Analysis of bank non-cash payments. Analysis of the use of non-cash payment forms
In accordance with Regulation 2-P of October 3, 2002 “On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation,” the following forms of non-cash payments exist:
- - settlements by payment orders;
- - settlements under a letter of credit;
- - payments by checks;
- - settlements for collection;
- -as well as settlements in other forms provided for by law, banking rules established in accordance with it and business customs applied in banking practice.
The economic basis of non-cash payments is material production. As a result, the predominant part of the payment turnover (approximately three quarters) falls on settlements for commodity transactions, i.e. for payments for goods shipped, work performed, services rendered.
The rest of the payment turnover (approximately one quarter) is settlements for non-commodity transactions, that is, settlements of enterprises and organizations with the budget, state and social insurance bodies, credit institutions, governing bodies, courts, economic courts, and so on.
Based on the territorial location of enterprises and the banks that serve them, a distinction is made between non-resident and same-resident settlements. Settlements between enterprises and organizations serviced by one or different banking institutions located in the same locality are called single-city or local settlements. Settlements between enterprises and organizations serviced by banking institutions located in different localities are called nonresident.
The payment form is a set of interrelated elements, which include the payment method and the corresponding document flow.
Document flow is a system of registration, use and movement of settlement documents and funds, which includes: issuing an invoice by the shipper and transferring it to other participants in the settlements; contents of the payment document and its details; deadlines for drawing up a settlement document and the procedure for presenting it to the bank, as well as to other participants in the settlements; movement of payment documents between banking institutions; procedure and terms of payment of the settlement document, transfer and receipt of funds; the procedure for using the settlement document for mutual control of settlement participants and the implementation of economic impact measures.
Accordingly, when making non-cash payments in the forms provided for in this part of the Regulations, the following payment documents are used:
- -money orders;
- - letters of credit;
- - checks;
- - payment requirements;
- - collection orders.
Forms of non-cash payments are chosen by bank clients independently and are provided for in agreements concluded by them with their counterparties.
Forms of non-cash payments are used by clients of credit institutions (branches), institutions and divisions of the Bank of Russia settlement network, as well as by the banks themselves.
Banks do not interfere in the contractual relations of clients. Mutual claims regarding settlements between the payer and the recipient of funds, except those arising through the fault of banks, are resolved in the manner prescribed by law without the participation of banks.
In transition to a market economy, transfers became the most common form of payment. In accordance with the classification of the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, used in many countries, transfers are divided into debit and credit.
Credit transfers - in Russia mainly credit transfers are used (90% of payment turnover). The initiative to start them belongs to the payer (debtor), who gives an order to credit the account of the recipient (creditor). A payment order for debit debits is used as a payment instrument.
Debit transfers are payments, the initiation of which belongs to creditors (payees), who issue payment instruments confirming the debt of debtors (payers). These instruments include a bill of exchange, a check, a collection order for an indisputable (unaccepted) debit of funds.
Payment documents used in current payment forms are accepted by the bank for execution only if they comply with standardized requirements and, therefore, must contain the following data:
- -name of the payment document, day, month, year of its issue;
- -name of the payer, his bank account number, name and number of the payer’s bank;
- -the name of the recipient of the funds, the number of his bank account, the name and number of the bank of the recipient of the funds;
- - purpose of payment (not indicated on the receipt);
- - payment amount (in numbers and in words).
The first copy of the payment document must be signed by officials who have the right to manage the bank account and have a seal. Funds are debited from the payer's account only on the basis of the first copy of the payment document.
Payment documents (except checks) are issued, as a rule, using technical means in one step using a carbon copy. Checks are written by hand using ink or ballpoint pens.
Settlement documents are accepted by banks for execution during the bank's operating day (the operating day is set until 13:00). Documents accepted by the bank from clients during operating hours are posted to the balance sheet on the same day.
For untimely or incorrect debiting of funds from the owner’s account, as well as untimely or incorrect crediting by the bank of amounts due to the account owner, the latter has the right to require the bank to pay in its favor a fine in the amount of one-half percent of the amount untimely credited or improperly debited for each day delays.
Let's consider the features of settlements by payment orders.
A payment order is a written order from the account owner to the bank to transfer a certain amount of money from his account (settlement, current, budget, loan) to the account of another enterprise - the recipient of funds in the same or another same-city or non-resident bank institution.
The possibilities of application in the calculation of payment orders are varied. With their help, settlements are made on the farm, both for commodity and non-commodity transactions. In this case, all non-commodity payments are made exclusively by payment orders.
In payments for goods and services, payment orders are used in the following cases:
- - for goods received and services provided (that is, by direct acceptance of goods), subject to reference in the order to the number and date of the shipping document confirming receipt of goods or services by the payer; for payments in the order of advance payment and services (subject to reference in the order to the number of the agreement, agreement, contract that provides for advance payment);
- - to repay accounts payable on commodity transactions;
- - when paying for goods and services according to court and arbitration decisions;
- - on rent for premises;
- -payments to transport, utility, household enterprises for operational services and more.
In settlements for non-commodity transactions, payment orders are used for:
- -payments to the budget;
- - repayment of bank loans and interest on loans;
- -transfers of funds to state and social insurance authorities;
- -contributions to the authorized funds when establishing joint stock companies and partnerships;
- -purchase of shares, bonds, certificates of deposit, bank bills;
- -payment of penalties, fines, penalties.
The payment order is issued by the payer on a standard form containing all the necessary details for making the payment, and is submitted to the bank, as a rule, in four copies, each of which has its own specific purpose:
The first copy is used in the payer's bank to debit funds from the payer's account and remains in the documents for the bank;
The fourth copy is returned to the payer with the bank’s stamp as a receipt for acceptance of the payment order for execution;
The second and third copies of the payment order are sent to the payee's bank, while the second copy serves as the basis for crediting funds to the beneficiary's account and remains in the documents for this bank, and the third copy is attached to the beneficiary's account statement as the basis for confirming the bank transaction.
A payment order is accepted by the bank for execution only if there are sufficient funds in the payer's account. A bank loan can also be used to make a payment if the economic entity has the right to receive it. With constant and uniform supplies of goods and provision of services, buyers can pay suppliers with payment orders in the order of scheduled payments. In this case, settlements are made not for each individual shipment or service, but by periodically transferring funds from the buyer’s account to the supplier’s account at specific times and in a certain amount based on the plan for the supply of goods and services for the coming month or quarter. In this way, payments can be made between trading organizations and their suppliers (meat processing plants, bakeries, dairies), between peat enterprises and power plants, manufacturing enterprises for coal, gas, electricity, metal.
Let's consider the features of settlements under a letter of credit.
A letter of credit is a conditional monetary obligation of a bank, issued by it on behalf of a client in favor of its counterparty under an agreement under which the bank that opened the letter of credit (issuing bank) can make a payment to the supplier or authorize another bank to make such payments, subject to the provision of documents to them, provided for in the letter of credit, and subject to fulfillment of other conditions of the letter of credit.
Banks can open the following types of letters of credit:
- - covered (deposited) and uncovered (guaranteed);
- - revocable and irrevocable (can be confirmed).
When opening a covered (deposited) letter of credit, the issuing bank transfers, at the expense of the payer’s funds or the loan provided to him, the amount of the letter of credit (coverage) at the disposal of the executing bank for the entire validity period of the letter of credit. When opening an uncovered (guaranteed) letter of credit, the issuing bank grants the executing bank the right to write off funds from the correspondent account maintained by it within the amount of the letter of credit. The procedure for writing off funds from the correspondent account of the issuing bank under a guaranteed letter of credit is determined by agreement between the banks.
A revocable letter of credit is a letter of credit that can be amended or canceled by the issuing bank on the basis of a written order from the payer without prior agreement with the recipient of funds and without any obligations of the issuing bank to the recipient of funds after the letter of credit is revoked. An irrevocable letter of credit is one that can only be canceled with the consent of the recipient of the funds. At the request of the issuing bank, the nominated bank may confirm an irrevocable letter of credit (confirmed letter of credit). An irrevocable letter of credit confirmed by the nominated bank cannot be amended or canceled without the consent of the nominated bank. The procedure for providing confirmation under an irrevocable confirmed letter of credit is determined by agreement between the banks.
A letter of credit is intended for settlements with one recipient of funds. The terms of the letter of credit may provide for acceptance by a person authorized by the payer. The recipient of funds may refuse to use the letter of credit before its expiration, if the possibility of such refusal is provided for by the terms of the letter of credit. A notification is sent to the payer's bank about the closure of the letter of credit. The use of a letter of credit form of payment is provided for in the main agreement between the payer and the supplier, which, in particular, stipulates: the specific terms of payment under the letter of credit, its validity period, the type of letter of credit and the method of its execution. Name of the payer and supplier banks, list of documents against which payment is made.
A letter of credit can be intended for settlements with only one supplier. The validity period of a letter of credit is not regulated by banking rules. Payments by letter of credit are especially beneficial for the supplier. With this form of payment, payment is made at the location of the supplier. Unlike other forms of non-cash payments, a letter of credit guarantees payment to the supplier, either from the buyer's own funds or from the funds of his bank.
Let's look at the features of check settlements.
A check is a security containing an unconditional order from the drawer to the bank to pay the amount specified in it to the check holder. A check, like a payment order, is issued by the payer, but, unlike settlements by payment order, the check is transferred by the payer, bypassing the bank, directly to the payee at the time of the business transaction, who presents the check to the bank for payment. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the check must contain the following details:
- - the name “check” included in the text of the document;
- -instructing the payer to pay the drawer a certain amount of money;
- -name of the payer and indication of the account from which the payment should be made;
- -indication of the payment currency;
- -indication of the date and place of drawing up the check;
- -signature of the person writing the check.
Regulation “On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation” No. 2-P dated April 12, 2001 provides for the possibility of using checks issued by credit institutions in non-cash payments. The form of this check is determined by the credit institution independently, but the check must contain all the mandatory details established by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and may also contain all additional details determined by the specifics of banking activities. The circulation of checks from credit institutions is limited: they should not be used for settlements through divisions of the Bank of Russia settlement network, but can only be used in relations between banks and their clients, as well as in interbank settlements in the presence of direct correspondent relations with other banks.
The procedure and conditions for using checks from credit institutions are determined by internal bank rules, which, in particular, should provide for: the form of the check, a list of its details, a list of participants in settlements with these checks, the deadline for presenting checks for payment, and the terms of payment for checks.
In addition, banks provide for the issuance of limited check books to organizations. The issuance of limited check books is carried out by the bank on the basis of an application from the organization - the drawer and a payment order for depositing the limit on the amount of the book. When issuing the passbook, the bank debits the specified amount from the customer's account and deposits it in a separate account.
Checks from the checkbook are issued by the drawer at the time the payment amount is determined and handed over to the recipient of the money - the check holder, who presents the checks to the bank institution servicing him for payment.
The supplier's bank sends the presented checks to the buyer's bank; the latter debits the amounts from the account and transfers them to the supplier’s bank for crediting to his current account. The check indicates the name of the check holder, account number, name of the payer bank and its code, payment amount.
Checks are issued in one copy, signed by persons entitled to dispose of the bank account, sealed by the drawer and paid only in full amount.
The check is valid for ten days, not counting the date of issue. At the same time as the check, its counterfoil is filled out, which remains in the check drawer’s book. Check stubs are used to monitor the use of the checkbook limit and payment of checks.
When issuing the next check, the buyer (check drawer) transfers the balance of the limit from the counterfoil of the previous check into it and withdraws the rest of the limit.
Banks hand over checks to cash settlement centers (RCCs) if the payers are other banks. Banks write off funds from the drawer's account on the basis of checks received from the cash register center. The checks themselves remain in storage at the RCC.
Let's consider the features of collection settlements.
Collection settlements are a banking operation through which the bank (hereinafter referred to as the issuing bank), on behalf and at the expense of the client, on the basis of settlement documents, carries out actions to receive payment from the payer. To carry out collection settlements, the issuing bank has the right to attract another bank (hereinafter referred to as the executing bank). Payments for collection are carried out on the basis of payment requests, payment of which can be made by order of the payer (with acceptance) or without his order (in an unaccepted manner), and collection orders, payment of which is made without the order of the payer (in an indisputable manner).
A payment request is a settlement document containing a demand from the creditor (recipient of funds) under the main agreement to the debtor (payer) to pay a certain amount of money through the bank.
Payment requirements are applied in settlements for goods supplied, work performed, services rendered, as well as in other cases provided for by the main agreement.
Settlements through payment requests can be carried out with prior acceptance or without the payer’s acceptance.
Without the payer's acceptance, settlements with payment requests are carried out in the following cases:
- - established by law;
- - stipulated by the parties under the main agreement, subject to granting the bank servicing the payer the right to write off funds from the payer’s account without his order.
The payment request shall indicate:
- - payment terms;
- - date of acceptance;
- - date of sending (delivery) to the payer of the documents provided for in the contract if these documents were sent (handed) by him to the payer;
- -name of the goods (work performed, services provided), number and date of the contract, numbers of documents confirming the delivery of goods (performance of work, provision of services), date of delivery of the goods (performance of work, provision of services), method of delivery of goods and other details - in the field "Purpose of payment";
- - settlements with payment requests paid with the payer’s acceptance: in a payment request paid with the payer’s acceptance, in the “Term of payment” field, the recipient of the funds enters “with acceptance.” The period for accepting payment requests is determined by the parties to the main agreement. In this case, the period for acceptance must be at least five working days.
When registering a payment request, the creditor (recipient of funds) under the main agreement in the “Term for acceptance” field indicates the number of days established by the agreement for accepting the payment request. In the absence of such an indication, the period for acceptance is considered to be five working days.
Settlements with payment requests paid without the payers’ acceptance: in the payment request for the direct debiting of funds from payers’ accounts on the basis of legislation, in the “Terms of payment” field, the recipient of the funds enters “without acceptance”, and also makes a reference to the law (indicating its number, date adoption and the corresponding article), on the basis of which the recovery is carried out. In the “Purpose of payment” field, the collector, in established cases, indicates the readings of measuring instruments and current tariffs, or makes a record of calculations based on measuring instruments and current tariffs.
In the payment request for direct debit of funds based on the agreement, in the “Terms of payment” field, the recipient of the funds indicates “without acceptance”, as well as the date, number of the main agreement and its corresponding clause providing for the right to direct debit.
Direct debiting of funds from an account in cases provided for by the main agreement is carried out by the bank if there is a condition in the bank account agreement on direct debiting of funds or on the basis of an additional agreement to the bank account agreement containing the corresponding condition.
The payer is obliged to provide the servicing bank with information about the creditor (recipient of funds), who has the right to submit payment requests for debiting funds without acceptance, the name of the goods, works or services for which payments will be made, as well as about the main agreement (date, number and the corresponding clause providing for the right of direct debit).
