, continues to decline. As of July 13, 2011, according to the Department of Labor, it was 1.65% versus 2.1% at the beginning of the year, 2.7% in 2010, 2.8% in 2009.

Changes in the economic situation will qualitatively change the labor market in a few years. The labor force from industry is gradually flowing into the service sector, which, in principle, reflects a global trend.

The main strategic goals of regulating unemployment should be to increase the economic and social efficiency of employment by changing its structure and forms, creating conditions for the development of the country's economically active population, and improving economic employment relations. To do this, it is necessary to reduce the level of excess employment at enterprises and flexibly redistribute laid-off workers to other industries and types of employment.

It seems that employers will remain highly active in the search for personnel in the future. Labor market tensions will likely ease, but this will happen at different rates for different regional markets. Wage offers will increase gradually, little by little. Having formed adequate starting offers, employers will increase them only for scarce and highly qualified workers. There will once again be a “staff shortage” in the labor market, which will primarily affect engineering and technical specialists and skilled workers. To combat unemployment in the Samara region, a program of additional measures is in place to reduce tensions in the labor market. Its main areas are advanced vocational training, internships for graduates of educational institutions, public and temporary work, as well as

assistance to unemployed citizens in organizing their own business.

The labor market of the Samara region is represented by a wide network of employment centers, the main tasks of which, in accordance with the Law "On Employment in the Russian Federation", are:

Assess the current state and forecasts for the development of employment of the population, regularly inform government structures and the population about the situation in the labor market;

Take part in the development and implementation of federal and territorial target programs for social protection of the population;

Provide the population with the necessary assistance in vocational guidance, training, retraining and advancement;

Provide financial support to the unemployed population with unemployed status and members of their families in the form of social payments, benefits, and early pensions.

In 2009, the number of registered unemployed in the Samara region was 50.6 thousand people, the unemployment rate was 2.8%; as of November 13, 2010 - 48.9 thousand people, unemployment rate - 2.7%. In 2011, the growth rate of unemployment slowed down.

When considering changes in unemployment by gender, it can be noted that the unemployment rate in 2008 in the Samara region compared to 2000 decreased significantly, both for men (from 10.7% to 4.8%) and for women ( from 9.7% to 3.5%).

In the Samara region in the period under review, the total number of unemployed also decreased. The number of unemployed in 2008 increased by 99.6 thousand people. less, or by 57.3%. As of March 30, 2011, the number of unemployed people registered by the employment service was 36 thousand people. The unemployment rate is 2.1%, which is significantly lower than in previous years. The number of vacancies available at employment centers in the region is 25.9 thousand.

CONCLUSION

So, the work examines the concept and essence of unemployment, its types, as well as its features in Russia. As a conclusion, we once again emphasize ways to solve unemployment problems:

Redistribution of existing demand for labor by stimulating the transition of enterprises to part-time work, part-time work, etc.;

Budgetary subsidies for additional (relative to the actual level) labor force at existing enterprises;

Reducing the actual supply of labor by lowering the legal retirement age. The same effect can lead to the development of personnel retraining and advanced training services.

Providing jobs that are not profit-oriented, but related to work in the interests of society, for example: work in the field of environmental protection, etc.

The transition to the creation of a system of social partnership, including the creation of a mechanism for developing tripartite agreements (employers - trade unions - state) in order to limit wage growth.

In addition, during the work, an assessment was made of the state of unemployment on a global scale and separately in the Russian Federation. It was revealed that the dynamics of unemployment growth depends on the state of the labor market and the economy as a whole of a particular country and even a specific region within a particular country (Russia).

According to Western economists, unemployment today is the central problem of countries with developed market economies. The economic losses of a period of mass unemployment are much greater than the losses associated, for example, with monopolization.

Reform of the labor sector is happening slowly and inconsistently. Although

The abolition of labor conscription and the proclamation of freedom to choose the nature and type of labor or entrepreneurial activity are unconditional progress; the scale of unemployment, the decline in the living standards of the majority of the population, and the legal insecurity of workers indicate that during the post-reform years, workers have lost more than they have gained. Therefore, the state must respond more actively to the economic changes that have recently been observed in our country.

Considering the complexity of the situation on the Russian labor market, the large scale of hidden unemployment, and the excess of demand over supply of jobs, it is necessary to focus on solving the following priority tasks:

Develop a clear policy and program for economic restructuring;

Determine priority investment directions for its development and develop on this basis a concept of professional employment and professional training for the long term.

