New industrial countries of the late 20th century. See pages where the term industrial countries is mentioned

In which over the past decades there has been a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators. The economies of these countries in a short period of time made the transition from a backward economy, typical of developing countries, to a highly developed one.

Original newly industrialized countries:

Newly industrialized countries:

Promising industrial countries from the Group of Eleven:

Nigeria, Egypt, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam

There are two main NIS models:

Asian model: development of the national economy with a primary focus on the foreign market.
Latin American model: development of the national economy with a focus on import substitution.

Common features new and newly industrialized countries:

demonstrate the highest rates of economic development (8% per year for NIS 1st wave);
the leading industry is manufacturing;
export-oriented economy (Asian model);
active integration (LAI, APEC, MERCOSUR);
the formation of their own TNCs that are not inferior to the TNCs of the leading countries of the world;
much attention is paid to education;
use of high technologies;
attractive to TNCs due to the low cost of labor, the possession of significant raw material resources, and the development of the banking and insurance sectors;
The main business card is the production of household appliances and computers, clothing and shoes.

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.
Ledru des Essarts, Francois Roche

Mehdishahr

See what “Newly industrialized countries” are in other dictionaries: NEW INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES - (new industrializing countries) a number of countries in Southern Europe, Asia and Latin America that, starting in the 1960s, developed industrial production capabilities. In Europe, Spain, Portugal and... are most often included in this category.

See what “Newly industrialized countries” are in other dictionaries: Large explanatory sociological dictionary

See what “Newly industrialized countries” are in other dictionaries:- a group of developing countries in which, over the past decades, a number of industrial production sectors, including manufacturing, have emerged, as a result of which their level of economic development has increased and they have significantly expanded ... Foreign economic explanatory dictionary

newly industrialized countries- (NIS) Countries with rapidly developing industrial economies. Some examples of NIS are Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, Mexico, Argentina and Chile. It is typical for NIS to establish free market policies that encourage exports to... ... Financial and investment explanatory dictionary

newly industrialized countries- (NIS), a typological grouping of developing countries of the modern world, characterized by progressive and dynamic economic development, the macroeconomic indicators of which are approaching those of developed countries. NIS are located... ... Geographical encyclopedia

- NICs (English: new industrial countries) countries of Southeast Asia and Latin America, which have achieved major successes in their industrial development and have approached the lower echelon of developed capitalist countries; Argentina, Brazil, Hong Kong,... ...- (NIS) this term was first introduced into scientific circulation by Western economists and experts from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), who united under this concept Spain, Portugal, Greece, Brazil, Mexico, Taiwan, ... ... Librarian's terminological dictionary on socio-economic topics

Newly Industrialized Countries (NIEs)- Asian countries, former colonies or semi-colonies, whose economies in a relatively short period made a leap from backward, typical of developing countries, to highly developed. The first wave NIS include the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan.… … Dictionary of business terms

NEW INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES NIS- NEW INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES, NIS (English new industrial countries) countries of Southeast Asia and Latin America, which have achieved major successes in their industrial development and have approached the lower echelon of developed capitalist countries: ... ... Legal encyclopedia

NEW INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES, NIS- (English new industrial countries) countries of Southeast Asia and Latin America that have achieved major successes in their industrial development and have approached the lower echelon of developed capitalist countries; Argentina, Brazil, Hong Kong,... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

Newly industrialized countries (NICs). Common features

Newly industrialized countries (NICs) are a group of developing countries that have experienced a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators over the past decades. The economies of these countries in a short period of time made the transition from backward, typical of developing countries, to highly developed, with all the inherent features of the latter. These include the following:

o IPRs of the “first wave”: Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong (they are also called “Asian tigers” or “dragons”);
o NIS of the “second wave”: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Uruguay (“Latin American pumas”);
o NIS "third wave": Malaysia, Thailand, India, Cyprus, Tunisia, Turkey, Indonesia;
o Research vessels of the “fourth wave”: China, Philippines, Vietnam.

Note that in the analysis, all these countries (excluding the “first wave” NIS) are included in the PC. In the process of development of these groups of countries, two continental models.

The first one is asian model: development of the national economy with a primary focus on the foreign market based on borrowed technologies, with strong government support.

The second one is Latin American model: development of the national economy with a focus on import substitution based on the involvement of American TNK and TNB. At the same time, all these newly industrialized countries revealed some characteristic features in their development, in particular the following.

They demonstrate the highest rates of economic development (8% per year for NIS of the first wave), and during the global crisis, most of them did not experience a deep recession, only a drop in growth rates was observed.

The leading industry in these countries is manufacturing.

All these countries have an export-oriented strategy, hence the increased importance of foreign markets.

These countries are involved in active regional integration (LAI, MERCOSUR, ASEAN, etc.)

In a number of these countries, there is a process of dynamic formation of their own TNCs, successfully competing with TNCs of the leading countries of the world.

NIS pays great attention to education and science, the development of modern technologies and, in general, building human potential.