The absence of a condition on direct debiting of funds in a bank account agreement or an additional agreement to a bank account agreement, as well as the absence of information about the creditor (recipient of funds) and other above information is grounds for the bank to refuse to pay a payment request without acceptance. This payment request is paid in accordance with the preliminary acceptance procedure with a period for acceptance of five working days.
A collection order is a settlement document on the basis of which funds are written off from payers' accounts in an indisputable manner.
Collection orders are applied:
- - in cases where an indisputable procedure for the collection of funds is established by law, including for the collection of funds by bodies performing control functions;
- -for collection under enforcement documents;
- - in cases provided for by the parties to the main agreement, subject to the provision of the bank servicing the payer with the right to write off funds from the payer’s account without his order.
When collecting funds on the basis of enforcement documents, the collection order must contain a reference to the date and number of the enforcement document, as well as the name of the body that made the decision subject to enforcement.
In this case, the creditor's bank accepts collection orders accompanied by the original of the writ of execution or a duplicate thereof. At the same time, the bank does not accept a collection order for execution if an executive document with an expired statute of limitations is attached to it.
Enforcement documents for the collection of periodic payments remain in force for the entire time for which the payments are awarded.
If there are no or insufficient funds in the debtor's account, the bank places the collection order with the attached writ of execution in the file cabinet number two and executes it as funds arrive in the account in the order established by law.
Responsibility for the legality of issuing a collection order and the correctness of indicating the basis for an indisputable collection lies with the recipient of funds. Banks do not consider the merits of payers’ objections to the debiting of funds from their accounts in an indisputable manner.
Let us consider the features of the bill of exchange form of payment.
The bill of exchange form of payment is a settlement between the supplier and the payer for goods or services with a deferred payment (commercial loan) on the basis of a special bill of exchange document.
A bill of exchange is an unconditional written promissory note of a form strictly established by law, giving its owner (the drawer of the bill) the indisputable right, upon maturity, to demand from the debtor payment of the amount indicated in the bill of exchange.
A promissory note (solo bill) is a written document containing a simple and unconditional obligation of the drawer (debtor) to pay a certain amount of money at a certain time and in a certain place to the recipient of funds or his order. A promissory note is issued by the payer himself, and in essence it is his promissory note
A bill of exchange (draft) is a written document containing an unconditional order from the drawer (creditor) to the payer to pay the amount of money specified in the bill to a third party or to his order.
Unlike a simple bill of exchange, not two, but at least three persons are involved in a bill of exchange: the drawer (drawer), issuing the bill; the payer (drawee), to whom the order is made to make payment on the bill; bill holder (remitee) - recipient of payment on a bill.
A bill of exchange must be accepted by the payer (drawee), and only after that it acquires the force of an executive document. The acceptor of a bill of exchange, like the drawer of a promissory note, is the main debtor of the bill and is responsible for paying the bill on time. Acceptance is noted on the left side of the front side of the bill and is expressed with the words “accepted, accepted, I will pay” and with the obligatory signature of the payer.
A bill of exchange is a strictly formal document. It contains a list of required details. The absence of at least one of them deprives the bill of legal force.
Mandatory bill details include:
- -bill mark, that is, the designation of a document with the word “bill”, expressed in the same language in which the document is written;
- -place and time of drawing up the bill of exchange (day, month and year of drawing up);
- - a promise to pay a certain amount of money;
- -indication of the monetary amount in figures and words (corrections are not allowed);
- -payment term;
- -place of payment;
- - the name of the person to whom or by order of whom the payment should be made;
- -signature of the drawer (presented by him in his own handwritten form).
Operations for collection of bills by banks are beneficial both for clients and for the bank itself. Thus, the client is freed from the need to monitor the deadlines for presenting bills for payment, and the process of receiving payment becomes faster, cheaper, and more reliable for him. For the bank, this is one of the sources of profit.
In addition, in the process of performing cash transactions, significant funds are concentrated in the correspondent account of a commercial bank, which it can put into circulation.
In modern domestic banking practice, a bank bill is also used. A bank bill is a unilateral, unconditional obligation of the issuing bank of the bill to pay the person designated in it or his order a certain amount of money within a specified period.
Bank bills can be acquired by legal entities and individuals, primarily for the purpose of generating income. Unlike certificates, a bank bill can be used by its owner not only as a means of storage, but also as a means of purchase and payment.
The holder of a bill of exchange can pay with it for goods and services, transferring the bill of exchange by endorsement to a new bill holder, to whom, by law, all rights under the bill of exchange are transferred. At the same time, endorsement of a bank bill, as a rule, provides for the free transfer of rights under the bill between legal entities and individuals.
Thus, having the legal force of a bank's urgent obligation with all the ensuing rights, a bank bill is an elastic, flexible instrument for making payments and servicing part of the payment turnover of the economy.
Non-cash payments in the Russian Federation are carried out through the payment system of the Bank of Russia, intrabank payment systems for settlements between divisions of one credit organization, payment systems of credit organizations for settlements on correspondent accounts opened in other credit organizations, payment systems of settlement non-bank credit organizations, as well as through systems settlements between clients of one division of a credit institution (branch).
The Bank of Russia occupies a special place in the Russian payment system. The Bank of Russia, being the operator of its own payment system, coordinates and regulates settlement relations in Russia, monitors the activities of private payment systems, defining the main provisions of their functioning, establishes rules, forms, terms and standards for non-cash payments. In addition, the Bank of Russia is developing a procedure for compiling and presenting statistical reports characterizing the Russian payment system in order to increase its transparency, as well as monitor the activities of credit institutions in the settlement services market.
To carry out settlements through the payment system of the Bank of Russia, each credit organization must open a correspondent account with an institution of the Bank of Russia. A credit institution has the right to open a correspondent sub-account at a Bank of Russia institution for its branch, with the exception of branches serviced in the same division of the Bank of Russia settlement network with the parent credit institution or another branch of the credit institution. In this case, settlement transactions are carried out through the correspondent account of the parent credit organization or the correspondent sub-account of another branch of the credit organization, opened with the Bank of Russia. Credit organizations and their branches that have correspondent accounts (sub-accounts) opened with the Bank of Russia are clients of the Bank of Russia. Multi-branch credit organizations open special inter-branch settlement accounts to carry out settlements between branches. Interbank settlements between credit institutions are carried out through correspondent accounts opened with each other. In settlement non-bank credit organizations, settlement participants are both credit organizations and legal entities that are not credit organizations. For clients - legal entities and individuals - to make non-cash payments, accounts are opened in credit institutions, and in some cases established by law, legal entities are opened accounts in institutions of the Bank of Russia.
As of January 1, 2011, participants in the Bank of Russia payment system included 632 Bank of Russia institutions, 1,108 credit institutions and 2,395 branches of credit institutions.
In addition, there were 20,541 clients who were not credit institutions receiving settlement services. Compared to 01/01/2011, their number decreased by 30.0%. The reduction in the number of these clients occurs as a result of the implementation of the requirements of Article 215.1 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation and is due to the transfer to the Federal Treasury of cash services for the execution of the federal budget of the Russian Federation, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the budgets of municipalities.
In 2008, the number of payments made through the payment system of the Bank of Russia increased by 12.7% compared to 2010 and amounted to 940.1 million payments, and the volume of payments increased by 15.8% - to 516.3 trillion. rubles
In the total number and volume of payments made through the payment system of the Bank of Russia in 2011, the share of payments from credit institutions (branches) amounted to 83.7% in quantity and 84.9% in volume of payments, the share of payments from clients who are not credit institutions - - 16.1 and 10.1%, the share of the Bank of Russia's own payments - 0.2 and 5.0%, respectively.
In 2011, 47.2% of the total number and 71.7% of the total volume of interbank payments in the Russian Federation were carried out through the payment system of the Bank of Russia.
The above indicators indicate the importance of the Bank of Russia payment system for ensuring the functioning of the country's banking system and the demand for the services of a reliably functioning Bank of Russia payment system as a system of interbank money transfers with the lowest financial risks and high quality payment services.
The Bank of Russia is taking measures to reduce the time required for settlement transactions. In 2011, the average time for completing settlement transactions for all applied technologies at the intraregional level was 0.62 days, and at the interregional level - 0.97 days. Reducing the average time for completing settlement transactions is achieved mainly through their use. The payment system of Russia is developing dynamically and generally meets the needs of legal entities and individuals for settlement services.
The volume of non-cash payments made through the Russian payment system in the currency of the Russian Federation amounted to 516.3 trillion in 2011. rubles, increasing over the year by 15.8 percent.
Credit transfers (payment order).
In Russian practice, credit transfers correspond to the most common forms of non-cash payments. In 2010, clients of credit institutions (individuals and legal entities that are not credit institutions) and credit institutions for their own payments issued more than 1.7 billion orders3 for credit transfers in Russian rubles and foreign currency in the amount of about 654.3 trillion . rubles The average payment amount was 384.9 thousand rubles. Credit transfers accounted for 95.4% of the total volume and 80.0% of the total number of payment orders received by credit institutions.
Bank cards are the most dynamically developing payment instrument. In 2010, 355.0 million non-cash payments were made in Russia and abroad using bank cards. Thus, out of 100 non-cash payment transactions of credit institutions’ clients and credit institutions’ own payments, 16 payments were payments using bank cards. Nevertheless, in the total amount of payments from clients of credit institutions and the credit institutions’ own payments, non-cash payments using bank cards made up an insignificant part. In 2010, with their help, payment transactions amounting to 657.0 billion rubles were carried out, which amounted to 0.1% of the total amount of non-cash payments. The average non-cash payment using bank cards was 1.9 thousand rubles. Despite the insignificance of non-cash payment volumes, bank cards are the most dynamically developing payment instrument. Just a few years ago, the increase in the number and volume of transactions using bank cards was mainly due to an increase in their number. In recent years, there has been a tendency towards more intensive use of cards as a tool for non-cash payments.
Development of electronic technologies and reduction of average terms of settlement transactions
This is largely due to the dynamic development of the infrastructure for accepting cards for payment and innovations in the field of payment technologies associated with the expansion of the range of banking services using cards (payment for services through ATMs, mobile phones, card-to-card transfers, social projects, etc.). P.).
The dynamics of growth of non-cash payments is formed under the influence of the favorable macroeconomic situation in the country and is due to the ongoing stabilization of the economic situation, growth in production volumes, increase in revenues to budgets of all levels and volumes of financing from budget funds.
The main payment instrument in the structure of non-cash payments is payment orders: in 2010, their share in the total number and volume of payments amounted to 74.3% and 86.7 percent, respectively.
The predominance of this form of payment is explained by the possibility of its use in settlements for business transactions and non-commodity transactions, as well as when making payments electronically, which makes it possible to minimize the time required to complete settlements.
Payment instruments such as payment requests and collection orders are not so widely used in non-cash payments: 1.6% and 0.5% of the total number and volume of payments. Settlements by checks issued by credit institutions amounted to 0.2% in quantity and 0.1% in volume in 2010. Payments using letters of credit are used insignificantly.
Topic 16. Analysis of the use of non-cash payment forms.
Legal regulation of non-cash payments by the Bank of Russia. The economic essence of non-cash payments. The meaning and tasks of non-cash forms of payment. Characteristics of payment forms: payment orders, payment requests, collection payments, collection orders, letters of credit. Characteristics of types of non-cash payments. Payment documents, the procedure for filling them out, submitting, recalling and returning them.
Features of payment forms for two to three years. Prospects for the development of non-cash forms of payment.
Outline the procedure for filling out a payment order, payment request, collection order and letter of credit.
Topic 17. Organization, registration and accounting of non-cash payments in banks.
Applications: diagrams, graphs, diagrams of the development of non-cash forms of payment. Payment order, payment request, collection order, letter of credit.
Legal regulation of non-cash payments.
Enclosures: personal account statement with attached payment documents, acceptance statement, letter of credit.
Topic 18. Organization, registration and accounting of bank operations with non-cash foreign currency.
Types of currency exchange transactions, basic rules for their implementation in accordance with legislative and regulatory acts. Bank commission for conducting foreign exchange transactions. Cross course. Signs of authenticity and solvency of banknotes of foreign countries.
State regulation of foreign currency purchase and sale transactions.
Types of special accounts for residents and non-residents. Preparation of accounting entries for the purchase and sale of non-cash foreign currency.
Topic 19. Organization, registration and accounting of transactions using Internet technologies in banks. "homebanking".
Outline the procedure for filling out an application for the purchase and sale of non-cash foreign currency, an incoming cash order and an outgoing cash order.
Applications: applications for the purchase and sale of non-cash foreign currency, incoming cash order, outgoing cash order.
The importance of interbank electronic fund transfers in trade organizations using the latest electronic technology. Use of electronic communication networks in the banking sector. Development of electronic delivery channels and related electronic payment systems (EFTS - ElectronicFundsTransferSystems). Methods for making electronic payments: home and corporate banking (homebanking, PC-banking), through connection to the bank's operating system via telephone lines (client-bank systems).
In modern conditions, money is an integral attribute of economic life. Therefore, all transactions related to the supply of material assets and the provision of services are completed in cash settlements. The latter can take both cash and non-cash forms. Organization of cash payments using non-cash money is much preferable to cash payments, since significant savings are achieved on distribution costs. The widespread use of non-cash payments is facilitated by an extensive network of banks, as well as the state’s interest in their development, both for reasons of savings and for the purpose of studying and regulating macroeconomic processes.
Non-cash payments are cash payments made through entries in bank accounts, when money is debited from the payer's account and credited to the recipient's account. Non-cash payments in the economy are organized according to a certain system, which is understood as a set of principles for organizing non-cash payments, the requirements for their organization, determined by specific business conditions, as well as forms and methods of payments and related document flow.
The system of non-cash payments that existed in our country from the 30s until 1993 was adapted to the cost-based management mechanism and corresponded to administrative-command methods of economic management.
The development of market relations in the economy required a change in the foundations of the non-cash payment system, including the principles of their organization.
Changes are also taking place in the functioning of banks: the independence and role of banks is increasing; ways to increase the efficiency of banking services are being sought, an optimal delineation of areas of activity and functions, specialized financial, credit and banking institutions is being sought, new banking legislation is constantly being developed in accordance with the tasks of the current stage of development.
In connection with these facts, the topic I chose for my thesis, “Organization of non-cash payments in a commercial bank using the example of JSCB Lefko Bank,” seems very relevant, especially in the current market conditions.
The object of study of this thesis is JSCB “Lefko-Bank”. The subject is non-cash payments carried out at JSCB Lefko Bank.