Since this task is fundamental, it should be recognized as a priority. We must try to correct the situation in which the training of highly qualified specialists and workers is little linked to the situation on the labor market, and graduates of educational institutions immediately find themselves in the position of unemployed.

In addition to purely economic costs, one cannot discount the significant social and moral consequences of unemployment, its negative impact on social values ​​and the vital interests of citizens. The forced inactivity of a significant mass of the working-age population and each person individually leads to the emergence of vital

depression, loss of qualifications and practical skills; moral standards decline and crime increases, self-respect is lost and people fall apart

families, social tension in society is growing, which is characterized by

also an increase in the number of suicides, mental and cardiovascular diseases. Ultimately, the moral and physical health of society is undermined.

History shows that economic instability and, as a consequence, massive long-term unemployment of the working population can lead to serious political and social changes in the state. Thus, Hitler’s rise to power was largely due to the conditions of high unemployment in Germany in the first half of the twentieth century.

Thus, we can conclude that unemployment problems are not solved in one step, but are in the nature of multilateral programs, which must be implemented to prevent and reduce the unemployment rate in Russia.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1. Agapova T.A., Seregina S.F. Macroeconomics: textbook. 9th ed., add. M.: Market DS, 2009. -413 p.
2. Varian H.R. Microeconomics. Intermediate level. Modern approach. M.:UNITY, 1997.
3. Galperin V.M., Ignatiev S.M., Morgunov V.I. Microeconomics. In 3 volumes. St. Petersburg: Omega-L, 2008.
4. Galperin V., Grebennikov P., Leussky A., Tarasevich L. Macroeconomics. - St. Petersburg: Omega-L, 2008.
5. Zhuravleva G.P. Economic theory. Microeconomics 1.2. -M.: Dashkov i k., 2009. 843 p.
6. History of economic teachings: Edited by Avtonomov V. Ananin O. Makasheva N. M.: INFRA-M, 2010.- 784 p.
7. History of economic doctrines: (modern stage). Under general ed. Khudokormova A.G. M.: And N FRA-M, 2009. 733 p.
8. Keynes J. M. Selected Works. /Trans. from English M., 1993.
9. Clark J.B. Distribution of wealth / Transl. from English - M.: Progress, 1992.
10. Kondratyev N.D. Problems of economic dynamics. M.: Economics, 1992-526 p.
11. Coase R. Firm, market, law. - M.: Delo, 1993.
12. Krasnikova E.V. Economy in transition. M.: Omega-L, 2005. -296 p.
13. Expert - http://www.expert.ru
14. Rosstat - http://www.gks.ru
15. World economy - http://www.ereport.ru
16. Economic portal- http://institutiones.com