In these countries, the use of high technologies based on the cluster approach and partly outsourcing is developing unusually effectively.

All these countries are very attractive for TNCs due to the low cost of labor, the possession of significant raw material resources, the development of the banking and insurance sectors and the creation of a favorable “business climate” in them.

The main distinguishing feature, which serves as a kind of calling card of these countries, is the production of household appliances and computers, clothing, shoes, toys, and in large volumes for export to world markets.

All these countries are rapidly developing an international tourism industry that includes elements of business and commercial services.

Countries with economies in transition. Common features

Countries with economies in transition are states that emerged as a result of the collapse of: firstly, the Eastern European segment of world socialism, and these are the CMEA member countries; secondly - the USSR; thirdly - Yugoslavia.

Currently, these include a group of 28 states: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Georgia, Moldova, Macedonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Montenegro, Czech Republic, Croatia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Estonia (we previously noted that the Czech Republic was included in the 2010 IMF report as a developed country).

A transition economy is a special state that is characteristic of the national economy at the stage changes (learned) of existing socio-economic relations to others, qualitatively opposite to the first, i.e. this is a transformational process when the socialist economic system began to be replaced by the capitalist economic system. It should be noted that in terms of the level of socio-economic development, almost all of these countries (with the exception of Albania) at the beginning of the transition belonged to middle developed countries and many of them (in terms of the quality of production factors) were not much inferior to some members of the European Union (for example, Spain, and even more so Portugal and Greece); they were more developed than, for example, Cyprus or Malta. And, obviously, one could count on the relative painlessness of the transition stage from the point of view of maintaining the standard of living of the population during this transformation process. These were mainly industrial and industrial-agrarian countries with a high level of human capital development.

However, many of them (from the late 1980s - early 1990s), having chosen the transition to capitalism as their goal, but having no idea about it and no specific milestone tasks on the way to moving towards it, carried out rollback (deindustrialization ). Almost all of them found themselves in a short time as large debtors to Western banks and banking pools with relatively small foreign exchange reserves. Most of these countries have become characterized by a sharp reduction in government spending on health, education, culture and science, and in general for social purposes. As a result of declining birth rates and shorter life spans, the growth rate of the working-age population has significantly decreased; Many of these countries have high unemployment. Hence the high level of international labor migration; This is especially typical for a number of CIS countries (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, and partly Ukraine). In the new EU members there is a high proportion of the outflow of the working-age population to the “old countries”, in particular from Romania, the Baltics, Polynia and Hungary

The group of countries under consideration has significant features, and they are quite distinct, which allows us to conditionally divide this entire group into two subgroups:

1) countries of Central Europe and the Baltic states;
2) CIS participants.

The originality of the first group is due to the fact that, firstly, the history of Eastern European socialism began relatively late, after the Second World War, and the previous period of their capitalist development left deep root foundations. This contributed to more successful approaches to their modern capitalist transformation in the 1990s. Secondly, this group of countries found themselves in the area of increased attention from the European Union, whose countries had a significant influence on their economic policies in a favorable direction and with positive results, as well as serious financial assistance.

A different situation has developed in the former union republics of the USSR, and in particular in the Commonwealth group (CIS). These are “classical” socialist countries, whose industrial development occurred entirely during the USSR era; most of them were able to take a huge step from feudal relations to the modern industrial era thanks exclusively to the USSR and as part of it.

The decisive role in the transformation process in them in the 1990s. Russia played: the libertarian methods of economic policy applied by the Russian executive branch were sometimes thoughtlessly included by their governments in the ongoing reforms (with rare exceptions). Hence the above rollback, processes deindustrialization , accompanied in some new states by both internal armed conflicts and interstate local wars throughout the 1990s. and even at the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century.

One of the main mistakes of the CIS governments was to dismantle social policy, the level and quality of which in general was a serious achievement; at one time it served as experience for the EU countries when they created a welfare state. Since the beginning of the 21st century. the situation began to slowly but gradually improve in almost all countries of the region. In Central Asia and the Caucasus, armed conflicts (the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan) were stopped, capitalist economic relations as a whole made their way through the jungle of bureaucratic obstacles; markets for goods, services, money (currency) markets, etc. started working. In Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan, positive changes were largely associated with huge flows of petrodollars (and oil and gas revenues) as a result of rising prices on world markets for these strategic goods. Belarus managed to prevent a significant decline and increased its development potential. As a result, in 2001-2008. The CIS member countries have achieved the best collective economic results since the beginning of the transition period. All CIS member countries (except Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) registered positive growth, which was explained, as noted above, mainly by an increase in oil and gas prices, and this also affected inter-republican economic dynamics; intensification of trade exchanges between them and the formation of fairly stable ties with different centers of the world economy (Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova - with EU countries, Central Asian CIS members - with Russia, China, Japan, Iran, Arab countries, Turkey, Belarus - with Russia and other CIS members).