Study the theoretical aspect of organizing non-cash payments in commercial banks of the Russian Federation;
Analyze the organization of non-cash payments at JSCB “Lefko-Bank”;
Conduct an analysis of the client base at JSCB “Lefko-Bank”;
Identify positive and negative parameters in the bank’s work in organizing non-cash payments;
The paper describes the implementation of non-cash payments using the example of JSCB Lefko Bank. The thesis consists of three main chapters. The first chapter is devoted to general issues of organizing non-cash payments. The second chapter of the thesis contains an analysis of the activities of JSCB “Lefko-Bank” in organizing non-cash payments. It provides an assessment of the effectiveness of non-cash payments at the site under study. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of the bank's performance were subject to economic analysis. During the analysis, various research methods were used, namely, mathematical methods, comparison method, grouping method (structural and analytical). The third chapter highlights the problems and shortcomings of non-cash payments, and also provides a number of measures to improve the payment and settlement system, which can improve the efficiency and quality of work of a commercial bank in this direction.
When writing the thesis, various literature was used in the form of periodicals in the banking field, regulations, both general and regulating banking activities, in particular, non-cash payments of commercial banks. In addition, the internal regulations of JSCB Lefko Bank, developed on the basis of Russian legislation, were used.
It should be noted that the problem of organizing non-cash payments by commercial banks is quite well covered in the press, when reading this literature. All of the above aspects were taken into account when writing the thesis.
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL BASICS OF ORGANIZATION OF NON-CASH PAYMENTS AND THEIR ECONOMIC CONTENT
1.1. The essence and forms of non-cash payments used in world practice
The organization of payments in a particular country is largely determined by established traditions, business customs and banking customs in the use of various elements of the payment system on the basis of their constant and uniform application. Thus, in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, preference is given to debit transfers, in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, Japan - to credit transfers. Due to the massive nature of settlement transactions, the conditions of many of them are unified.
Non-cash payments are payments made without the use of cash, through the transfer of funds to accounts in credit institutions and offsets of mutual claims. Non-cash payments are of great economic importance in accelerating the turnover of funds, reducing the cash required for circulation, and reducing distribution costs. In Germany, France, Italy and other countries, settlements have become widespread - a type of non-cash payments, first through special banks, and then through commercial banks and savings banks. The essence of these calculations is the transfer of funds to special accounts based on instructions - orders, i.e. written instructions on the transfer of funds from the payer's account to the recipient's account.
With the development and improvement of automation of banking operations since the mid-70s, developed countries began to use a system of electronic payments used for credit and payment transactions and monitoring the status of bank accounts through the transmission of electronic signals, without the participation of paper media. They help accelerate money turnover, improve credit and banking services to customers, and reduce costs associated with payment transactions.
Payments using electronic devices and modern means of communication are carried out through computers in banks or automatic clearing houses (APCs). The automatic payment system operates under the London Clearing House, whose members are six clearing banks. The United States operates the interbank payment system of the New York clearinghouses and 32 ARPs of the Federal Reserve System.
For the modern movement of funds from the sender of a money transfer to the recipient in wholesale payment transactions, wire transfers are used.
A letter of credit is one of the most important intermediary operations performed by commercial banks in Western countries.
The check form of payments is also of some interest, although check payments are not widely used in national currency when concluding transactions and contracts, but in international payments there is a significant use of checks.
Internet-based e-commerce has taken off in the United States and Europe. Banks saw great commercial potential on the Internet and an opportunity to take their business to a whole new level.
Advanced foreign experience in the development of Internet banks helped Russian banks apply it in practice, taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian banking system.
Already at the moment, Russian banks have actively introduced Internet services, in the total volume of which the main share is occupied by settlement services. This includes account management via the Internet, a system of remote client servers for payment card holders, the “Thick Client” subsystem, designed for accelerated preparation and transfer of payment documents to the bank, and more.
Among domestic banks, Internet technologies are being developed by GUTA-Bank, Bin-Bank, NOMAS Bank and others.
At the same time, there are a number of difficulties that hinder the mass introduction and development of Internet banking in Russian practice. This is due to legislative aspects, as well as the protection of confidential banking information.
In market conditions, issues of clear organization of monetary settlements become particularly relevant, since the monetary stage of capital circulation plays a huge role in the activities of economic entities.
The transition from an administrative-command system of economic management to market relations necessitated the creation of a new payment system based on a two-tier banking system. It required the division and isolation of the monetary capital of various economic entities and the formation of independent commercial banks.
Qualitative changes in the organizational forms of cash settlements occurred due to an increase in the economic activity of all market entities and an expansion in the number and volume of transactions. A huge number of new commercial structures have emerged, which has affected the sharp increase in document flow associated with servicing the payment system as a whole. The restructuring of the payment system required a change in the principles of organizing non-cash payments and the use of new forms and methods of making payments.
The importance of a clearly organized system of non-cash payments increases many times over in the context of the need to overcome a serious crisis of non-payments, when a huge mutual debt and delayed payments at any one link affect the most important indicators of their production and commercial activities.
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Cashless payments
To ensure smooth settlements, the following basic principles for organizing non-cash payments must be observed:
All organizations are required to keep their funds in bank accounts. Only small amounts of cash are allowed to be left at the cash desks within the established limits;
The overwhelming majority of non-cash payments should be made through banks;
The demand for payment must be made either before or after the goods are shipped to avoid delays in payments. However, under conditions of a payment crisis, most suppliers demand prepayment - preliminary receipt of money before releasing the goods;
Payments are made from clients' bank accounts only with their consent. This important condition prevents the bank from disposing of funds belonging to organizations that have opened accounts with this bank;
There are several forms of payment and types of payments that businesses can choose at their discretion.
Compliance with these five principles allows the use of non-cash payments as an important tool for the development of a market economy.
While payments are made non-cash, funds are deposited in banks and become credit resources.
Non-cash payments help reduce circulation costs in the form of additional costs for printing, storage, transportation, and recalculation of a huge number of banknotes that would be required for cash payments. At the same time, non-cash payments with the smooth functioning of banks make it possible to better regulate payment turnover and, ultimately, speed up the turnover of working capital and making payments.
It should be noted that money that is the personal property of citizens and stored in the form of savings in bank accounts can also participate in non-cash circulation. Non-cash payments for household expenses can be made from deposit accounts. In these cases, replacing cash with non-cash payments also reduces distribution costs.
Non-cash payments necessarily involve two (or more) economic entities and a bank. Without an account opened in a bank, it is impossible to carry out giro turnover on bank accounts. Servicing payment turnover by banks consists of reflecting the corresponding amounts in the asset or liability of these accounts. Each economic entity keeps its funds in banks. Current legislation provides that banks accept and store clients’ funds in accounts and carry out settlement, credit, cash and other banking operations on their instructions.
Legal entities and citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities have the right to open accounts in any bank at the place of their registration or in a bank outside the place of their registration with the consent of this bank. Legal entities are required to keep available funds in banks. An unjustified refusal of a bank, whose charter provides for the implementation of relevant banking operations, to accept the client’s funds for storage and open an account can be appealed by the client in court.
A bank account agreement is concluded between the bank and the client , under which the bank undertakes to store funds in the client’s account, credit amounts received to this account, carry out the client’s orders to transfer and withdraw money from the account and carry out other banking operations provided for for this type of account by legislation, banking rules and agreement.
To open an account, an application, a registration certificate, and a card certified by a notary with samples of signatures and seals are submitted to the bank. Records on accounts opened in a bank (or reflection of transactions in the electronic memory of a machine) are a reflection of the monetary turnover of an economic entity.
The bank can use the funds available in the client’s account, guaranteeing their availability when claims are made on the account. The client has the right to dispose of these funds and receive income (interest) on them. The bank does not have the right to determine and control the direction of use of the client’s funds and to establish other restrictions on his rights not provided for by law or agreement. Without the client's order, debiting funds on the account is permitted only by decision of a court or arbitration court, unless otherwise provided by law.
The bank guarantees the secrecy of client accounts. The provision by the bank of information on the status of accounts and on transactions on them without the consent of the client is not allowed, except in cases provided for by law.
The bank account agreement is terminated at the request of the client and on other grounds provided for by law. Lack of transactions on the bank account does not entail termination of the agreement.
In banking accounting, the receipt of money into the client's account is reflected on the credit side of the account, and the balance at the moment represents the credit balance. Spending funds from the account is reflected as a debit turnover. As a rule, balances on clients' current accounts should be in credit. The mechanism for organizing non-cash payments should not be carried out so automatically that in any case it replenishes the client’s missing resources. Non-cash turnover and lending by banks should be organized in such a way that non-cash funds that are excessive for circulation are not issued, which can, under certain conditions, become factors in the growth of inflation. This means that credit or accounts payable of all types should not reimburse them for those funds that are lost due to losses and mismanagement, violation of the principles of commercial activity. If a company is not performing well and does not have enough funds in its bank account, then it naturally does not have the ability to pay its debts on time. In this case, the bank can issue a loan only if a number of conditions are met (under a guarantee, in the absence of long-overdue loans, etc.). In addition to settlement accounts, current accounts can also be opened in banks. (usually for branches, representative offices, divisions and other own divisions of enterprises, as well as branches and representative offices of a cooperative). Along with the specified bank accounts, economic entities can open a deposit account for storing funds for a certain time, foreign currency account for transactions with foreign currency.
1.2. Forms of non-cash payments operating on the territory of the Russian Federation
Non-cash payments in the Russian Federation are regulated by the following regulatory documents: Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Regulations of the Central Bank of October 3, 2002. No. 2 - P “On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation”, Regulations of the Central Bank of April 1, 2003. No. 222 – P “On the procedure for making non-cash payments with individuals in the Russian Federation.”
Transaction participants have the right to choose one form of non-cash payments, taking into account specific transactions. The entire settlement system is built in such a way as to create favorable conditions for making payments and accelerating the circulation of funds. Delays in settlements deprive suppliers of sales revenue and make it difficult to fulfill production and financial tasks. When payments are delayed, buyers develop accounts payable and the most important principles of financial organization are violated.
In modern conditions, the following forms of calculations are used:
Payment orders;
Letters of credit;
By collection;
And others that do not contradict the law.
Settlements by payment orders. Payment order - this is a document that represents an order from an organization to its servicing bank to transfer a certain amount from its account. Orders are valid for ten days, not counting the day of issue.
The bank accepts payment orders from the payer for execution only if there is money in his current account. If there are no funds for payment, and the bank does not consider it possible to issue a loan to the company, then the documents are returned.
Payments by checks. A settlement check is used for payments for goods and services provided and is paid from funds deposited, i.e. specially set aside in a separate checking account. Checks can also be paid from the check drawer's current account, but not higher than the amount guaranteed by the bank (agreed with the check drawer when issuing checks). In this case, the bank can guarantee payment in the event of a temporary lack of funds through the allocated loan. The amount of bank guarantees within which checks can be paid is accounted for in a special off-balance sheet account.
To obtain a checkbook, a business must submit an application in one or two copies, if payment is guaranteed by the bank. The application is signed by persons who have the right to manage funds from the current account. The application indicates the account number from which checks will be paid. When pre-deposited checks are issued, this amount remains in the checking account. In order to ensure payments on checks with funds deposited, along with the application for the issuance of a check, the applicant must submit a payment order to transfer funds from the checking account to the checking account.
Before issuing a check to the client, the bank is obliged to fill out all the details of the check, so that in the future both the recipient and the bank have all the necessary data to correctly process the cash payment. The completed check is handed over by the payer to the organization providing the service or transferring the goods. The supplier transfers the received completed checks to his bank to collect money from the payer. Upon receipt of the check, the bank credits the amount of the check to the recipient's bank account. The documents are then sent to the payer's bank to document the funds from the checking account.
When making payments by checks, limited check books can be used, upon issuance of which the bank deposits money in advance in a separate account. On the cover of such a book the limit is indicated, i.e. limit on the amount for which checks can be written. When making payments by checks from limited check books, money should be credited to the recipient only after the funds withdrawn from the drawer's account arrive. A client who has been paid with a check from a limited checkbook presents it to his commercial bank, and it sends the check by mail to the payer's bank. There, based on this document, money is withdrawn and transferred to the payee’s bank.
You should pay attention to invalid checks that are presented when there are no funds in the drawer's account and the bank does not guarantee their payment in advance. A check is also considered invalid if the amounts guaranteed by the bank are exceeded or if it is issued after the date of sending the notice of refusal to guarantee payments.
Payments using letters of credit. Letter of credit - This is the bank’s obligation arising on the client’s instructions to make a payment to the supplier on the basis of the documents provided confirming the fulfillment of the terms of the contract. With this form of payment, payment is made not at the bank serving the buyer, but at the location of the supplier. To make a payment, the buyer contacts the bank with a statement containing a request to set aside funds from his account for payment. Consequently, with a letter of credit, funds for payment for purchased goods are prepared in advance and are usually deposited in a letter of credit account. The bank that opened the letter of credit (issuing bank), on behalf of the payer-buyer, transfers funds to the supplier’s bank. Money will be credited to the supplier's account only if all conditions stipulated in the letter of credit are met. The letter of credit is executed directly by the bank servicing the supplier - the recipient of the money.
In modern practice, the following types of letters of credit are used:
Covered (escrowed) or uncovered (guaranteed);
Revocable and irrevocable.
With a deposited letter of credit, the issuing bank transfers the payer's own funds or the loan issued to him at the disposal of the supplier bank (executing bank). Uncovered , but at the same time, a guaranteed letter of credit can be used if two banks serving paying clients have correspondent accounts with each other. Then the letter of credit can be opened with the executing bank by granting this bank the right to write off the entire amount of the letter of credit from the account of the issuing bank maintained by it.
Reviewable A letter of credit is now rarely used in settlements, since its terms can be changed or it can be canceled by the issuing bank without prior agreement with the supplier. The payer can give all orders to change the terms of a revocable letter of credit to the supplier only through the issuing bank, which notifies the executing bank, and the latter - the supplier. However, the nominated bank is obligated to pay for documents corresponding to the terms of the letter of credit issued by the supplier and accepted by the supplier's bank before receiving notification of the amendment or cancellation of the letter of credit.
Irrevocable letters of credit are used quite often; they provide a firm commitment of the bank to make payments under the letter of credit if all its conditions are met. An irrevocable letter of credit cannot be amended or canceled without the consent of the supplier in whose favor it is opened. The supplier may early refuse to use the letter of credit if this is provided for in the conditions under which it was provided.
When making payments within the country, a letter of credit is intended only for settlements with one supplier; its validity period is determined in the agreement between the payer and the supplier. The letter of credit agreement usually indicates: the name of the issuing bank; type of letter of credit; method of notifying the supplier about the opening of a letter of credit; a complete list of documents provided by the supplier to receive funds; deadlines for providing documents for payment after shipment of goods.