Other similar works that may interest you.vshm>
10256.		Unemployment: essence, causes, types, indicators	8.15 KB
	Foreign economists of different schools and directions have long been trying to identify the causes of unemployment. In the West, the peak of the study of unemployment problems occurred during the Great Depression, which refuted the classical view of unemployment as a temporary phenomenon automatically eliminated by the market equilibrium mechanism. Foreign economists have never denied the existence of unemployment in general; moreover, they believe that a certain level of unemployment is vital due to the cyclical nature of the development of a market economy and call it natural or...
14564.		Unemployment: causes, types, level and consequences	22 KB
	Unemployment: causes, types, level and consequences Concept of causes and types of unemployment The main manifestations of macroeconomic instability are fluctuations in the level of real gross national product, employment of the economically active population and the general price level. To understand the essence of unemployment, it is necessary to define categories of the population. The presence of these individuals in the economy underestimates the official unemployment rate. There are the following main types of unemployment.
3056.		Unemployment and its types. Okun's Law	5.56 KB
	Unemployment is a socio-economic situation in which part of the active working population cannot find work that these people are capable of performing. Unemployment is caused by the excess of the number of people wanting to find work over the number of available jobs corresponding to the profile and qualifications of applicants for these places. L=EU The unemployment rate u is calculated as u = U L100 Types of unemployment: Frictional unemployment voluntary unemployment is temporary. Structural unemployment is caused by...
20260.		deviant behavior: essence, classification, causes	29.06 KB
	The essence of deviant behavior. Forms and classification of deviant behavior. Causes of deviant behavior. Conclusion List of used literature Introduction Since time immemorial, people have become aware of their inclusion in a certain group and their dependence on the attitudes and behavior of other people.
19263.		The essence and causes of economic risk	28.66 KB
	Classical economic risk is considered either as compensation for possible income as a result of a decision made, or as the receipt of losses (the occurrence of adverse consequences) due to the implementation of an unsuccessful decision. They understood economic risk only as possible damage due to economic action. Economists define risk as the mathematical expectation of loss.
16610.		Deformations in the Russian economy: essence, causes, manifestations, socio-economic consequences	39.92 KB
	Deformations are a stable deviation from a certain ideal or optimal state in the direction of suppressing the process of economic development its dynamics of using factors for increasing reproduction proportions. In his opinion, the criteria for assessing economic deformations can be deviations of actual reproduction indicators for the analyzed period from the indicators of: the previous period; arising from forecast calculations based on one or another theoretical model of the economy, including neoclassical; determined by government...
4116.		Necrosis: definition of the concept and its types. Reasons for the development of necrosis and its outcomes	7.24 KB
	Necrosis: definition of the concept and its types. Reasons for the development of necrosis and its outcomes. Apoptosis, essence and biological significance. General death, its stages and morphological signs. Necrosis is the death of cells in a living organism with the complete cessation of their function. Necrosis can occur under the influence of a super-strong, extreme irritant (and then necrosis develops immediately)
5144.		Emergency situations in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region (types, causes, examples)	27.84 KB
	Study background information about the city of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region and identify its geographical, climatic and economic features associated with the risk of emergency situations.
7794.		Essence, purposes and types of certification	184.62 KB
	The essence of the purpose and types of certification With a sharp increase in imports, the need arose to create a clear certification system. Objects of certification: products; services; Quality Management System; personnel, etc. Objects of mandatory certification in the GOST R system are defined by lists approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation On approval of the list of goods subject to mandatory certification and the list of works and services subject to mandatory certification dated August 13, 1997. The regulatory framework for confirming compliance with mandatory...
4646.		The essence and types of plastic cards	19.47 KB
	Companies and bank branches that accept the card form a network of card service points. To ensure identification of the owner, the following are used: logos of the issuing bank and the payment system servicing the card; cardholder's name and account number; card validity period; There may be a photograph of the holder and his signature and other data. Graphic data provides the ability to visually identify the card. Barcode cards are very cheap and, compared to other types of cards, relatively easy to...

One of the most acute and negative socio-economic phenomena is unemployment. A situation in which a significant part of the working-age population is looking for, but cannot find, work is fraught with a number of serious consequences. Politically and socially, this is a great stress for society, leading to increased discontent among the people. From an economic point of view, unemployment indicates ineffective and incomplete use of labor and production resources. But despite all this, it is impossible to completely get rid of unemployment; a certain natural level will always remain.

The concept of unemployment and economically active population

(unemployment) – the presence in the country of a part of the economically active population that is willing and able to work, but cannot find work.

Economically active population- residents of the country who have an independent source of livelihood, or wish and potentially can have it.

• employed (employees, entrepreneurs);
• unemployed.

A synonym for the concept of economically active population is the term - work force (labor power).

Unemployed- a person aged 10-72 years according to the ILO definition (in Russia aged 15-72 years according to the Rosstat methodology), who at the date of the study:

• didn't have a job;
• but looked for her;
• and was ready to start it.

Indicators of unemployment rate and duration

One of the most important indicators characterizing the phenomenon of unemployment is its level and duration.

Unemployment rate– the share of unemployed in the total economically active population of a certain age group.

where: u – unemployment rate;

U – number of unemployed;

L – number of economically active population.

An important concept is the natural level of unemployment, “natural” because even under the most favorable economic conditions there will be a small but certain percentage of the unemployed. These are people who can, but do not want to work (for example, they have profitable investments and live on interest, like rante).

Natural rate of unemployment– the level of unemployment while ensuring full employment of the labor force.

That is, this is the percentage of unemployed in a situation where everyone who wants to work can find a job. This can be achieved subject to the most rational and efficient use of labor.

Full employment of the economically active population presupposes the presence of only structural and frictional unemployment in the country. Therefore, the natural rate of unemployment can be calculated as their sum:

where: u * – natural rate of unemployment;

u friction – level of frictional unemployment;

u str. – level of structural unemployment;

U friction – the number of frictional unemployed;

U str. – number of structural unemployed;

L – size of the labor force (economically active population).

Duration of unemployment– the period during which a person is looking for and cannot find a job (that is, he is unemployed).

Frictional, structural, cyclical and other forms of unemployment

The following are the most important forms of unemployment :

1. Friction– unemployment caused by the employee’s voluntary search for a new, better place of work.

In this case, the employee deliberately quits his previous workplace and looks for another one, with working conditions that are more attractive to him.