Growth rates in these countries in 2001-2008. (before the global crisis unfolded in them) were quite high (over 5%), there were certain signs of strengthening industrial production. More generally, economic growth was supported by a slight increase in domestic demand, the continued influx of FDI and related investments, and the further relocation of production capacities from Western countries, Japan and China (including those related to the fuel and energy sector) to the region. Almost all of these states are closely linked to the global economy and therefore found themselves in a difficult situation when they were drawn into the global crisis in the fall of 2008. At the same time, the greatest decline in production and growth in unemployment were characteristic of Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, since their economies were especially closely woven into the fabric of new schemes of the international division of labor under the dominance of powerful Western TICs and TNBs.

An important feature of countries with transition economies, including CIS subjects, is that the object of government regulation is the entire economic system regardless of what slogans were proclaimed (for example, “withdrawal of the state from the economy”). This regulation was carried out in a wide range: in some countries its object is, as emphasized above, the entire economic system, in others - individual industries or specific vital companies or areas that cannot be created in principle without the participation of the state, or the modernization process itself. In general, the following general features characteristic of the transition period can be identified:

o The transition economy is an intersystem formation. Therefore, the essence of a transition economy is a kind of “mixture”, a combination of administrative-bureaucratic principles and a capitalist market system with their often contradictory functioning elements. If command and market economies are characterized by a certain integrity and sustainability of development, then a transition economy is characterized by instability of the state, a violation of integrity;
o such a situation, which is a crisis for the existing economic system, can be considered normal for a transforming economy. The preservation and reproduction of instability and disequilibrium of the system for a relatively long time has its own reasons: it is transformation into another system to achieve better economic and social results. But this is theoretical; in the practice of individual countries, the main task of the ruling elites is to maintain integrity political system which ensures their presence in power. The tasks of improving the financial situation of the population and modernizing the economy are considered secondary;
o A transition economy is characterized by quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of elements. In the CIS member countries, including Russia, the remaining “inherited” structural elements of the previous system, in particular state enterprises in industry, agriculture, trade enterprises, cooperatives, etc., were destroyed, but full-fledged “substitutes” including the massive development of private small enterprises, did not appear. Nevertheless, new structures are being formed in these countries: large companies, not as a consequence of the successful development of small private owners, but as a result of the arbitrary allocation of factors of production to selected individuals; commercial banks, industrial monopolies, as well as farms, which, however, were poorly developed everywhere. Hence - many imbalances, weak sectoral diversification and an increased importance of imports;
o A transition economy is characterized by qualitative changes in systemic social relations, primarily property relations, and in a fairly short time. The old planning-directive connections between economic entities disintegrated and disappeared, clearing space for the formation of new market connections in the emerging relations of the capitalist system. However, the latter are still unstable and their density is weak, and often they appear in deformed forms - reflecting mistakes and ill-conceived decisions of the authorities. The latter are often inevitable if they manifest themselves within the framework of a generally adequate economic policy, but they become stable and widespread if such a policy is erroneous in the long term. It does not form the basis for balanced and sustainable growth, it is driven by subjective or ideological motives, the desire to immediately jump to the stage of developed capitalism;
o A distinctive feature of a transition economy is the scale and depth of the ongoing transformations; they capture the foundations of the existing system. It is also clear that these relations must correspond to the interests of society. But in Russia (and a number of other CIS countries), the interests of society for the most part did not coincide with the reformatory transformations of the highest executive power, which did not take into account the opinions of the majority of the country's population. In particular, such a policy led to large-scale differentiation of society, when a small part of it (less than 3%) concentrated most of the national wealth in their hands, and the majority of the population received nothing and, as under socialism, still relies exclusively on the all-powerful state - leviathan and the leaders of nations;
o a characteristic feature of a transition economy is institutional incompleteness, the absence or weak, underdeveloped state of market institutions. In most CIS countries, this is primarily the lack of a real competitive market, poor development of the stock market and the entire market infrastructure as a whole, total corruption, a powerful bureaucracy that uses administrative methods of power for enrichment, racketeering by local authorities, law enforcement agencies and organized crime. Hence the weak development of small business, its “thinness”, while in developed countries this entrepreneurship is a powerful platform on which medium and large enterprises stand. Small business is the foundation of modern capitalism; if this layer is narrow, then the new capitalist economy itself as a whole is unstable (due to the weakness of the “foundation”).

All these and other global processes have led to a new configuration in the arrangement of international global players in the world economy and international economic relations.

Dividing the world economy into spheres of economic activity and determining the main economic relationships between them makes it possible not only to analyze the development trends of individual countries, but also to compare them with each other. However, in the world as a whole there are approximately 200 countries, which are very different in terms of economic development. And knowledge of classifications is extremely important for mutual study and exchange of experience in economic development.

The International Monetary Fund identifies the following states as economically developed countries: 1. Countries qualified by the World Bank and the IMF as countries with developed economies at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece , Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, .

2. The more complete group of developed countries also includes Andorra, Bermuda, Faroe Islands, Vatican City, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino.