The issuing bank opens uncovered (guaranteed) letters of credit by agreement with the buyer in accordance with the established correspondent relationship with another bank servicing the supplier. To open a letter of credit, the payer must submit to his bank (issuing bank) an application on a prescribed form containing a list of data that allows him to verify the completeness of the agreement between the supplier and the payer.
To receive money, the supplier provides the bank with documents (account registers, etc.) confirming the fulfillment of all the conditions of the letter of credit application. In cases where the terms provide for acceptance, those. preliminary consent of the authorized buyer, the presence of an acceptance signature is checked. Registers of invoices without indicating the numbers of transport documents and the type of transport on which the cargo was sent are not accepted for payment.
Registers of accounts payable at the supplier's bank are submitted in three copies, of which one is used as a memorial order when making accounting entries, the other is given to the supplier as a receipt, and the third with the bank's mark is sent to the issuing bank for delivery to the payer. A letter of credit opened with the supplier's bank is closed upon expiration of the term, which is notified by the issuing bank. If claims arise against the supplier, they are considered by the participants in the settlement transaction without the intervention of the bank. The advantage of this form of payment is that there is no delay in payment for products and services, the money is prepared in advance and the recipient of the funds is confident that he can immediately receive the money due to him, even on the day of shipment.
However, there are some peculiarities in settlements with uncovered letters of credit. The fact is that in the executing bank, payment for products to the supplier is made not at the expense of funds reserved in advance, but only if correspondent relations have been established between the executing bank and the issuing bank.
Settlements for collection. In the practice of cash settlements, collection orders are used. Collection - this is an order to the bank to collect money from the payer. Such orders are usually used for forced collection of funds. Collectors submit a collection order to the bank with reference to the date and number of the writ of execution or an equivalent document.
Instructions based on arbitration orders, court decisions or writs of execution issued by notaries are presented with the corresponding original writs of execution or their duplicates. The enforcement documents must contain: the full and exact name of the claimant and the payer, the amount of the amount to be recovered, the name of the payer’s account from which the amount is to be written off.
Collection orders with the attachment of executive documents, as well as orders on the list of funds from the accounts of same-town payers, are submitted by the collector for collection directly to the bank where the payer's account is maintained, and for non-resident payers - to the bank servicing the collector.
When collecting under enforcement documents in favor of individual citizens, the bank in which the payer’s account is located accepts the enforcement documents only through a bailiff attached to the court in whose area of activity the bank is located.
The order in which funds are written off from the account. If there are funds on the account, the amount of which is sufficient to satisfy all the requirements presented to the account, these funds are written off from the account in the order in which the client’s orders and other documents for write-off are received (calendar priority), unless otherwise provided by law.
If there are insufficient funds in the account to satisfy all demands placed on it, funds are written off in the following order:
First of all, write-offs are carried out according to executive documents providing for the transfer or issuance of funds from the account to satisfy claims for compensation for harm caused to life and health, as well as claims for the collection of alimony;
Secondly, write-offs are made according to executive documents providing for the transfer or issuance of funds for settlements for the payment of severance pay and wages with persons working under an employment contract, including under a contract, for the payment of remuneration under an author's agreement;
In the third place, write-offs are made on payment documents providing for payments to the budget and extra-budgetary funds;
In the fourth place, write-offs are made according to executive documents providing for the satisfaction of other monetary claims;
- fifthly, write-offs are made for other payment documents in calendar order.
Debiting funds from the account for claims related to one queue is carried out in the calendar order of receipt of documents.
The development of electronic technology has made it possible to widely use non-cash payments in the form of plastic cards containing encrypted information that allows their owners to make payments and receive cash.
Plastic card - This is a plastic plate with an applied magnetic stripe or a built-in microcircuit that provides the key to a special card account at a bank. With paper technology, the seller uses a special terminal to read information from the card and carry out authorization (via a special line contacts the processing center, which stores detailed information about the account status) and finds out whether it is possible to pay for the purchase. Detailed information about the purchase is recorded on the slip (imprint from the card) and sent to the payment system center or bank. The signature on the slip means an order to transfer money for the purchase from a special card account to the seller’s account. In an electronic system, the cardholder communicates directly with the issuer through a terminal. Instead of signing the account, he enters a secret combination of numbers from the keyboard, which, if entered correctly, authorizes the debit of his bank account. According to their economic content, credit and debit cards are distinguished. Credit are associated with opening a line of credit at a bank, which allows the owner to use credit when purchasing goods and when receiving cash loans. Debit cards are intended for receiving cash from ATMs or purchasing goods with payment through electronic terminals. The money is debited from the cardholder's bank account.
Bank credit cards. Intended for the purchase of goods using a bank loan, as well as for receiving advances in cash. The main feature of this card is the opening of a credit line by the bank, which is used automatically whenever a product is purchased or a cash loan is taken out. The credit line is valid within the limit established by the bank. In some systems, a bank credit card can be used for preferential payment for certain types of services (for example, telephone calls), as well as for receiving money from ATMs.
There are different types of individual and corporate cards. Individual are issued to individual bank clients and can be “standard” or “gold”, which are intended for individuals with high creditworthiness and provide many benefits for users. Corporate the card is issued to an organization (company), which, on the basis of this card, can issue individual cards to selected individuals (managers or simply valuable employees). They open personal accounts linked to the corporate card account. The organization, and not the individual owners of corporate cards, is responsible to the bank for a corporate account.
Tourism and entertainment cards are issued by companies specializing in servicing this area (for example, American Express and Dinner Club). Cards are accepted by hundreds of thousands of trade organizations and service enterprises around the world to pay for goods and services, and also provide owners with various benefits for booking airline tickets, hotel rooms, receiving discounts on the price of goods, life insurance, etc. In these systems there are also individual and corporate cards.
Private credit cards for trade and service enterprises. The use of these cards is limited to a certain closed network of trade establishments, for example, a chain of department stores or a system of gas stations of a certain company. The loan is provided by the company itself, and it also receives interest on the loans. Bank private cards have become widespread, with the help of which you can make purchases in certain stores at a discount, but the issue of cards, the issuance of credit for purchases and settlements for payment of trade bills is carried out by the bank that is a party to the agreement.
Cards for purchase through terminals at retail outlets. Cards of this type also belong to the category of debit cards. They are tied to the cardholder's checking or savings account and do not automatically provide credit. The card performs the functions of a bank check, but its use is more reliable, since the owner is identified at the time of the transaction and the money is transferred to the merchant’s bank account immediately.
Cards for ATMs. This is a type of debit card that allows the owner of a bank account to receive cash up to the account balance through automatic devices installed in banks, shopping malls, train stations, etc. If you have a card, you can receive money at any time of the day and on holidays. In addition, the owner is freed from the need to visit his bank branch and can use machines located in shopping centers, train stations, etc.
Another classification of plastic cards is related to their technological features. The most common types of cards are those with a magnetic stripe and those with a built-in microcircuit.
Cardboards with magnetic stripe have a magnetic stripe on the back, where the data necessary to identify the cardholder’s identity when used in ATMs and electronic terminals of retail institutions is recorded. When the card is inserted into the appropriate reader, the owner's individual data is transmitted over communication networks to obtain authorization for the transaction.
The magnetic stripe on the cards has several tracks to record the necessary information in encoded form. One of the tracks contains a personal identification number (PIN code), which is entered by the cardholder using a special keyboard when using ATMs and terminals. The dialed numbers are compared with the PIN code written on the strip.
In cards with a built-in microcircuit, the information keeper is a microcircuit that is recorded in advance and can then be updated at the time of the transaction. This expands the functionality of the card and increases its reliability.
Based on the information recorded in the chip, a card transaction can be carried out offline, i.e. without direct connection with the central processor of the banking computer system at the time of the transaction.
In Russia, debit cards are most widespread. Moreover, cards of both international systems (Visa, Eurocard-Mastercard, American Express, Dinner Club) and domestic cards - Sbercard, Unioncard are used.
1.3. Interbank settlements: essence, forms
The basis of non-cash payments is interbank settlements. Until the mid-90s, they were built on the basis of a system of interbranch turnover (MFO).
Payments were made through the MFO system mainly by Central Bank institutions that had their own MFO account. By indicating this number on each payment document, the establishment of the bank contributed to the rapid execution of settlements. MFOs had to be carried out in such a way as to ensure the safety of funds, prevent errors, unauthorized access to the movement of documents, and prevent money from being sent to the wrong address. Therefore, in the MFO system, each initial operation was duplicated by a response one.
A bank institution starting an MFO sent an instruction to another institution to credit and describe the funds. This order is called an advice note. Credit memos differ (when money is transferred) and debit (when money is written off). At the bank institution that received the advice note, a reciprocal turnover was made, confirming that the received advice note was accepted for execution.
With the creation of commercial banks, it became necessary to supplement interbank settlements with another element - settlements on correspondent accounts (correspondent accounts), opened to each commercial bank in the Central Bank of Russia. The local central bank is represented by central operational departments (COU), branches and cash settlement centers (RCCs), in which correspondent accounts are opened for commercial banks. To receive money from buyers for goods sold, organizations must indicate the correspondent account number of their bank in payment documents. Central Bank institutions for a commercial bank are like a commercial bank for an entrepreneur. The money available to a commercial bank is deposited in a correspondent account at Central Bank institutions.
The bank can carry out mutual offsets through the institutions of the Central Bank with other banks, usually only within the limits of the available balance of available funds. Some banks, lacking such funds, are unable to timely transfer money on behalf of their clients. Until 1994, banks could use for settlements loans issued by the Central Bank to cover the debit balance on the correspondent account (overdraft).
To ensure this order, the following mode of payment for bank documents from its correspondent accounts has been established. Payments from a commercial bank correspondent account, including transfers of funds to the required reserve fund, are made within the limits of the balance in this account at the beginning of the operating day. If it is technically possible for the Central Bank to record amounts received in favor of a commercial bank during the current business day, then operations on a commercial bank correspondent account can be carried out taking into account these amounts. The procedure for making payments from a commercial bank correspondent account within the balance of funds on it applies to correspondent sub-accounts of branches of all commercial banks.
Commercial banks also have the right to open correspondent accounts in other commercial banks and can carry out both their own transactions and the transactions of clients through them.
Non-cash payments through the Bank of Russia network.
The current system of interbank settlements (it is provided for by the Regulations on the organization of interbank settlements on the territory of the Russian Federation dated July 9, 1992 with some subsequent clarifications) is based on making payments through correspondent accounts (correspondent accounts) of commercial banks, opened mainly in institutions of the Central Bank of Russia - settlement -cash centers (RCCs). Essentially, these are branches of the Bank of Russia, which are intermediaries in payments and loans between commercial banks.
The main function of the RCC is to carry out settlements between institutions of different banks with the necessary maintenance of correspondent accounts. At the same time, RCCs are also engaged in issuing and cash transactions, as well as many other operations: lending to commercial banks, cash execution of budgets of various government bodies, financing of government capital investments through budget allocations, transactions with securities and non-trading transactions in foreign currency.
Most of the operations of the RCC are related to servicing clients of commercial banks.
Clients are advised to submit settlement documents to the bank on the eve of the payment due date. If the payment due date is not indicated on the document, then the payment due date is considered to be the date of acceptance of the document from the client. Payment documents are drawn up in accordance with established requirements with the obligatory indication of taxpayer identification numbers, as well as bank identification codes.
After debiting funds from customer accounts, the bank generates settlement documents by payment priority groups, and within the group - by payment terms. To submit documents to the RCC for each priority group and payment term, the bank draws up a separate consolidated payment order, to which are attached two copies of clients’ settlement documents and a list of settlement documents.
The main principle of making payments on correspondent accounts of commercial banks is to make them strictly in the presence and within the limits of the balance of funds in these accounts. If there are insufficient funds in a bank account to make payments, the Central Bank can pay claims against that bank account using its loan (overdraft), but at a high interest rate. This principle of organizing interbank settlements is aimed at activating the deposit policy of commercial banks, rationally reimbursing them of resources while maintaining the proper level of liquidity. This organization of interbank settlements presupposes the high responsibility of each commercial bank for the uninterrupted settlement of settlements with other correspondent banks of the Central Bank. Mediation in payments between banks allows you to control and regulate money circulation in the country.
In modern conditions, settlements by domestic banks using correspondent accounts opened in other banks are practiced quite often.
In this case, correspondent accounts of banks and their institutions are maintained not in the PFC of the main territorial departments of the Bank of Russia, but in other banks and their institutions. The procedure for opening and operating mode of a correspondent account of one bank (institution) in another bank (institution) is determined by agreement between the banks themselves.
Correspondent relationship agreements, in particular, provide for:
The range of organizations to which funds are credited from the correspondent sub-account;
The range of organizations that will transfer their payments to the correspondent sub-account;
The range of organizations that will receive funds from the correspondent account;
The circle of organizations in the bank institution where the correspondent account is opened that will credit funds to it;
The range of transactions performed on the correspondent account and correspondent sub-account;
Documents by which transactions must be made on these types of accounts;
Conditions of payment;
Control functions of correspondent bank institutions;
The procedure for exchanging information about completed transactions on the correspondent account and correspondent sub-account;
Other issues are at the discretion of the parties - banking institutions.
The advantages of settlements through interbank correspondent accounts are as follows:
Firstly, this is in the interests of clients who have stable contractual relationships with clients of other banks. From the very beginning, correspondent relationships are established specifically to provide services to clients.
Secondly, and in close connection with the first, calculations are significantly accelerated, since they are carried out directly, without intermediate links - RCC. The efficiency of settlements is facilitated by the use of electronic payment systems or telex communications in relations between correspondents.
Thirdly, with broad correspondent relationships, conditions for clearing appear. Conducting clearing between correspondent banks allows you to minimize the balances of funds in correspondent accounts, which means freeing up some of them for settlements and using them to generate income.
Fourthly, opportunities for active work in the market and the use of a whole range of financial instruments are expanding. On the one hand, a large bank can attract significant funds as correspondent account balances and use them for various operations. A large correspondent network allows a large bank to develop bill circulation. On the other hand, client banks can, having balances on correspondent accounts as collateral, receive loans for operations carried out by the main bank.
Clearing settlements. Clearing - making payments by offsetting payment obligations and bank claims.
A clearing institution is a non-bank credit organization that, on the basis of a special license from the Bank of Russia, carries out:
Exchange of payment documents between participating banks
calculation of the net positions of the participating banks (the final balance of the participating bank - formed as a result of the exchange of claims and obligations of the participating banks).
The net position is understood as the final balance of the participating bank resulting from the exchange of claims and obligations of the participating banks. Reception and transmission of payment documents can be carried out by a clearing institution in electronic form in accordance with current legislation and an agreement with participating banks that defines the procedures for using an electronic digital signature.
Depending on the scope of application, clearing can be: local between banks of a particular region, or between banks of a certain banking group, and (or) between branches of one bank; national - within the entire country.