2. Structural– unemployment caused by changes in the structure of demand for labor, resulting in a discrepancy between the requirements for applicants for available jobs and the qualifications of the unemployed.

The reasons for structural unemployment can be: the elimination of obsolete professions, changes in production technology, large-scale restructuring of the entire economic system of the state.

There are two types of structural unemployment:

• destructive- with negative consequences;
• stimulating- encouraging employees to improve their skills, retrain for more modern and in-demand professions, etc.

3. Cyclic– unemployment caused by a decline in production during the corresponding

In addition, there are other types of unemployment :

a) voluntary– caused by people’s reluctance to work, for example, when wages decrease.

Voluntary unemployment is especially high during the peak or boom phase of the economy. When the economy declines, its level decreases.

b) forced(expectation unemployment) - appears when people can and agree to work at a given wage level, but they cannot find work.

The reason for involuntary unemployment, for example, may be the inflexibility of the labor market in relation to wages (the struggle of trade unions for high wages, the establishment of a minimum wage by the state). Some workers are ready to work for a small salary, but the employer simply cannot accommodate them under such conditions. Therefore, he will hire fewer workers, more qualified and at a higher salary.

c) seasonal– unemployment is typical for some sectors of the economy, where the need for labor depends on the time of year (season).

For example, in the agricultural industry during sowing or harvesting.

d) technological– unemployment caused by mechanization and automation of production, as a result of which the productivity of ore increases sharply and fewer jobs with a higher level of qualification are required.

e) registered– unemployment, characterizing the unemployed economically active population officially registered in this capacity.

e) hidden– unemployment that actually exists, but is not officially recognized.

An example of hidden unemployment can be the presence of people who are formally employed, but are not actually working (during a recession, many production facilities are idle and the labor force is not fully employed). Or these could be people who want to work, but are not registered with the labor exchange.

g) marginal– unemployment of weakly protected social groups (women, youth, disabled people).

h) unstable– unemployment caused by temporary reasons.

For example, layoffs in seasonal sectors of the economy after the end of the “hot” season or people voluntarily changing their jobs.

i) institutional- unemployment provoked by the intervention of trade unions or the state in establishing the level of wages, which as a result becomes different from what could have been formed naturally.

Causes and consequences of unemployment

There are many factors that can initiate an increase in unemployment. The following main ones can be identified reasons for unemployment:

1. Structural improvements in the economy– the emergence and implementation of new technologies and equipment can lead to a reduction in jobs (machines “displace” humans).

2. Seasonal variations– temporary changes in the level of production and provision of services (and, accordingly, the number of jobs) in certain industries.

3. The cyclical nature of the economy– during a recession or crisis, the need for resources, including labor, decreases.

4. Demographic changes– in particular, the growth of the working-age population can lead to the fact that the demand for jobs will grow faster than their supply, which will lead to unemployment.

5. Remuneration policy– measures by the state, trade unions or company management to increase the minimum wage may cause an increase in production costs and a decrease in the need for labor.

The situation when the working-age population cannot find work is not harmless, and there may be serious consequences of unemployment:

1. Economic consequences:

• reduction in federal budget revenues - the higher unemployment, the lower tax revenues (in particular from);
• increased costs for society - society, represented by the state, bears the burden of supporting the unemployed: payment of benefits, financing of professional retraining of the unemployed, etc.;
• decreased standard of living – people who become unemployed and their families lose personal income and their quality of life decreases;
• lost output - as a result of underutilization of the labor force, there may be a lag in actual GDP from potential.

Okun's Law Show

Okun's Law (Okun's law) - named after the American economist Arthur Melvin Okun.

It says: an excess of the unemployment rate over the level of natural unemployment by 1% causes a decrease in real GDP relative to the level of potential GDP by 2.5% (derived for the USA in the 1960s; today the numerical values ​​may be different for other countries).

where: Y - actual GDP;

Y * - potential GDP,

u cycle. - level of cyclical unemployment;

β is the empirical sensitivity coefficient (usually assumed to be 2.5). Each economy (country), depending on the period, will have its own value of the coefficient β.

2. Non-economic consequences:

• worsening crime situation - more thefts, robberies, etc.;
• stress load on society - loss of a job, a major personal tragedy for a person, severe psychological stress;
• political and social unrest - mass unemployment can cause an acute social reaction (rallies, strikes, pogroms) and lead to violent political changes.

Galyautdinov R.R.

© Copying of material is permissible only if a direct hyperlink to