Among the main characteristics of developed countries, it is advisable to highlight the following:

5. The economies of developed countries are characterized by openness to the world economy and a liberal organization of the foreign trade regime. Leadership in world production determines their leading role in world trade, international capital flows, and international currency and settlement relations. In the field of international labor migration, developed countries act as the receiving party.

Countries with economies in transition

Countries with economies in transition usually include the 28 countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former USSR, moving from centrally planned to market economies, as well as, in some cases, Mongolia, China and Vietnam. Among the countries with economies in transition, due to its political significance, Russia is usually considered separately, without connection with other groups (2% of world GDP and 1% of exports). A separate group includes the countries of Central and Eastern Europe that were once part of the socialist camp, as well as the countries of the former USSR, which are called the countries of the former “ruble zone”.

Countries with economies in transition include:

1. Former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, successors to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro;

2. Former Soviet republics - now CIS countries: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine;

3. Former Baltic republics: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.

The classification is particularly difficult, since the construction of capitalism, and therefore market relations, in the PRC occurs under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CCP). The Chinese economy is a symbiosis of a planned socialist economy and free enterprise. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) classifies China, like India, as a developing Asian country.

The countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic countries and some Balkan countries are characterized by an initially higher level of socio-economic development; radical and successful implementation of reforms (“velvet revolutions”); expressed desire to join the EU. The outsiders in this group are Albania, Bulgaria and Romania. The leaders are the Czech Republic and Slovenia.

The former Soviet republics, with the exception of the Baltic countries, have been united into the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) since 1993. The collapse of the USSR led to a severance of economic ties that had been developing for decades between enterprises of the former republics. The one-time abolition of state pricing (in conditions of shortage of goods and services), the spontaneous privatization of the largest export-oriented state enterprises, the introduction of a parallel currency (US dollar) and the liberalization of foreign trade activities led to a sharp drop in production. GDP in Russia decreased by almost 2 times. Hyperinflation reached 2000% or more per year.

There was a sharp drop in the exchange rate of the national currency, a state budget deficit, a sharp stratification of the population with absolute impoverishment of the bulk of it. An oligarchic version of capitalism was formed without the creation of a middle class. Loans from the IMF and other international organizations were used to “patch holes” in the state budget and were stolen uncontrollably. Carrying out financial stabilization through budget restrictions and a policy of restriction or compression of the money supply (increasing interest rates) gradually reduced inflation, but had serious social losses (unemployment, increased mortality, street children, etc.). The experience of “shock therapy” has shown that the mere introduction of private property and market relations does not guarantee the creation of an effective economy.

If we talk about the term “transition economy,” it is used to characterize the transformation of the economy of socialist countries into a market economy. The transition to the market required a number of significant transformations, which include:

1) denationalization of the economy, requiring privatization and stimulation of the development of non-state enterprises;

2) development of non-state forms of ownership, including private ownership of the means of production; 3) formation of the consumer market and saturation of it with goods.

The first reform programs consisted of a set of stabilization measures and privatization. Monetary and fiscal restrictions were supposed to bring down inflation and restore financial balance, and the liberalization of external relations was supposed to bring the necessary competition to the domestic market.

The economic and social costs of the transition were higher than expected. A prolonged economic recession, high unemployment, the decline of the social security system, deepening income differentiation and a decline in the well-being of the population were the first results of the reforms.

The practice of reform in various countries can be reduced to two main alternative paths:

1) the path of rapid radical reforms (“shock therapy”), adopted as a basis in many countries, including Russia. The strategy was historically formed back in the 1980s by the IMF for debtor countries. Its features were the landslide liberalization of prices, incomes and economic activities. Macroeconomic stabilization was achieved through a reduction in the money supply and huge inflation as a consequence.

Urgent systemic changes included privatization. In foreign economic activity, the goal was to involve the national economy in the world economy. The results of “shock therapy” are more negative than positive;

2) the path of gradual evolutionary transformation of the economy, taken as a basis in China.

Already from the mid-1990s and the beginning of the recovery stage, countries with economies in transition demonstrated generally good indicators of economic development and market economy. GDP figures gradually went up. However, the unemployment rate remains high. Taking into account the different starting conditions and the different times at which the transformations began, their results turned out to be different. The greatest successes have been achieved by Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Estonia, and Slovakia.

In many countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the share of government spending in GDP is large: at least 30–50%. In the process of market reform, the standard of living of the population decreased and inequality in income distribution increased: approximately 1/5 of the population was able to raise their standard of living, and about 30% became poor. One group includes the former Soviet republics, which are now united in the CIS. Their economies demonstrate different rates of market transformation.

Developing countries

Developing countries - 132 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, characterized by low and middle income levels. Due to the great diversity of developing countries in the international economy, they are usually classified both geographically and according to various analytical criteria.