In turn, the specificity of these types of interbank clearing is manifested in the methods of their implementation. Based on the last criterion, clearings can be distinguished: through central bank institutions and the largest commercial banks; through special interbank organizations - settlement (clearing) chambers; through the clearing department (settlement center) of the head bank - for settlements between its branches.
The basics of interbank clearing are as follows.
The basis for its implementation is the correspondent accounts of banks, which can be opened with each other or in a special clearing center. The number of participating banks determines the efficiency of clearing: the greater the volume of transactions, the more complete the settlement of mutual claims.
Russia has adopted two basic clearing models. According to the first model, clearing is carried out without preliminary deposit of funds in the accounts of participants in a clearing institution. According to the second, clearing is carried out with the preliminary deposit of funds in the accounts of settlement participants in a clearing institution. The clearing institutions discussed above are developing from a gross system of making payments between banks to, in fact, clearing. Further improvement consists of creating a so-called “bank of banks” on the basis of each clearing center.
The latter, as evidenced by world practice, is a historically higher degree of development compared to clearing houses, since it is a high-tech and flexible banking structure to which other banks delegate some payment powers. By combining closely interconnected information, dealing and settlement segments in its operating environment, it frees banks from large financial costs for the development of some of the latest banking technologies, access to which occurs through the “bank of banks”. The features of a “bank of banks” are already clearly evident in the activities of the Central Clearing House and the Interbank Financial House. Considering the complexity, scale, and capital intensity of this work, the leading role in improving the Russian payment system belongs to the Bank of Russia.
CHAPTER 2. EXPERIENCE OF JSCB "LEFKO-BANK" IN ORGANIZING NON-CASH PAYMENTS
2.1. General characteristics of JSCB "Lefko-Bank"
Joint-Stock Commercial Bank "Lefko-Bank" (open joint-stock company) is a credit organization created in the form of a closed joint-stock company based on the decision of the constituent meeting adopted in Moscow on July 21, 1991.
By the decision of the General Meeting of Shareholders adopted in Moscow on October 15, 1993, the organizational and legal form was changed to an open joint-stock company.
The bank under study is part of the banking system of the Russian Federation and in its activities is guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation, regulatory documents of the Bank of Russia, as well as the Charter of JSCB Lefko Bank. The bank is a legal entity and owns separate property, which is accounted for on its independent balance sheet.
Bank shareholders can be legal entities and individuals. The bank is also liable for its obligations with all its property, and can, on its own behalf, acquire and exercise property and non-property rights, bear responsibilities, and be a plaintiff and defendant in court. Shareholders of Lefko Bank are not liable for the bank's obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with its activities, within the limits of the value of the shares they own. The Bank is not liable for the obligations of the state and its bodies. The State is also not liable for the bank’s obligations, except in cases where the State itself has assumed such obligations.
The Bank has the right to participate independently or jointly with other legal entities and individuals in other commercial and non-profit organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation; and beyond, in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation and the relevant foreign state.
The Bank, in accordance with the established procedure, may open branches and representative offices and vest them with rights within the framework of the statutory provisions of the Bank without vesting them with the rights of a legal entity. Branches and representative offices operate on the basis of regulations approved by the Bank. The Bank provides branches and representative offices with property, which is recorded on their separate balance sheets, as well as on the Bank’s balance sheet.
The heads of branches and representative offices are appointed by the bank and act on the basis of powers of attorney issued by the bank. Branches and representative offices carry out their activities on behalf of the Bank. The bank is responsible for the activities of branches and representative offices.
Also, the bank under study is created without a limitation on the period of activity and operates on the basis of a license from the Bank of Russia.
The bank's activities are independent from government and management bodies when making decisions. It ensures the accounting and safety of documents on the bank's personnel, and promptly transfers them to state storage in the Federal Archive in the event of reorganization or liquidation.
The Bank’s Charter also discusses banking operations that it can carry out in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
To carry out settlement and cash transactions, the bank opens a correspondent account in a division of the settlement network of the Bank of Russia.
Lefko-Bank can carry out the following banking operations in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation:
Attracting funds from individuals and legal entities into deposits (on demand and for a certain period);
Placement of funds raised on your own behalf and at your own expense;
Opening and maintaining bank accounts for individuals and legal entities;
Carrying out settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;
Collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash services for individuals and legal entities;
Purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms;
Attraction of deposits and placement of precious metals;
Issuance of bank guarantees;
Making money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts (except for postal transfers).
In addition to the listed banking operations, the bank has the right to carry out the following transactions:
Issuance of guarantees for third parties, providing for the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form;
Acquiring the right to demand from third parties the fulfillment of obligations in monetary form;
Trust management of funds and other property under agreements with individuals and legal entities;
Carrying out transactions with precious metals and precious stones in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
And the bank also has the right to carry out other transactions in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. All banking operations and other transactions are carried out in rubles, and, if there is an appropriate license from the Bank of Russia, in foreign currency. The rules for carrying out banking operations, including the rules for their material and technical support, are established by the Bank of Russia in accordance with federal laws. A credit institution is prohibited from engaging in production, trade and insurance activities.
The structure of the bank under study may have:
security service, which is assigned the following functions:
Protecting the life and health of employees;
Security of the Bank's property, including during its transportation;
Protection of bank secrecy;
Other functions in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
motor transport division.
These divisions are registered in the prescribed manner and operate on the basis of appropriate licenses, their own charters (regulations) and in strict accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
The authorized capital of the studied Lefko-Bank is formed in the amount of 500,000,000 (five hundred million) rubles and is divided into 5,000,000 (five million) ordinary registered shares with a par value of 100 (one hundred) rubles each.
The authorized capital consists of the par value of shares acquired by shareholders. The authorized capital determines the minimum amount of bank property that guarantees the interests of its creditors.
The following cannot be used in the bank to form the authorized capital:
Raised funds; securities, intangible assets;
Funds of the Federal budget and state extra-budgetary funds, available funds and other property,
Under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies, except for cases provided for by federal laws.
The size of the authorized capital can be increased by increasing the par value of shares or placing additional shares. The decision to increase the authorized capital of the bank by increasing the par value of shares and to make appropriate changes and additions to the Charter is made by the General meeting of shareholders. The decision to increase the authorized capital is made by the General Meeting of Shareholders by a three-quarters majority vote of shareholders - owners of voting shares of the bank participating in the General Meeting of Shareholders. The decision to increase the bank's authorized capital by placing shares within the limits of the number and category (type) of authorized shares, as well as to introduce appropriate changes and additions to the bank's Charter, is made by the Board of Directors. Such a decision must be made unanimously by all members of the Board of Directors.
The authorized capital is increased by placing additional shares only within the limits of the number of authorized shares. In the decision to increase the authorized capital by placing additional shares, the number of additional ordinary shares and preferred shares of each type to be placed must be determined within the number of authorized shares of this category (type), the method of placement, the placement price of additional shares placed by subscription, or the procedure for it determinations, including the placement price or the procedure for determining the price of placement of additional shares to shareholders who have the pre-emptive right to purchase the shares being placed, the form of payment for additional shares placed by subscription, and other terms of placement may also be determined.
An increase in the authorized capital is allowed after it has been fully paid.
It is not allowed to increase the authorized capital of a bank to compensate for losses incurred by it.
The size of the bank's authorized capital may be reduced by reducing the par value of shares or reducing their total number, including by purchasing part of the shares, in cases provided for by the Federal Law “On Joint-Stock Companies”.
Reducing the authorized capital of a company by acquiring and redeeming part of the shares is permitted.
The Bank does not have the right to reduce its authorized capital if, as a result of such a reduction, its size becomes less than the minimum amount of authorized capital determined in accordance with the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies” on the date of submission of documents for state registration of the relevant changes in the company’s charter, and in cases if, in accordance with the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies,” the company is obliged to reduce its authorized capital, - on the date of state registration of the company.
JSCB "Lefko-Bank" has the following branches:
Kaluga branch of the Joint Stock Commercial Bank "Lefko-Bank" (open joint-stock company) (abbreviated name - KF JSCB "Lefko-Bank" (OJSC)), located at the address: 248600, Kaluga, st. Gagarina, house 4; registration number 1605/2.
Chelyabinsk branch of the Joint Stock Commercial Bank "Lefko-Bank" (open joint-stock company) (abbreviated name - Private Branch JSCB "Lefko-Bank" (OJSC)), located at the address: 454000, Chelyabinsk, st. K. Marksa, house 68; registration number 1605/6.
Yaroslavl branch of the Joint-Stock Commercial Bank "Lefko-Bank" (open joint-stock company) (abbreviated name - JF JSCB "Lefko-Bank" (OJSC)), located at the address: 150030, Yaroslavl, Moskovsky Avenue, building 117; registration number 1605/8.
A branch is not a legal entity. The branch is a separate division of JSCB Lefko-Bank (OJSC). The branch was created by decision of the General Meeting shareholders of the Bank (Minutes No. 30 dated February 20, 1995).
The activities of the Branch are carried out in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, regulations of the Bank of Russia, internal regulations of Lefko-Bank and the branch, as well as the Regulations on the branch (Appendix 1).
In order to carry out settlement and cash transactions, the bank opens a correspondent sub-account for the branch in the divisions of the settlement network of the Bank of Russia and corresponding accounts in commercial banks.
The branch guarantees confidentiality about transactions, accounts and deposits of clients and correspondents of the bank, as well as other information constituting a commercial secret.
Branch employees, in accordance with current legislation and internal regulations of the bank, are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of information obtained in the course of performing their official duties. And the bank bears responsibility for the obligations of the Branch arising in the course of its activities.
The main objectives of the branch are:
Representation and protection of the interests of the Bank;
Effective profitable operation of the Branch;
Provide high-quality and timely service to Bank clients;
Increasing the Bank's financial resources through the development of its client base.
2.2. Bank settlements carried out by JSCB "Lefko-Bank"
In accordance with the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”, the Joint-Stock Commercial Bank “Lefko-Bank” (open joint-stock company) was issued LICENSE No. 1605 to carry out banking operations.
The Bank is granted the right to carry out the following operations with funds in rubles and foreign currency:
Attracting funds from individuals into deposits (on demand and for a certain period);
Placement of funds attracted to deposits (on demand and for a certain period) of individuals on their own behalf and at their own expense;
Opening and maintaining bank accounts for individuals and legal entities;
Carrying out settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities on their bank accounts.
Based on the license issued to the bank, the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Banks and Banking Activities”, Regulations of the Central Bank of October 3, 2002. No. 2 – P “On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation”, Regulations of the Central Bank of April 1, 2003. No. 222 – P “On the procedure for making non-cash payments with individuals in the Russian Federation”, the bank can carry out the following payments:
Settlements by payment orders. A payment order is an order from the account owner (payer) to the bank servicing him, documented as a settlement document, to transfer a certain amount of money to the recipient's account opened in this or another bank. The payment order is executed by the bank within the period provided for by law, or within a shorter period established by the bank account agreement or determined by business customs applied in banking practice.
Payment orders can be made:
Transfers of funds for goods supplied, work performed, services rendered;
Transfers of funds to budgets of all levels and to extra-budgetary funds;
Transfers of funds for the purpose of returning/placing credits (loans)/deposits and paying interest on them;
Transfers of funds for other purposes provided for by law or agreement.
In accordance with the terms of the main agreement, payment orders can be used for advance payment of goods, work, services or for making periodic payments.
The payment order is drawn up on form 0401060 (Appendix 2).
Payment orders are accepted by the bank regardless of the availability of funds in the payer's account.
After checking the correctness of filling out and processing payment orders on all copies (except the last one) of payment orders accepted for execution in the field "Received in the payment bank." The responsible executive of the bank enters the date of receipt of the payment order by the bank. The last copy of the payment order, in which the bank's stamp, the date of acceptance and the signature of the responsible executor are affixed in the "Bank Marks" field, is returned to the payer as confirmation of acceptance of the payment order for execution.
If there are no or insufficient funds in the payer's account, and also if the bank account agreement does not specify the terms of payment for settlement documents in excess of the funds available in the account, payment orders are placed in a file cabinet in off-balance sheet account N 90902 "Settlement documents not paid on time." In this case, on the front side in the upper right corner of all copies of the payment order, a mark in any form is placed on the placement in the card index indicating the date. Payment of payment orders is made as funds are received in the order established by law.
Partial payment of payment orders from the card index in off-balance sheet account N 90902 “Settlement documents not paid on time” is allowed.
In case of partial payment of a payment order, the bank uses payment order form 0401066. The procedure for its production and filling out corresponds to the general procedure for producing and filling out payment document forms.
When issuing a payment order for partial payment, the bank’s stamp, date, and the signature of the bank’s responsible executive are affixed to all copies in the “Bank Marks” field. The first copy of the payment order for partial payment is also certified by the signature of the bank’s supervisory employee.
On the front side of a partially paid payment order, a “Partial payment” note is made in the upper right corner. The entry on the partial payment (the serial number of the partial payment, the number and date of the payment order, the amount of the partial payment, the amount of the balance, signature) is made by the responsible executive of the bank on the reverse side of the payment order.
When making a partial payment under a payment order, the first copy of the payment order by which the payment was made is placed in the bank's daily documents, the last copy of the payment order serves as an attachment to the extract from the payer's personal account.
When making the last partial payment under a payment order, the first copy of the payment order by which this payment was made, together with the first copy of the paid payment order, is placed in the documents of the day. The remaining copies of the payment order are issued to the client simultaneously with the last copy of the payment order attached to the personal account statement.
When paying a payment order on all copies of the payment document in the field "Written off from the account." the date of debiting the funds from the payer's account is entered (in case of partial payment - the date of the last payment), the bank's stamp and the signature of the responsible executor are affixed in the "Bank Marks" field.
The bank is obliged to inform the payer, upon his request, about the execution of the payment order no later than the next business day after the payer contacts the bank, unless a different period is provided for in the bank account agreement. The procedure for informing the payer is determined by the bank account agreement.
Calculations of payment requirements. A payment request is a settlement document containing a demand from the creditor (recipient of funds) under the main agreement to the debtor (payer) to pay a certain amount of money through the bank.
Payment requirements are applied in settlements for goods supplied, work performed, services rendered, as well as in other cases provided for by the main agreement.
Settlements through payment requests can be carried out with prior acceptance or without the payer’s acceptance.
Without the payer's acceptance, settlements with payment requests are carried out in the following cases:
Established by law;
Provided by the parties to the main agreement, subject to the provision of the bank servicing the payer with the right to write off funds from the payer’s account without his order.
The payment request is drawn up on form 0401061 (Appendix 3).