There are certain grounds for distinguishing yesterday's dependent and colonial countries, lagging behind in their economic and social development and conditionally united by the term “developing”, into a special group of states. These countries are home to 80% of the world's population, and the fate of this region will always significantly influence global processes.

The most important criteria for identifying developing countries are their special place in the system of economic and political relations, the level of economic development and specific features of reproduction and features of the socio-economic structure.

The first and most significant feature of developing countries is their place in the world economy and politics. Today they are part of the world capitalist system and are to a greater or lesser extent subject to the prevailing economic laws and global economic trends. While remaining a link in the world economy, these countries continue to experience a tendency towards deepening economic and political dependence on the economies of developed countries.

Developing countries are still major suppliers of raw materials and fuel to the world market, despite the fact that the share of developing countries in Western fuel imports has decreased somewhat in recent years. Being suppliers of raw materials, they depend on the import of finished products, so today the share of developing countries in world exports is only about 30%, including 21.4% in the supply of industrial products.

The economy of this group of countries is highly dependent on TNCs, as well as financially dependent. TNCs with the most advanced technology do not transfer it when creating joint ventures in developing countries, preferring to locate their branches there. At least 1/4 of foreign investments of TNCs are concentrated in developing countries. Private capital has now become the main element of foreign flows to developing countries. Foreign direct investment today accounts for more than half of all funds coming from private sources.

The level of economic development of developing countries can be characterized as economic backwardness from the most developed part of the world. The low level of development of the productive forces, the backwardness of the technical equipment of industry, agriculture and social infrastructure are the main features of the economy of these countries as a whole. The most characteristic sign of backwardness is the agrarian profile of the economy and the proportion of the population employed in agriculture. The industrial-agrarian profile of the economy is not typical for developing countries. It has developed only in the most developed countries of Latin America and several Asian countries. In the vast majority of countries, agricultural employment is still 2.5 times and sometimes 10 times higher than industrial employment. In this respect, many oil-producing countries are closer to developing countries than to developed ones.

Features of the socio-economic structure of developing countries are associated with the diversity of the economy. Developing countries are characterized by a significant range of forms of production: from patriarchal-communal and small-scale commodity production to monopolistic and cooperative. Economic ties between structures are limited. Ways of life are characterized by their system of values and way of life of the population. The patriarchal structure is characteristic of agriculture. The private capitalist structure includes various forms of ownership and exists in trade and the service sector.

The emergence of the capitalist system has its own characteristics here. Firstly, it is often associated with the export of capital from more developed countries, and in an unprepared economy it has an “enclave” character.

Secondly, the capitalist structure, developing as a dependent system, cannot eliminate the multi-structure and even leads to its expansion. Thirdly, there is no consistent development of one form of ownership from another. For example, monopolistic property, most often represented by branches of TNCs, is not a product of the development of joint stock ownership, etc.

The social structure of society reflects the diversity of the economy. The communal type dominates in social relations, civil society is just being formed. Developing countries are characterized by poverty, overpopulation, and high unemployment.

The economic role of the state in developing countries is very large and, along with traditional functions, includes: the exercise of national sovereignty over natural resources; control over foreign financial assistance in order to use it for the implementation of projects provided for in the social and economic development programs of the state; agrarian transformations associated with an increase in agricultural production, the creation of cooperatives, etc.; training of national personnel.

There is a classification of developing countries depending on the level of economic development, measured by GDP per capita:

1) countries with high per capita incomes comparable to incomes in developed countries (Brunei, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Singapore);

2) countries with average GDP per capita (Libya, Uruguay, Tunisia, etc.);

3) poor countries of the world. This group includes most countries in tropical Africa, countries in South Asia and Oceania, and a number of countries in Latin America.

Another classification of developing countries is related to the level of development of capitalism as an economic structure. From this point of view, the following groups of developing countries can be distinguished:

1) these are states where state, foreign and local capital predominates. The economic activity of the state is state capitalist in content. In these countries, the involvement of foreign capital in local capital is high. These countries include Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, as well as a number of small countries in the Asia-Pacific region.

2) the second group of states is the largest. Their peculiarity is that here capitalism is represented by “enclaves”, and sometimes very isolated ones. This group includes countries such as India, Pakistan, countries of the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, North Africa, and some countries of Southeast Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia).

3) the third group is the least developed countries of the world, approximately 30 countries with a population of about 15% of the population of the developing world. The capitalist structure exists in them in the form of fragments. These capitalist "enclaves" are mainly represented by foreign capital. 2/3 of the least developed countries are in Africa. Natural connections predominate in the pre-capitalist sector. Almost all areas of employment are traditional structures. The only driving force of development in most of them is the state. The share of the manufacturing industry in GDP is no more than 10%, GDP per capita is no more than $300, and the literacy rate is no more than 20% of the adult population. These countries have little chance of improving their situation on their own, relying only on internal forces.

Source - World Economy: textbook / E.G. Guzhva, M.I. Lesnaya, A.V. Kondratyev, A.N. Egorov; SPbGASU. – St. Petersburg, 2009. – 116 p.

Original newly industrialized countries:

Newly industrialized countries:

Promising industrial countries from the Group of Eleven:

Nigeria, Egypt, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam

There are two main NIS models:

Asian model: development of the national economy with a primary focus on the foreign market.
Latin American model: development of the national economy with a focus on import substitution.

Common features new and newly industrialized countries:

demonstrate the highest rates of economic development (8% per year for NIS 1st wave);
the leading industry is manufacturing;
export-oriented economy (Asian model);
active integration (LAI, APEC, MERCOSUR);
the formation of their own TNCs that are not inferior to the TNCs of the leading countries of the world;
much attention is paid to education;
use of high technologies;
attractive to TNCs due to the low cost of labor, the possession of significant raw material resources, and the development of the banking and insurance sectors;
The main business card is the production of household appliances and computers, clothing and shoes.

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation.

Mehdishahr

NICs (English: new industrial countries) countries of Southeast Asia and Latin America, which have achieved major successes in their industrial development and have approached the lower echelon of developed capitalist countries; Argentina, Brazil, Hong Kong,... ...

- (NIS), a typological grouping of developing countries of the modern world, characterized by progressive and dynamic economic development, the macroeconomic indicators of which are approaching those of developed countries. NIS are located... ... Geographical encyclopedia

Asian countries, former colonies or semi-colonies, whose economies in a relatively short period have made a leap from backward, typical of developing countries, to highly developed. The first wave NIS include the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan.… … Dictionary of business terms

- (English new industrial countries) countries of Southeast Asia and Latin America that have achieved major successes in their industrial development and have approached the lower echelon of developed capitalist countries; Argentina, Brazil, Hong Kong,... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

Almost all of the world's nuclear power plants are concentrated in a small number of industrialized and newly industrialized countries - the USA, France, Japan, Germany, Canada, Brazil, Great Britain, Sweden, South Korea, etc. also in the former Soviet republics, for several reasons. Firstly, these countries (with the exception of Canada, Great Britain and the USSR) are oil importers; they needed the development of nuclear energy to reduce their dependence on oil imports. Secondly, nuclear power plants are, from a technical point of view, the most complex way to produce electricity; the construction of nuclear power plants turned out to be within the capabilities of nuclear powers and countries with a high technical level of production. Thirdly, nuclear power plants are highly capital-intensive, so countries with large investment resources can afford their construction.

In the 20th century, a number of countries that lagged behind economically prosperous countries chose a catching-up path of development, which consisted of skipping over some stages of development of the consumer sphere. For example, Japan began industrialization without any productive livestock farming, limiting its consumption of animal foods to seafood. New industrial countries chose catch-up development in the second half of the 20th century. Currently, China is following the catching-up path of development. This path was chosen by Russia in the 20th century. At the beginning of the century, Prime Minister S.Yu. Witte began the policy of industrialization, and at the end of the 20s it was continued by the Bolsheviks.

Products can be sold not only in domestic but also in foreign markets. On the basis of precisely this principle, the economies of newly industrialized countries (South Korea, Singapore, etc.) successfully developed in the 60-80s. Labor costs in the NIS were lower than in the United States, Western Europe and Japan, which allowed them to increase production and export of goods. But the growth in production could not but be accompanied by an increase in wages. Therefore, the newly industrialized countries gradually began to lose their main advantage and weapon of competition in world markets - cheap labor.

Historical experience has shown that countries with export-oriented economies (primarily NIS) are more vulnerable to the “zigzags” of growth and development of the world economy than countries whose economies are focused on the domestic market in their development (for example, the USA). Therefore, although wages in the newly industrialized countries are still at a lower level than in industrialized countries, the NICs, like Japan, have already entered a period of economic stagnation.

A two- to three-fold decrease in oil export revenues will be a heavy burden for the economies of OPEC countries. Expenses in the ORS, with an increase in oil prices two to three times, will amount to only 2-3% of GDP. Larger costs will be borne by developing and newly industrialized countries, where the cost of importing oil and petroleum products remains significant.

The main producers of plastics are industrialized countries. In 1996, eight ORS (USA, Japan, Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Canada and Great Britain) produced a total of 84,790 thousand tons of plastics. The newly industrialized countries of Asia are occupying increasingly important positions in the global plastics market. In 1996, South Korea and Taiwan together produced 11,842 thousand tons of this product. In 1996, the 10 countries listed accounted for more than 3/4 of global plastic production.

The problem of maintaining stable international trade relations is key for Japan. But its foreign trade relations are extremely far from stable. Trade disputes over the export of Japanese televisions, rolled steel and automobiles are now extending to products in new industries such as semiconductor components and computers. It should be borne in mind that the causes of these chronic, periodically escalating trade contradictions are structural and long-term in nature, since there is a danger that developing countries that have reached the highest economic level (the so-called newly industrialized countries) will be drawn into the sphere of these conflicts, and the problem will become global. character.