In addition to the details, the payment request shall indicate:
Payment terms;
Deadline for acceptance;
The date of sending (handing over) to the payer the documents provided for in the contract if these documents were sent (handing over) to the payer;
Name of the goods (work performed, services rendered), number and date of the contract, numbers of documents confirming the delivery of the goods (performance of work, provision of services), date of delivery of the goods (performance of work, provision of services), method of delivery of the goods and other details - in the field " Purpose of payment".
Settlements by payment requests, paid with the acceptance of payers. In a payment request paid with the payer’s acceptance, the recipient of the funds enters “with acceptance” in the “Terms of payment” field.
The period for accepting payment requests is determined by the parties to the main agreement. In this case, the period for acceptance must be at least five working days.
When registering a payment request, the creditor (recipient of funds) under the main agreement in the “Term for acceptance” field indicates the number of days established by the agreement for accepting the payment request. In the absence of such an indication, the period for acceptance is considered to be five working days.
On all copies of payment requests accepted by the executing bank, the responsible executor of the bank in the field “Expiration of acceptance period” enters the date upon which the period for acceptance of the payment request expires. When calculating the date, working days are taken into account. The day the bank receives the payment request is not included in the calculation of the specified date.
The last copy of the payment request is used to notify the payer of the receipt of the payment request. The specified copy of the payment document is transferred to the payer for acceptance no later than the next business day from the date of receipt of the payment request by the bank. The transfer of payment requests to the payer is carried out by the executing bank in the manner prescribed by the bank account agreement.
Payment requests are placed by the executing bank in the file cabinet of settlement documents awaiting acceptance for payment until the payer's acceptance is received, the acceptance is refused (full or partial), or the acceptance period expires.
The payer, within the period established for acceptance, submits to the bank the corresponding document on the acceptance of the payment request or refusal in whole or in part from its acceptance on the grounds provided for in the main agreement, including in the event of a discrepancy between the applied payment form and the concluded agreement, with a mandatory reference to clause, number, date of the contract and indicating the reasons for refusal.
The payer may grant the executing bank in the bank account agreement the right to pay payment claims submitted to his account by any creditors (recipients of funds) specified by the payer, if the payer does not receive a document on acceptance or refusal to accept (full or partial) the payment claim within the period specified established for acceptance.
Acceptance of a payment request or refusal of acceptance (full or partial) is formalized by an application for acceptance, refusal of acceptance in Form N 0401004.
When accepting payment requests, the application is drawn up in two copies, the first of which is drawn up with the signatures of officials who have the right to sign settlement documents and the payer's seal.
In case of complete or partial refusal of acceptance, the application is drawn up in triplicate. The first and second copies of the application are drawn up with the signatures of officials who have the right to sign settlement documents and the payer’s seal.
The responsible executive of the bank servicing the payer's account checks the correctness and completeness of the client's application for acceptance, refusal of acceptance, the presence of grounds for refusal, references to the number, date, clause of the contract in which this basis is provided, as well as the correspondence of the number and date of the contract with those indicated in the payment request and affixes his signature and the bank’s stamp indicating the date on all copies of the application. The last copy of the application for acceptance or refusal of acceptance is returned to the payer as a receipt for receipt of the application.
An accepted payment request, no later than the business day following the day the application was received, is written off by a memorial order from the off-balance sheet account for recording the amounts of settlement documents awaiting acceptance for payment, and is paid from the payer’s account. A copy of the application, together with the first copy of the payment request, is placed in the documents of the day as a basis for debiting funds from the client’s account.
If acceptance is completely refused, the payment request is written off by a memorial order from the off-balance sheet account for the amounts of settlement documents awaiting acceptance for payment, and no later than the business day following the day the application was received, it must be returned to the issuing bank along with a copy of the application for return to the recipient of the funds.
A copy of the application, together with a copy of the payment request and a memorial order, is placed in the documents of the day as a basis for writing off the amount of the payment request from the off-balance sheet account for recording the amounts of settlement documents awaiting acceptance for payment, and returning the settlement document without payment.
In case of partial refusal of acceptance, the payment request, no later than the business day following the day of acceptance of the application, is written off in full by a memorial order from the off-balance sheet account for recording the amounts of settlement documents awaiting acceptance for payment, and is paid in the amount accepted by the payer. In this case, the amount of the payment request, indicated by numbers, is circled and the new amount to be paid is displayed next to it. The entry made is certified by the signature of the responsible executive of the bank.
One copy of the application, together with the first copy of the payment request, is placed in the documents of the day as a basis for debiting funds from the client’s account, another copy of the application, no later than the business day following the day the application is received, is sent to the issuing bank for transfer to the recipient of the funds.
If an application for acceptance or refusal of acceptance is not received within the established period, as well as if there is no provision in the bank account agreement, the payment request on the next business day after the expiration of the acceptance period is written off by a memorial order from the off-balance sheet account for recording the amounts of settlement documents awaiting acceptance for payment, and is returned to the issuing bank in the order indicating on the reverse side of the first copy of the payment request the reason for the return: “Consent to acceptance was not received.”
All disagreements arising between the payer and the recipient of funds are resolved in the manner prescribed by law.
Settlements with payment requests paid without the payers' acceptance. In a payment request for the direct debiting of funds from payers’ accounts on the basis of legislation, in the “Terms of payment” field, the recipient of funds enters “without acceptance”, and also makes a reference to the law (indicating its number, date of adoption and the corresponding article), on the basis of which collection is carried out. In the “Purpose of payment” field, the collector, in established cases, indicates the readings of measuring instruments and current tariffs, or makes a record of calculations based on measuring instruments and current tariffs.
In the payment request for direct debit of funds based on the agreement, in the “Terms of payment” field, the recipient of the funds indicates “without acceptance”, as well as the date, number of the main agreement and its corresponding clause providing for the right to direct debit.
Direct debiting of funds from an account in cases provided for in the main agreement is carried out by the bank if there is a condition in the bank account agreement on direct debiting of funds or on the basis of an additional agreement to the bank account agreement containing the corresponding condition. The payer is obliged to provide the servicing bank with information about the creditor (recipient of funds), who has the right to submit payment requests for debiting funds without acceptance, the name of the goods, works or services for which payments will be made, as well as about the main agreement (date, number and the corresponding clause providing for the right of direct debit).
The absence of a condition on direct debiting of funds in a bank account agreement or an additional agreement to a bank account agreement, as well as the absence of information about the creditor (recipient of funds) and other above information is grounds for the bank to refuse to pay a payment request without acceptance. This payment request is paid in accordance with the preliminary acceptance procedure with a period for acceptance of five working days.
When accepting payment requests for direct debiting of funds, the executive officer of the executing bank is obliged to check the presence of a reference to the legislative act (main agreement) giving the recipient of funds the right to the specified settlement procedure, its date, number, corresponding item, as well as, in established cases, the presence of measurement readings devices and current tariffs or records of calculations based on measuring instruments and current tariffs.
In the absence of an indication “without acceptance,” payment requests are subject to payment by the payer in the manner of preliminary acceptance with a period for acceptance of five working days.
Banks do not consider the merits of payers' objections to debiting funds from their accounts without acceptance.
Settlements by collection orders. A collection order is a settlement document on the basis of which funds are written off from payers' accounts in an indisputable manner.
Collection orders are applied:
In cases where an indisputable procedure for the collection of funds is established by law, including for the collection of funds by bodies performing control functions;
For collection under enforcement documents;
In cases provided for by the parties to the main agreement, subject to the provision of the bank servicing the payer with the right to write off funds from the payer’s account without his order.
The collection order is drawn up on form 0401071 (Appendix 4). When collecting funds from accounts in an indisputable manner in cases established by law, a reference to the law must be made in the collection order in the “Purpose of payment” field (indicating its number, date of adoption and the corresponding article).
When collecting funds on the basis of enforcement documents, the collection order must contain a reference to the date of issue of the enforcement document, its number, the number of the case on which the decision subject to enforcement was made, as well as the name of the body that made such a decision. If the enforcement fee is collected by a bailiff, the collection order must contain an indication of the collection of the enforcement fee, as well as a reference to the date and number of the enforcement document of the bailiff.
Collection orders for the collection of funds from accounts issued on the basis of writs of execution are accepted by the recovering bank with the attachment of the original of the writ of execution or its duplicate.
Banks do not accept for execution collection orders to write off funds in an indisputable manner if the executive document attached to the collection order is presented after the deadline established by law. Banks servicing debtors (executing banks) execute received collection orders with attached writs of execution, or in the absence or insufficiency of funds in the debtor’s account to satisfy the demands of the creditor, make a note on the writ of execution on the writ of execution regarding the complete or partial non-fulfillment of the requirements specified in it due to the lack of the debtor's account of funds and place the collection order with the attached writ of execution in the file cabinet in off-balance sheet account N 90902 "Settlement documents not paid on time." Collection orders are executed as funds are received in the order established by law.
The undisputed procedure for writing off funds is applied to obligations in accordance with the terms of the main agreement, except for cases established by the Bank of Russia.
Write-off of funds in an indisputable manner in the cases provided for by the main agreement is carried out by the bank if there is a condition in the bank account agreement on the write-off of funds in an indisputable manner or on the basis of an additional agreement to the bank account agreement containing the corresponding condition. The payer is obliged to provide the servicing bank with information about the creditor (recipient of funds) who has the right to issue collection orders to write off funds in an indisputable manner, the obligation under which payments will be made, as well as about the main agreement (date, number and the corresponding clause providing for the right undisputed write-off).
The absence of a condition on writing off funds in an indisputable manner in the bank account agreement or an additional agreement to the bank account agreement, as well as the absence of information about the creditor (recipient of funds) and other above information is grounds for the bank to refuse to pay the collection order.
Banks do not consider the merits of payers’ objections to the debiting of funds from their accounts in an indisputable manner. Banks suspend the write-off of funds indisputably in the following cases:
By decision of the body exercising control functions in accordance with the law, to suspend collection;
If there is a judicial act on suspension of collection;
On other grounds provided by law.
The document submitted to the bank indicates the details of the collection order, the collection of which must be suspended.
When the write-off of funds under a collection order is resumed, its execution is carried out while maintaining the priority group specified in it and the calendar order of receipt of the document within the group.
The writ of execution, the collection of funds for which was not carried out (except for cases of termination of enforcement proceedings) or was carried out partially, is returned together with the collection order by the executing bank to the issuing bank for delivery to the recoverer personally against receipt of receipt or by registered mail with notification. In this case, the executing bank makes a note on the writ of execution on the date of return of the writ of execution indicating the amount collected if there was a partial payment for the document.
The writ of execution, the collection of funds for which has been made or terminated in accordance with the law, is returned by the executing bank by registered mail with notification to the court or other body that issued the writ of execution. In this case, the executing bank makes a note on the writ of execution indicating the date of its execution indicating the amount recovered or the date of return indicating the grounds for termination of collection (number and date of the claimant’s application, court ruling (arbitration court) or other document) and the amount recovered if there was a partial payment for the document.
About the return of the writ of execution, a note is made in the bank's registration journal indicating the date of return, the amount (or the balance of the amount) and the reason for the return.
In the studied JSCB “Lefko-Bank”, the conditions necessary for making non-cash payments with individuals are the following:
A bank account opened for an individual in a bank on the basis of a bank account agreement providing for settlement transactions not related to business activities.
When making non-cash payments on current accounts by individuals, the forms of non-cash payments established by law (settlements by payment orders, settlements by collection) may be used.
The bank writes off funds from the current account of an individual by order of the account owner or without his order in cases provided for by law, on the basis of settlement documents within the limits of funds available in the account.
To open a current account, an individual must submit the following documents:
Passport or other document proving identity in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (identity document);
- “Card with samples of signatures and seal imprints” of form 0401026 of the All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation OK 011-93 (hereinafter referred to as card f. 0401026), issued in the manner established by the Bank of Russia;
Other documents provided for by law and/or bank account agreement.
After checking the documents submitted by an individual, a bank account agreement is concluded with him, and a copy of the identity document is made in his presence. Documents for opening an account are kept in the client's legal file.
2.3. Analysis of the formation of the bank's resource and client base
The increase in the resource base of a commercial bank occurs through passive operations. Passive operations include operations related to payments and settlements of bank clients, since they are carried out, as a rule, through bank accounts, on the basis of which part of bank resources is formed. Also, the source of formation is the balances of funds in the accounts of legal entities and individuals. The structure, condition and dynamics of the resource base can be analyzed by considering some performance indicators of the department of settlement and cash services for legal entities and individuals.
Account balances are a profitable source of resource base formation. Income from settlement and cash services for legal entities and individuals is determined based on approved bank tariffs and sales volume. To identify in more detail the trend in the profitability of cash settlement services, it is necessary to analyze the table (Table 1), which presents data on the bank’s commission income received at the beginning of 2005.
Table 1
Commission received from JSCB Lefko Bank for 2004
Name
For January 2005
For February 2005
Deviation
Amount (rub.)
Share in commission income
Amount (rub.)
Share in commission income
Absolute (RUB)
Relative(%)
Opening current accounts
Closing current accounts
For certificates, copies of RKO
For checkbooks
For conducting plat. charge
For cash settlement accounts monthly
For the "Bank - Client" system
For opening a letter of credit
For receiving proceeds
For issuing cash
For salary
On household expenses
For cash conversion 0.1%
Continuation of Table 1
Total by department
Other commission:
Total commission:
The table data indicates that the actual value of the bank's total commission income in February 2005 was is 1,857,757 rubles, which is 14.2% more than in January of the same year. Of the total amount of commission income, income from cash register services is 741,827 rubles. or 43.6% in January. In February, this figure is 878,857 rubles. or 46.3%. This means that more than 1/3 of all commission income comes from cash settlement services of legal entities. In the structure of commission payments, the largest income comes from cash issuance - 23.27%, as well as monthly account payments - 8.63%.
Strengthening the client base is an indispensable condition for the bank to maintain its market position. Constantly improving the quality of service is essential to retaining bank clients.
A structural analysis of the bank's clientele can be done based on business plan data. The analysis is presented in the table (Table 2).
table 2
Structure of corporate clients of JSCB "Lefko-Bank"
Organizational and legal form of ownership of clients
Structure, %
Deviation in %
Commercial organizations
Non-profit organizations
Individual entrepreneurs
Financial organizations
From the table data (Table 2) it follows that the largest share in the structure of bank clients is occupied by commercial organizations. In 2005, their value was 68%, which is 3% more than in 2004. The second place in the structure is occupied by individual entrepreneurs, 23% in 2004 and 20% in 2005. Next come non-profit organizations and financial organizations. Their structure for 2005 did not change compared to 2004.