First, the protracted downturn in the global economy is finding its way out in widespread protectionist sentiment. Secondly, there has been a destabilization of systems such as free trade, floating exchange rates, etc. Thirdly, the slowdown in demand growth in the Japanese domestic market, together with the undervalued yen, increases the orientation of Japanese industry towards export markets and thereby increases the imbalance of trade payments between Japan and the USA, Japan and Western Europe, Japan and. Fourthly, foreign trade problems also have their own structural aspect, which consists in the fact that large differences in the levels of competitiveness across industries have arisen between industrialized countries (these differences are of structural origin). Fifth, among Japan's trading partners the number of countries with unstable socio-political conditions has increased, although Japan's international prestige as a trading power has at the same time grown very noticeably.

The situation is such that imbalances in Japan's trade with the United States, Western Europe and the newly industrialized countries are reaching alarming proportions. Conflicts over the export of certain goods are the inevitable consequences of progressive shifts in the industrial structure. Japan periodically takes measures to weaken these contradictions, and these measures produce results, but the overall size of the disproportions is so great that radical recipes are unsuitable here, since this is a structural problem that cannot be quickly resolved.

One of the reasons why this figure is so low for Japan is the long-term tendency to replace imports with domestic production. The Japanese have a hard time getting over the idea that imports are something undesirable. In addition, as soon as the import of a product begins to grow, Japanese firms quickly develop and launch its domestic versions on the market. In Japan, they try to produce everything that is technically possible locally. In addition, within reasonable prices, not all mass-market products from the United States, Western Europe, or newly industrialized countries can compete with Japanese ones in quality.

Firstly, no country has such a readiness to master and improve foreign technology - to get ahead of its teachers. The Western tradition does not imply a desire for improvement, and the newly industrialized countries have not yet accumulated sufficient experience.

Secondly, in Japan, improvement of production technologies is usually carried out directly in factories, in workshops, and not in research laboratories, which is not accepted either in Western countries or in newly industrialized countries. It is difficult to expect that they will follow the same path and be able to achieve the same quality and reliability that Japanese products are distinguished by.

In table Figure 11 shows the geographic distribution of technology exports from Japan. Most exports are steadily directed to developing and newly industrialized countries in Asia, but exports to developed countries are also growing, reaching almost a third of the total volume.

Residents of Singapore, whose population is 80% of Chinese origin, have different qualities. They have ambition, adaptability, quick reaction, but they do not have the traditions and skills of long-term learning and accumulation of professional knowledge and skill. Engineering and technical personnel in newly industrialized countries often change jobs, chasing high salaries and social status, moving from firm to firm, and therefore firms cannot accumulate technological experience.

Reaction speed and adaptability are necessary qualities for the development of modern technologies. This development, especially in electronics, proceeds in leaps and bounds, and any company that cannot update its products will soon be left behind its competitors. Japanese firms are generally highly adaptable. In newly industrialized countries, this property is developed much less than the traditional pace of life, leisurely and measured, incomparable with the feverish pace that is set by competition in Japan.

But it should be noted that between Japan and the countries catching up with it, a different relationship has now developed than the one that existed in the post-war years between Japan and Western countries. During the three post-war decades, the rates of economic growth in Western Europe and the United States looked rather modest compared to the Japanese rates. But the new industrial countries, with all their success in mastering modern technologies, obviously do not have a large power reserve. Japan retains superiority in the pace of technical progress and ahead of them.

According to demographic statistics, over the past 25-30 years, a kind of epidemic has been raging in the industrial countries of America and Europe, claiming millions of lives every year. Damages of the cardiovascular system are the cause of more than 50% of all deaths. It has been established that these lesions are caused mainly by forms of mental stress that are unfavorable for humans. For a long time it was believed that psychological stress was unknown in Japan. Nowadays the sad truth is well known: the Japanese are no exception; they are victims of the same disease. It is caused by a wide variety of factors, including, among other things, a high degree of labor intensity.

The report concludes that the economic development gap between Asia and industrialized countries will widen by 1970 because Asian economic growth rates lag significantly behind those of industrialized countries. In Asian countries, per capita production increases over a ten-year period by only $16 (from $83 to $99), while in industrial countries it is estimated to increase by more than $500 (from $1,505 to $2,031). .).

Several years ago, in 1963, the UN Economic Commission for Africa stated 2 that the average per capita income in Africa (excluding South Africa) is 12 times lower than in industrial countries. In order to achieve the current level of per capita production in industrialized countries, African states need to double agricultural production and industrial output by 25 times.

Another problem facing the cartel was that governments were becoming increasingly involved in the activities of the oil industry. Coal, steel and railroads, the traditional commanding heights of industrialized economies, have always been subject to strict official control. Therefore, oil, which was becoming increasingly important, inevitably also had to come under state control.

In fact, the specific negotiations that took place in 1971 were conducted on a different plane. Both consumers and oil companies were less concerned about the final settlement of the price issue than about the urgent need to achieve some stability in pricing and supply policies under which further growth in oil trade could occur. On the one hand, price was still not a sufficiently important factor in the costs of industrialized countries to provoke a confrontation on the issue, and the oil companies, while they could pass on any price increases to consumers, were not ultimately so personally interested in the issue. , to bring it to the limit, which would threaten them with self-destruction.

For three decades, if not more, the industrial countries of the West and the developing world have become accustomed to an ever-increasing influx of imported oil necessary for economic development. Now, suddenly, a buyer's market has become a seller's market, where

Producers, having tested their strength in the market, now moved quickly to take full and effective control of oil production by renegotiating their participation agreements, immediate nationalization, and the establishment of entirely new contractual terms. Having once drawn the sword of economic war, no one could be sure of when it would be used again. Having taken control of prices, producing countries could no longer say with certainty how they would use their power in the future, how long their unity in OPEC would last, or what they would do with the huge surpluses that some of them would receive. as a result of increasing their incomes, and how they will sort their relations with the industrialized countries of the West and, even more difficult, with the rest of the developing world.

In retrospect, it is also noteworthy that the industrialized countries moved rapidly after the war to use oil as their main source of energy. was bound to create great difficulties for the entire system due to the gap between oil prices and the prices of other types of energy. While it could well be argued, as some did, that the price of oil was still too high for the consumer relative to its cost, the really important point was its relation to the cost of other fuels. If oil reserves were inexhaustible and its geographical distribution limitless (which in fact it was not), then a time would inevitably come when the sources of oil supply would begin to become depleted, and the price of hydrocarbons would at one time or another rise to the level of the cost of substitutes. types of fuel. In this sense, the Arab producing countries only brought this moment closer with the actions they took in 1973. They did not create this situation artificially, without any reason.

High wear and tear of equipment, lack of investment for their reproduction, the difficult financial situation of enterprises and a reduction in effective demand in the domestic market led to a decline in forest product production. The reduction in production volumes at enterprises consuming forest products (by more than 40%) is also caused by the discrepancy between the production range and the structure of demand, which is increasingly formed by the quality standards of products of industrial countries under the influence of the demonstration effect.

The policy of including Russia in international economic cooperation should not be used for the unilateral pumping of domestic raw materials, but for a radical structural restructuring of the Russian economy, since one of the most pressing problems of our industry is the need to renew fixed capital. In conditions of almost complete deterioration of production assets, not only are the trends of turning the Russian economy into an appendage of industrial countries intensifying, but the risk of an environmental disaster is also increasing. Hence, state regulation of industry should contribute as much as possible to all forms of capital renewal (tax incentives for investments, liberalization of tariffs on the import of equipment). This will allow enterprises to concentrate certain financial resources for technological modernization and reconstruction of production.

NIS - Newly Industrialized Countries

Thirdly, Japanese products are distinguished by high quality workmanship and finishing, which meets the most demanding requirements of Japanese consumers. Working for the Japanese market is not easy for firms in developed countries and almost impossible for enterprises in newly industrialized countries.

The third group consists of already mastered industrial technologies, as well as those new technologies that are beginning to be widely introduced into production. These include the production of ferrous metals, cars, video recorders, and personal computers. Cooperation in product development is possible here, as well as purely production cooperation. As discussed in Chapter I, in industrialized countries all types of these technologies (ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, fiber optic communications, thinking robots, amorphous materials, highly functional polymers, etc.) are

The Pohang plant is a modern enterprise with an annual capacity of 8.5 million tons. It was built and launched with the technical cooperation of Shinnippon Seitetsu and other Japanese metallurgical companies. This is a prime example of the boomerang effect. But in other industries, such as the textile industry and the production of household electrical appliances, one can find many examples of how products produced in the newly industrialized countries of Asia using Japanese technology find good sales in the Japanese domestic market.

This is the result of those differences in the paths of historical development that were discussed in Chapter VI. Japan began to pursue a policy of industrialization soon after the Meidzp coup, only slightly behind Western Europe and the United States, and accumulated enormous technical experience. It is incomparable with the experience of newly industrialized countries that have been following this path for only 15-20 years.

After all, according to the latest calculations by experts from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and... development (OECD), which includes all industrial capital countries, for the proper growth of their fuel economy it is necessary during 1976-1985. invest 1.2-1.6 trillion dollars in this industry1 - an amount approximately equal to the gross national product of Japan, Germany and France combined, and so that this colossal amount does not end up being thrown away, that is, it can pay off and make a profit , it is necessary to maintain wholesale prices of the main type of fuel - oil - at a level not lower than 80-90 dollars per ton. By the way, when the OPEC countries raised the prices of their oil to $86 per ton on January 1, 1974, they cited as one of the main arguments in favor of this the need to make it profitable to develop considerable fuel reserves in Western countries - and thereby prevent the threat of rapid depletion of oil resources in OPEC countries - Supporters of new and even more

See pages where the term is mentioned Industrial countries

: Microeconomics a global approach (1996) -- [