2.4. Analysis of non-cash payments of JSCB "Lefko - Bank"
It is necessary to dwell separately on the problem associated with non-functioning accounts. Such accounts “clog” the database, complicate the work of cash register inspectors, and also increase the bank’s costs. The bank is constantly working to close non-performing accounts. Let's analyze the dynamics of closing non-performing accounts. Data on non-performing accounts is reflected in the table (Table 3.).
Table 3
Dynamics of closing non-performing accounts at JSCB “Lefko-Bank”
Quantity (pcs.)
Specific Gravity (%)
Quantity (pcs.)
Specific Gravity (%)
Total accounts:
Of these, functioning
Non-working, total:
The table data shows that in JSCB “Lefko-Bank” in 2004. there were 550 non-performing accounts, which constituted 24.3% of the total number of accounts. There were 1714 functioning accounts. or 75.7%. Thanks to the efforts of department employees, 50 non-performing accounts were closed. Thus, in 2005, the share of non-performing accounts decreased to 20.4%. The work of the department's employees does not end there. All efforts are aimed at closing the remaining non-performing accounts.
To carry out non-cash transactions, legal entities and individuals use various forms of non-cash payments. The structure of non-cash payment forms used by clients of JSCB Lefko-Bank is shown in the table (Table 4).
Table 4
Structure of non-cash payment forms of JSCB “Lefko-Bank”
Payment forms
Structure, %
Growth rate in %
Money orders
Letters of Credit
Payments for collection
Table 4 shows that more than half of all non-cash payments are made using payment orders. The second place in the structure is occupied by bills of exchange. Their share in calculations is more than 20%. Although by the beginning of 2005 there was a slight decrease in settlements using bills of exchange. Collection settlements are more than 18%. In 2004 – 2005 payments were not made using letters of credit. This form of payment is just gaining its place in the general mass of payments. The check form of payment is not used at JSCB Lefko-Bank.
2.5. Analysis of non-cash payments using the Bank-Client system
The automated “Bank – Client” system is a program that allows you to carry out transactions with funds in your own bank account using a modem connection or a dedicated Internet line, without leaving the office.
The use of the “Bank – Client” system provides the client with:
Prompt receipt of information about the status and movement of funds in a bank account at any time;
Carrying out transactions on accounts without leaving the office, which saves time and reduces the company's overhead costs associated with paying courier and transportation costs;
Possibility to quickly adjust the payment order if necessary;
Increasing the speed of payments from the generation of a payment document to the crediting of funds to the accounts of recipient organizations;
Processing of payments received from the client is carried out within the bank’s operating time for accepting payments, in accordance with the Agreement concluded between the bank and the client;
Possibility of receiving an account statement for a certain period, since the bank maintains an archive of received electronic documents;
Transfer of any information relating to various areas of activity of the bank and the client.
When working with an enterprise through the Bank-Client system, the operator does not need to manually enter the details of payment orders, therefore the operating day for system users lasts longer on average by two hours - up to 15 hours (and by agreement with the bank even longer), while As a rule, banks only accept paper payments until 13:00. In addition, the accountant does not need to travel to the bank every day, since payment orders can be collected several times a month as needed. Electronic processing of payment orders reduces the likelihood of errors when filling them out. Firstly, all changes in the current account numbers of correspondent banks, payment codes and other parameters of payment documents will be updated in your system automatically. Secondly, if you fill out the payment incorrectly, the system or the operator will inform you about the error immediately after receiving the document, that is, within a few minutes.
At JSCB “Lefko-Bank” the “Bank-Client” system is currently actively used and developed. According to JSCB "Lefko-Bank" for the period January - December 2003. 2609 documents were received through this system. Documents sent through the system – 0. For the same period in 2004. the picture changes noticeably. Documents received – 9134, sent – 496. Data on work using the “Bank – Client” system (Table 5).
Table 5
Performance indicators for the Bank-Client system
Indicators
number of payments per month pcs.
number of Dt payments via B-K pcs.
% Dt of payments processed through B-K.
In general, the number of debit payments is also increasing: 8,448 in 2004. versus 3337 in 2003 At the same time, the number of debit payments through the “Bank-Client” system is also increasing: 1953 in 2004 and 991 in 2003, although in percentage terms in 2004. indicators do not reach the planned levels.
2.6. Analysis of the financial results of JSCB "Lefko - Bank"
For the most qualitative assessment of the financial performance of any credit organization, analysis should be carried out in the following areas:
Analysis of the balance sheet of a credit institution;
Analysis of financial ratios;
Analysis of income and expenses.
Let us analyze JSCB "Lefko-Bank" (Table 6) based on data for the following reporting dates: 2003, 2004, 2005. (Balance sheet of Lefko Bank, appendix 5).
Table 6
Analysis of the balance sheet of JSCB "Lefko - Bank"
(thousand roubles.)
Values of balance sheet items
Dynamics (chain changes to the previous period)
Dynamics in % (chain changes to the previous period)
names of articles
Cash and accounts with the Central Bank of Russia
Mandatory reserves in the Central Bank of Russia
Funds in credit institutions less reserves (3.1-3.2)
funds in credit institutions
reserves for possible losses
net investments in trading securities (4.1-4.2_
Investments in trading securities
Loan and equivalent debt
Provisions for possible loan losses
Net loans (5-6)
Interest accrued (including overdue)
Net holdings in investment securities held to maturity (9.1-9.2)
Investments in trading investment securities held to maturity
Reserves for possible losses
Fixed assets, intangible assets and inventories
Net investments in securities available for sale (11.1-11.2)
Securities available for sale
Continuation of table 6
reserves for depreciation of securities and possible losses
Deferred expenses for other operations, adjusted for accrued interest income
Other assets less reserves (13.1-13.2)
Other assets
Reserves for possible losses
Total assets (1+2+3+4+7+8+9+10+11+12+13)
Loans received by credit institutions from the Central Bank of Russia
Funds from credit institutions
Client funds
including deposits of individuals
Deferred income from other operations
Debt issued
Other obligations
Provisions for possible losses on forward transactions and off-balance sheet obligations and on settlements with debtors on transactions
Total liabilities (15+16+17+18+19+20+21)
SOURCES OF OWN FUNDS
Authorized capital (funds of shareholders (participants)) (23.1+23.2+23.3)
Registered ordinary shares and interests
Registered preference shares
Unregistered authorized capital of non-joint-stock credit organizations
Continuation of table 6
Own shares purchased from shareholders
Share premium
Funds and profits left at the disposal of the CO
Revaluation of fixed assets
Profit (loss) for the reporting period
Dividends accrued from current year profits
Distributed earnings (excluding dividends)
Retained earnings(28-29-30)
Costs and risks affecting own funds
Total CC sources (23-23.3-24+25+26+27+31-32 - for profitable organizations) (23-23.3-24+25+26+27+28-32 - for unprofitable organizations)
Total liabilities (22+23.3+33)
OFF-BALANCE SHEET LIABILITIES
Irrevocable obligations of a credit institution
Guarantees issued by a credit institution
Based on the bank's balance sheet data (Table 6), we can conclude that the balance sheet currency for 2004 increased 15.8 times and amounted to 7,088,816.5 thousand rubles. compared to 2003. And if we compare 2005 with 2003, we can see that the balance sheet currency for this period increased 14.6 times and amounted to 7,028,859.5 thousand rubles.
Let us consider in more detail the structure and dynamics of both assets and liabilities separately.
During the analyzed period in the liability structure (Table 7), the share of “Liabilities” increased by 4.56% and in 2005 amounted to. 66.21%. Due to this, there was a reduction in the share of Capital by 4.56%, which amounted to only 32.79% in the liability structure for 2005.
Table 7
Structure of the Passive
change
Liabilities
Rice. 1. Structure of liabilities
And if we analyze the dynamics of liabilities, we can say that during the analyzed period “Liabilities” increased by 4.56%. This growth was caused by an increase in “CO Funds” by 37.13% and amounted to 377,941.5 thousand rubles in 2005. The share of this item in the structure of “Liabilities” also increased by 0.83% and amounted to 8.12%. There was also an increase in the item “Customer funds” in dynamics by 56.84% (RUB 3,178,599.5 thousand), and in structure there was also an increase of 14.70% (68.30%). Due to the growth of these items, the share of the item “Issued debt obligations” decreased by 13.91% (22.47%). The item “Other liabilities” decreased by 62.11% and in 2005 amounted to. 38,930 thousand rubles.
Rice. 2. Structure of obligations
Table 8
Structure of Liabilities
change
CR funds
Client funds
incl. contributions from individuals persons
issued securities
As noted earlier, the structure of “Capital” during the analyzed period decreased (Table 9), but if you look at the dynamics, the situation is not like that, i.e. on the contrary, there was an increase of 32.79% and, according to the results of the work of the KO for 2005, it amounted to 2,374,964 thousand rubles.
In the capital structure, “Authorized capital” plays a significant role, which amounted to 21.05% in the structure of “Capital” in 2005, but during the analyzed period there was a decrease of 0.21%. Analyzing the dynamics, it remained unchanged for the analyzed periods and amounted to 500,000 thousand rubles. During the period, there was a significant increase in the item “Funds and profits left at the disposal of COs” in 2005 compared to 2003 by 17.66% and amounted to 123,848 thousand rubles. The share of this article also increased in the structure of Capital by 1.31%. Along with the above increases, there was a reduction of 3.69% in the item “Retained earnings”.
Table 9
Capital Structure
change
Authorized capital
Funds and profits left for distribution by KO
retained earnings
When analyzing the assets of the bank’s balance sheet, we can conclude that “Income Assets” occupy an important place in the asset structure, the share of which during the analyzed period increased by 0.12% and amounted to 84.35%.
Due to the increase in the share of “Income assets”, there was a reduction in the following items:
Shares of Immobilization by 0.38%;
Shares of “Other assets” by 2.01%.
Rice. 3. Capital structure
Also, during the analyzed period, there was an increase in the share of “Liquid assets” by 2.27% (Table 10).
Table 10
Asset structure
change
liquid assets
income-generating assets
immobilization
The structure of “Assets” can be seen more clearly in the diagram (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Asset structure
In general, based on the bank’s balance sheet, we can conclude that during the analyzed period the bank increased the share of income-generating assets and liquid assets, which caused an increase in profit for the analyzed period. This fact indicates a high degree of reliability of JSCB Lefko-Bank. A negative point in the bank’s work is that during this period there was a reduction in “Retained earnings”. In general, the condition of the bank for the analyzed period can be assessed as “good”.
The next stage in the analysis of the financial results of the activities of AK Bank of the Russian Federation is the analysis of financial ratios.
The analysis of financial ratios can be divided into the following areas:
Analysis of return on assets;
Asset liquidity analysis;
Analysis of the degree of use of obligations;
Cost-benefit analysis;
Risk analysis of active operations;
Liability analysis;
Profit analysis and determination of interest margin.
Let us consider in more detail each of the above groups of financial indicators of the bank’s activities (Table 11).
Table 11
Odds calculation
Name
Return on assets
K2=Profit/A
K3=Income/A
K4=Profit/Arab
K5=Income/Arab
asset liquidity
K2=Lact/contributions
K3=Lact/adv. Wed
K5=1+2/15+16+17
K6=1+2+3+4/15+16+17
K7=1+2+3+4-15-16/17
degree of utilization of obligations
K2=Arab/obligatory
K3=Loan debt/customer funds
profitability
K1=Profit/A
K2=Profit/Arab
K3=profit/capital
Risk of active operations
K1=Reserve/A risky
K2=Net capital/A risky
Liabilities
K1=immobil./Capital
K2=capital/fixed assets
Capital adequacy indicators
K1=Capital/A
K2=Capital/Population Incl.
K3=Capital/Bills
K4=Ust fund/capital
Margin rel.=(% income - % expenditure)/A (A slave)
Analysis of return on assets.
The share of working assets increases in the balance sheet currency and reaches the required level (70-90%) of 84.35%, but at the same time the profitability ratios and return on assets increase. This indicates a more efficient use of resources.
Thus, the return on assets ratio increased by 0.5 times and amounted to 0.080 in 2005 compared to 2003.
The return on assets ratio increased by 1.5 times and amounted to 0.3619.
The profitability ratio of working assets increased in 2005 compared to 2003 by 0.5 times and amounted to 0.0094.
Asset liquidity analysis.
The efficiency of banking activities is accompanied by an increase in liquidity. Thus, the share of liquid assets in the balance sheet currency increased and reached the level of 0.1433.
Coverage of deposits (customer funds) with liquid assets in 2003 was only 32.11%, and in 2005 only 28.31%.
Additional coefficients (calculated using the Shchiborshch method) confirm previous conclusions, which also indicate an increase in liquidity.
The degree of coverage of client funds with liquid assets (minus Central Bank funds) increased, while in 2003 this coefficient was 0.1955 and in 2005 it was 0.2164.
Analysis of the degree of use of obligations.
The degree of use of obligations has decreased, as evidenced by the values of the following coefficients:
The ratio of operating assets to liabilities decreased and amounted to 1.2740;
The ratio of outstanding loans to customer funds decreased by 2 times and amounted to 1.7083.
Cost-benefit analysis.
The dynamics of profitability ratios indicate an increase in the efficiency of banking work, because in 2003, all coefficients of this group took positive values. If we compare the values of the coefficients for 2004 and 2005, we can say that:
The ratio of profit to assets increased slightly and amounted to 0.0080;
The ratio of profit to operating assets also increased to 0.024;
Risk analysis of active operations.
The ratio of the reserve for possible losses on active operations to the value of active operations decreased and amounted to 0.00000001, which indicates a reduction in the risk of active operations. The decrease in risk is also evidenced by the dynamics of the coefficient characterizing the ratio of net capital to risky assets, which generally decreased and amounted to 0.3824 in 2005.
Passive analysis.
The immobilization coefficient has a stable trend towards decline, so during the analyzed period there was a decrease of 1.5 times and amounted to 0.0253, which indicates the inactive stability of own funds to cover non-production costs.
Capital adequacy ratios have increased, which, other things being equal, may indicate a decrease in risk.
Profit analysis and determination of interest margin.
The bank's profit has a positive trend, which indicates the good financial condition of the bank.
The relative interest margin decreased over the analyzed period, which indicates a deterioration in the efficiency of the bank’s core activities.
CHAPTER 3. MEASURES TO IMPROVE NON-CASH PAYMENTS OF JSCB "LEFKO-BANK"
In economics, the role of non-cash payments for an organization is that they act as a condition for completing transactions or fulfilling previously accepted obligations, and help ensure the circulation of goods (services) and money that unites the entire economy.
For commercial banks, settlements are one of the main areas of activity, largely serving their prosperity. According to banks, the largest share in total income is income from the provision of money transfer services. The stability and influx of clientele and the mobilization of large and often free resources for conducting active operations depend on the quality of settlement and cash services. Settlement operations take up about 2/3 of the total operating time of banks.
The volume of the client's claims to the bank is reflected in his current (current) account. The correspondent accounts of banks reflect the amounts of claims against correspondent banks. The complexity and importance of settlement relationships necessitate the establishment of uniformity through regulation. This requires the development of a unified concept for standardization and certification of banking activities. Within the framework of this concept, as evidenced by international and domestic practice.
The JSCB Lefko Bank under study does not have a developed electronic system for recording customer accounts and account records. Basically, all account balances are maintained manually by operators, which additionally costs bank employees time. Perhaps management should develop and introduce new banking technologies for maintaining accounts to make customer service as easy as possible.
In this case, it is possible to propose to JSCB “Lefko-Bank” to carry out some measures to facilitate the quality of service:
introduction of new services and improvement of existing ones;
increasing sales volumes of banking products through the introduction of new ones and improvement of existing ones.
3.1.Introduction to use of salary projects Visa, for legal entities
One of the new services that can be offered by Lefko Bank is the use of Visa salary projects for legal entities.
When using a plastic card, one can highlight positive aspects, both for the enterprise (organization) that has entered into an agreement for servicing plastic cards, for the employees of this enterprise, and for the bank.
Positive points for the company:
Crediting of money to employees' accounts no later than the next business day from their transfer to the Bank.
Reducing the company’s costs for paying wages (costs for collection and cashier work are reduced).
No problems with receiving, storing, transporting and issuing cash.
Possibility to place a cash register or ATM in your office.
Complete confidentiality.
Positive aspects for company employees who are serviced by JSCB “Lefko-Bank” using plastic cards:
You can pay for payments, goods and services anywhere in the world.
Cash can be stolen, but the money in your account will remain, even if you lose your card.
Accrual on account balances is 5% per annum in rubles, 3% per annum in foreign currency.
24/7 access to your account.
Receiving discounts at trade and service centers - up to 10%.
Table 12
Name
Minimum initial deposit on the card
Minimum balance on the card
Commission for producing 1 card
Fee for urgent card issuance (within 2 working days)
Fee for resuming payments due to loss/theft/damage to a card
Fee for resumption of payments due to loss of PIN code
Commission for payment for goods and services
Commission for the operation of withdrawing cash from ATMs and PVN of JSCB "Lefko - Bank"
Commission for the operation of withdrawing cash from ATMs and cash registers of third-party banks (excluding the commission of other banks)
Bank commission for transferring funds from company employees to SCS salary cards.
Not less than 0.3% of the paid salary
Monthly interest accrual on the card account (percentage per annum)
5% - in rubles
3% in foreign currency
7% - in rubles
5% - in foreign currency
Commission for a mini-statement at an ATM of a third-party bank
Insurance policy for cardholders traveling abroad
One of the clients of JSCB Lefko-Bank is the engineering company Energotekhnika. Its staff consists of 200 people. If JSCB Lefko Bank introduced Visa plastic cards, the results would be as follows.
Advantages for an enterprise using plastic salary cards (Table 13).
Table 13
Costs and income of the enterprise for the introduction of plastic projects
Income that a company saves when using a PC
Rub. in year
The company's expenses are associated with the transition to maintenance. PC
Rub. in year
Cashier salary
Making cards
Collection costs
Bank commission for transferring funds
Savings of enterprise funds when using salary plastic cards per year = 230,300 rubles.
The benefits that the bank will receive when introducing plastic cards into use (Table 14).
Table 14
Bank income and expenses on plastic projects
Bank income from the introduction of plastic cards
Rub. in year.
Bank card expenses
Rub. in year
For making cards
Purchase of equipment
Commission for monthly transfer
Service specialist salary program
Fee for possible renewal of a lost card
Production of plastic cards
Commission for withdrawing cash from ATMs of third-party banks
During the first year of use, the bank incurs some expenses when introducing a new payment system (119,000 – 189,000 = 70,000 rubles), but with further use the situation changes.
The income received by the bank for the year will be: 109,000 rubles.
The bank's expenses for servicing cards will be: 108,000 rubles.
This can be clearly seen in the diagram, Figure 5, based on the results of the introduction of a bank of plastic cards.
Fig.5. Results of the introduction of salary projects for legal entities into the bank's work.
Thus, the introduction of salary projects for legal entities - clients of the bank, will be profitable for the bank and will begin to produce a positive result within a year after its introduction.
3.2. Results of implementation of the “Internet Bank – Client” system
The second measure to facilitate the quality of service in JSCB "Lefko - Bank" can be proposed to improve the "Bank - Client" system and make the transition to the new "Internet - Bank - Client" system Freedom on / off - line, which provides greater service capabilities customer accounts.
The advantages of this system are:
Supports a larger number of simultaneously connected users;
Mandatory notification of users about all actions performed by the bank with payment documents;
The best functionality (prompt updating of the regulatory framework, import/export of payment documents with accounting programs 1C, INFIN, Parus).
Table 15
Type of operation
Tariff size
Connection to the system:
Bank – client “on-line”
Bank – client “off – line”
Monthly subscription fee:
Bank – client “on-line”
Bank – client “off – line”
Installing the system on the client computer
Transition from version to version (from on – line to off – line)
Renewal of the contract and transition to service using the “Freedom” system
For free
Please note that the priority for functional development and operational support is the new “Internet – Bank Client” system. The bank may stop supporting the old system in the near future.
Bank profit when switching to the “Bank-Client” Freedom system
Rub. in year
Costs associated with the transition to the “Bank-Client” Freedom system
Rub. in year
Connection to the on-line system
Acquisition of the "Bank-Client"Freedom system
Continuation of table 16
Connection to the off-line system
Costs for salaries of customer service operators
Installation on the user's computer
Salary of an accountant operator working with the system
On-line subscription fee
Salary of a specialist installing a system on a client’s PC
Off-line subscription fee
Travel expenses
The income received by the bank for the year when switching to using the Freedom Internet - Bank - Client system will be 3,151,336 rubles.
Remote servicing is one of the priority areas of technological development of JSCB Lefko-Banka and by the end of 2004. more than 1,900 bank clients carried out account transactions using the “Bank – Client” system. But it is necessary to focus on the low sales volumes of such services. As the analysis showed, this service is not in mass demand. Bank employees need to actively advertise these services.
An important fact that contributes to the development of stable long-term relationships with clients is an integrated approach to service.
In general, if these two projects are introduced into the bank’s work, the bank’s profit will increase by 3,152,336 rubles, which is equal to about 2% per year, and can be in full 2,546,908.336 thousand rubles.
Also, in order to more fully study the needs of clients in the services offered, it is necessary to constantly monitor the movement of the client base, the dynamics of client balances with reference to various groups of accounts, the dynamics of open and closed accounts.
After identifying preferences and inclinations to consume certain banking products, it is important to deploy the banking infrastructure so that it meets the needs of clients to the maximum. Bank managers must strive to take into account the client's needs as closely as possible and use all the bank's capabilities to satisfy them.
Increasing the efficiency of customer service, expanding the range of financial services and introducing new banking technologies will contribute to the sustainable development of both the entire Lefko Bank and the bank's branches located in various regions of Russia, which will ensure convenient and fast payment processing.
Work to improve the emerging needs of clients should be carried out by the operations department together with other departments of the bank. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the banking experience of our country and global banking practice.
Over 13 years of experience, JSCB “Lefko-Bank” occupies a stable position in the banking services market. However, there must be constant improvement of the products and services offered, a flexible and balanced tariff policy, and a high level of service, which will further ensure confident growth of the customer base and lay the foundation for further development.
CONCLUSION
Organizing cash payments using non-cash payments is much preferable to cash payments, since in the first case significant savings on distribution costs are achieved. The widespread use of non-cash payments is facilitated by an extensive network of banks, as well as the state’s interest in their development, in order to study and regulate macroeconomic processes.
Non-cash payments are cash payments by making entries in bank accounts, when money is debited from the payer's account and credited to the recipient's account. Non-cash payments in the economy are organized according to a certain system, which is understood as a set of principles for organizing non-cash payments, the requirements for their organization, determined by specific business conditions, as well as forms and methods of payments and related document flow.
Any organization makes financial transactions both as a buyer and as a seller. The organization also carries out cash settlements with staff and settles accounts with the budget and the bank. The totality of all cash payments constitutes the payment turnover . A significant part of the payment turnover is carried out non-cash, i.e. making entries (postings) on bank accounts. Cash is used mainly in payment transactions in which the population participates, as well as in settlements for small amounts.
Cashless payments have been widely used in the development of the banking system and have a number of advantages over settlements using cash.
The thesis examines remote servicing, which is one of the priority areas of technological development of JSCB Lefko-Bank.
For more efficient functioning of the system of electronic exchange of information on non-cash payments between branches, branches and the head office of JSCB "Lefko-Bank" and other credit institutions, active steps are required to connect to the electronic information exchange system.
The analysis carried out in this thesis shows how effectively non-cash payments are carried out at JSCB Lefko Bank and what are the development prospects for both this bank and Russia as a whole. Today, the system of organizing non-cash payments continues to function and develop dynamically. But it is still necessary to focus on the development of the “Bank-Client” system. As the analysis showed, at JSCB Lefko-Bank this service continues to gain momentum, but is not in mass demand. Bank employees need to actively advertise these services. Of course, these actions will increase advertising costs, but subsequently customer awareness will increase, which will certainly affect sales volumes.
In general, the organization of non-cash payments directly depends on the quality and organization of the work of the operations department, the cash management department and the bank as a whole. With the correct organization of work, with the introduction of all new products and measures, not only the volume of non-cash transfers will increase, but also the income of the bank as a whole.
Thus, the introduction and development of an electronic information exchange system, as well as non-cash transfer systems, which are actively developing, will allow the bank to keep up with the times, remain in demand, and Lefko Bank JSCB to maintain its position in the market.
The work analyzed the results of the financial activities of JSCB “Lefko-Bank” for three periods. This analysis showed that in 2005 the bank strengthened its position in the market and achieved positive results in solving strategic problems. The main factor influencing the positive dynamics of the bank's development was the consistent management policy aimed at building strong and mutually beneficial relationships with the bank's corporate and private clients.
In the thesis, the goal of the work was fulfilled, to study the procedure for organizing non-cash payments in JSCB “Lefko-Bank”. The tasks set for the study of Russian legislation regulating the organization of non-cash payments of banks in Russia were also considered and the internal bank provisions regulating the activities of JSCB “Lefko-Bank” for the organization of non-cash payments of the bank, as well as the Bank’s Charter, were studied. An analysis of the client base of JSCB "Lefko - Bank" was carried out; the work highlights how payments are made on the accounts of legal entities and individuals in practice, as well as negative and positive aspects in the work of JSCB "Lefko - Bank" in organizing non-cash payments of the bank were identified. The work identified a number of problems in organizing non-cash payments in JSCB “Lefko-Bank” and suggested trends for the development and improvement of the organization of non-cash payments at the bank.
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Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Article 855.
Tags: Organization of non-cash payments using the example of a commercial bank Other Finance, money, credit
The monetary system of states is an integral element of a market economy and is a set of legally regulated elements, including institutions, software, hardware and other means that ensure the fulfillment of debt obligations arising in the process of economic activity.
While an efficient payment system ensures cash flows, there may be potential risks in the event of payment failures, causing problems for participants ranging from liquidity shortages to bad debts. Such risks can develop into systemic risks that move from one participant in the system to others, disrupting the reliable functioning of the payment system and the stability of the financial system.
Growth of the world board important turnover, and the resulting increase in distribution costs, urgently dictates the need to create a fundamentally new mechanism for non-cash and cash circulation, ensuring the rapidly growing needs for payments and accelerating the turnover of funds while simultaneously reducing distribution costs and reducing labor costs.
This problem cannot be solved with the massive use of existing forms of money, since due to their physical nature they have a limit of mobility, cause high labor intensity of financial calculations, do not ensure continuity of the payment chain and make it difficult to control their movement. The main way to solve it is to use the so-called paperless technology based on the best experience of industrialized countries in the field of widespread practical application of substitutes for cash and payment instruments and means, the creation of technologies and technical devices for their automatic processing. This led to the development and widespread use of information technology.
Payment systems are part of the monetary economy. Almost every business transaction leads to the need to make payments, and therefore, the use of various payment systems. Modern society is becoming increasingly dependent on the reliable functioning of payment systems. In recent years, due to a significant increase in the volume of transactions in the foreign exchange, money and stock markets, the importance of both the payment systems themselves and the control of their inherent risks has increased significantly. Payment systems are becoming more technologically complex and speedy.
World experience shows that in every country, along with international ones, local electronic payment systems operate successfully. The strongest of them successfully cooperated with international ones. However, it is almost impossible to predict what will happen to any current Russian payment system in the future. The most viable system will be the one that will have an extensive service network in the regions where the majority of the country's population lives
Relevance of the research topic.
The development of international cash flows and related relationships requires the creation of a certain system for managing these processes. Mechanisms for control and regulation of international finance are being created at the level of individual states and at the interstate level.
To streamline the international financial mechanism, international financial law is being formed. It is a system of legal principles and norms governing international financial relations, and consists of two subsystems: financial law at the interstate level and the norms of national financial law of individual countries governing the international financial relations of these countries. The norms of the latter must be consistent with the provisions of interstate law.
State payment system arstvo is an integral element of a market economy and is a set of legally regulated elements, including institutions, software, hardware and other means that ensure the fulfillment of debt obligations arising in the process of economic activity.
Non-cash form of payment is the most common among legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, and recently it has been quite widely used by individuals. However, the fulfillment of monetary obligations in non-cash form presupposes a certain order and procedure for their implementation.
At the present stage of development of Russian society, plastic cards in the field of money circulation represent one of the most optimal tools for organizing non-cash payments in the near future and a special mechanism for providing electronic banking services.
The main prerequisites for the development of the Russian bank card market are:
- integration into the global system of non-cash payment systems;
- the desire of a credit institution to enter the international market and, as a consequence, an increase in its prestige and attractiveness for the client;
- organization of prompt and convenient payment forms for clients;
- a decrease in the amount of cash, resulting in a decrease in the cost of operations.
The purpose of the work is to analyze the problems of functioning of the non-cash payment system.
In connection with this goal, the following tasks have been identified:
- study of the organizational and economic foundations of the functioning of the non-cash payment system;
- assessment of risks and criteria for the effectiveness of the non-cash payment system;
- analysis of the functioning of non-cash payment systems based on bank cards.
The subject of the study is forms of non-cash payments.
The object of the study is the Russian non-cash payment system
Introduction 3
1. Basics of the functioning of the non-cash payment system 5
1.1. The essence of electronic money 5
1.2. Forms of non-cash payments 8
2. Analysis of the non-cash payment system in Russia 22
3. Prospects for the development of the Russian non-cash payment system 34
Conclusion 39
List of sources used 41
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